Determinants of Regional Differentiation of Mortality in the Czech Republic Abstract There are considerable differences in socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors influencing mortality on the individual and also on the aggregate levels. These differences were observed and explained in many countries of the world. The objective of this thesis is to find and evaluate the most significant external factors which influence actual regional differentiation of mortality in districts of the Czech Republic. The objective was achieved by means of the demographic and statistical analysis methods. First, there was a comparison of mortality rates calculated for each of the socioeconomic clusters. It was found out that higher mortality rates appeared among men and women living in the districts with unfavourable external conditions. Using the Poisson log-linear model, the most important factors influencing differences in mortality rates in districts of the Czech Republic were identified. These factors are: share of the unemployed, share of the divorced, share of university-educated people and the number of physicans in hospitals per 1000 inhabitants. Share of the unemployed seems to be the most significant factor. There is a correlation between this factor and the total mortality rate as well as the leading causes of...

DISP3 protein, also known as PTCHD2, belongs to the PTCHD family of proteins, which contain a sterol-sensing domain in their structure. The expression of the Disp3 gene is high in neural tissues and is regulated by thyroid hormone. The DISP3 gene is associated with development and progression of certain types of tumors, as well as with development of some neural pathologies. Neural stem cells also display high expression of the Disp3 gene. Neural stem cells are defined by their capability to self-renewal and capacity to differentiate into the basic types of neural cells - neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Precise regulation of the balance between proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells is crucial for development of the central nervous system and its subsequent proper functioning, and disruption of this balance may lead to development of various pathologies. In this work we mainly focused on describing the function of the DISP3 protein in neural cells and tissues. We have shown that during differentiation of neural stem cells, the expression of the Disp3 gene is significant decreased. Furthermore, we have found that in neural stem and progenitor cells, the increased expression of the Disp3 gene promotes their proliferation. Moreover, when Disp3 expression was disrupted, the...

In the search for new genes that are regulated by thyroid hormone, DISP3, a new member of the SSD (sterol-sensing domain) protein family, has been identified. Expression analysis showed that DISP3 is expressed in cells of neural origin, and our previous results indicate that overexpression of this gene affects cell proliferation and differentiation. Oncomine database analysis also showed that DISP3 expression is increased in medulloblastomas, the most common malignancies of the central nervous system in children. The subject of this diploma thesis is studying the effect of increased DISP3 levels on cell apoptosis and cell ability to form a colony. Cell lines derived from medulloblastomas were used in the work. We compared the expression levels of the DISP3 gene in different medulloblastoma lines by quantitative PCR and selected a line with low expression of this gene for further experiments. Some medulloblastoma cell lines can form neurospheres when cultured in serum-free medium. Using quantitative PCR, we compared the expression levels of neural markers in cells cultured both as neurospheres and as adherent cells. By transfecting cells with a plasmid overexpressing DISP3, we prepared cells with increased levels of this gene. We induced apoptosis by radiation at different doses. Apoptosis was...

The thesis deals with the theoretical anchoring of individualization of teaching in primary school. It discusses the basic terminology related to the tissue, the work also points to areas related to individualized teaching, such as differentiation of teaching. It briefly delineate the historical context of individualization of teaching and describes some of the used individualization systems. At the same time, the theoretical part deals with the individualization of teaching in terms of the law of the Czech Republic and how it requires czech teachers to take into account the individual posibilities and needs of students. The reserarch part examines the beliefs of primary school teachers about the possibilities of individualization and its implementation in educational process. Qualitative research was used to explore the topic. Through semi-structured interview, questions of research were answered and the collected data were evaluated.

Neutrophils, known primarily as key players in defense against invading pathogens, represent an essential component of both the innate and adaptive immunity. Continuous production of large quantities of neutrophils is ensured by a complex process termed granulopoiesis. In order to maintain a stable neutrophilic population, granulopoiesis requires to be tightly regulated. Moreover, impaired granulopoiesis may lead to aberrant bone marrow function and, ultimately, give rise to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Despite decades of research, the mechanisms regulating granulopoiesis are still unclear. In particular, the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) family of transcription factors plays a critical role in this process. C/EBPα acts as a master regulator of granulopoiesis mainly by orchestrating expression of its target genes, which will mediate granulocytic differentiation. Thus, characterization of novel C/EBPα target genes is critical for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate granulopoiesis. Previously, we showed that another C/EBP member, CEBPG, is a direct target of C/EBPα. In the first part of the present work, we addressed the unknown role of C/EBPγ in granulopoiesis. We observed that Cebpg conditional knockout (KO) mice, which have the Cebpg gene ablated specifically...

The study of Xenopus tropicalis testis-derived stem cells Nguyen Thi Minh Xuan Abstract The substances secreted by Sertoli cells (SCs) are crucial to determine male sex characteristics in embryos and regulate spermatogenesis in adulthood. The failure in SC maturation can cause sterility in men. Before puberty, SCs keep the ability to proliferate and have been considered as immature cells. They differ remarkably from mature cells in connection with their morphology and biochemical activity and thus they probably play a part in maintaining spermatogonia stem cells in an undifferentiated stage. The transient presence of cytokeratin in immature SCs has been reported in many species, but not in Xenopus yet. We investigated which molecules are expressing only in immature Sertoli cells of X. tropicalis testes. The regulation of cytokeratin and β-catenin was revealed by fluorescent immunostaining. Cytokeratin and membrane β-catenin co- expressed in X.tropicalis juvenile testes and in cultured SC progenitors, called XtiSCs, but they were absent in adulthood. There was no signal of cytokeratin in migrating SCs (pre-SCs) located outside the seminiferous tubules. The suppression of cytokeratin along with the breakdown of β-catenin-based cell contacts have been observed in XtiSCs after the treatment with a small...

Spinal cord injury is a very serious, complex, and life changing injury for which today's medicine still does not have an efficient treatment. It is only possible to mitigate the consequences of this injury and the pathological processes associated with it. Neural stem cell transplantation has immunosuppressive effects in the pathology of spinal cord injury and promotes regeneration. mTOR kinase is a member of the crucial intracellular PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway, making it a suitable target for therapeutic intervention and immunosuppressants such as rapamycin. mTOR signalling is important for neural stem cells and in the pathology of spinal cord injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the mTOR pathway in differentiation of stem cells into neuronal phenotype. Rapamycin was applied to in vitro culture of neural progenitors. Immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting techniques were used to study the effect of this inhibition on the cell phenotype and on the activity of the mTOR pathway. Using the rat model of spinal cord injury in vivo, immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting techniques were used to evaluate the impact of rapamycin inhibition on the mTOR pathway, autophagy, and cytokine production by cells in the damaged tissue. The results show that the mTOR pathway plays role...

Influenza is accompanying humans for centuries and for centuries people are dying in hundreds. Every year there is seasonal influenza epidemy, which is caused by common circling influenza viruses in which happened small changes. Every 10-20 years is discovered completely new influenza virus subtype which is created by big genetical changes. Most affected areas are poor states in Asia or in different countries with insufficient hygiene or unavailable medical care, these countries also have huge mortality. Czech Republic wasn't independent for many centuries and describing historical evolution of this disease is very complicated, but we have few data form Spanish influenza time. Influenza and other acute or chronical respiratory are reported, so it is possible to create some demographic or statistical analysis. Unfortunately, in Czech Republic only 50-55 % of all cases are reported. This work is devoted to spatiotemporal analysis of influenza in Czechia and is done through statistical analysis like corelation analysis or time series analysis that are examining spatiotemporal way of the spread of the virus. Goals of this thesis with the help of these methods are to answer questions about questions concerning the spatiotemporal patterns of influenza spread, therefore what the repeatability of...

Understanding the ability of species to respond to climate change is essential for prediction of their future distribution. When migration is not adequate, reaction via phenotypic plasticity and/or genetic/epigenetic adaptation is necessary. The main aim of this study is to determine mechanisms of response to climate change in dominant grass species Festuca rubra. The study used reciprocal transplant experiment with growth chambers simulating different climatic conditions. Original localities in western Norway represent factorially crossed gradients of temperatures and precipitations, thus it was possible to study the effect of temperature and moisture separately as well as combined. In first part of the experiment, plastic responses were separated from genetic differentiation. To do this, plants with different genotypes from original localities were transplanted to growth chambers set to simulating temperature and moisture course in the four extreme localities (wettest and driest combined with warmest and coldest). After five months, ecophysiological photosynthetic-related traits were measured. These traits are important for species ability to adapt and maintain high fitness and thus they are essential for plants function. Specifically, it was net photosynthetic rate (PN), fluorescence of...

The diploma thesis deals with the penitentiary system of the Czech Republic. It contains a brief excursion into the past of the Czech penitentiary system, i.e. the history of punishment in our territory. Attention is paid to the present penitentiary system of the Czech Republic, legislative development, problematic legal regulation, its impact on practice, as well as to the view to the future (within the frame of the new Czech penitentiary system conception). The diploma thesis represents the functioning of the Prison Service of the Czech Republic, its tasks and aims. The last chapter of the theoretical part is devoted to the future of the Czech penitentiary system, especially to changes in the external differentiation of prisons. The practical part of the thesis is a qualitative research survey (structured interviews with employees of the Prison Service of the Czech Republic). It maps the attitude of Prison Service employees to the existing penitentiary system and to legislative adjustments effective from October 2017. The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyse the current penitentiary system of the Czech Republic in the context of valid legislative changes. The analysis of literature and legislative norms regulating the execution of imprisonment in the Czech Republic and the research survey...