My research on the new concepts for spectrometer has been focused on the development of true multi-dimensional spectrometers, which use a multi-dimensional [two-dimensional (2D) or 3D] mapping of the spectral information into space. I showed that by combining a simple dispersive element (a volume hologram) formed in very inexpensive polymers with a basic Fabry-Perot interferometer, we can form a spectrometer with ultra-high resolution over a large spectral bandwidth, which surpasses all conventional spectrometers. I strongly believe that the extension of this mapping into three dimensions by using synthetic nanophotonic structures with engineered dispersion can further improve the performance and reduce the overall spectrometer size into the micron regime. The need for efficient modeling and simulation tools comes from the sophisticated nature of the new 3D nanophotonic structures, which makes their simple analysis using well-known simple formulas for the propagation of the electromagnetic fields in bulk materials impossible. In my Ph.D. research, I developed new approximate modeling tools for both the modeling of incoherent sources in nanophotonics, and for the propagation of such optical beams inside the 3D nanophotonic structures of interest with several orders of magnitude improvement in the simulation speed for practical size devices without sacrificing accuracy. To enable new dispersive properties using a single nanophotonic structure, I have focused in my Ph.D. research into polymer-based 3D photonic crystals, which can be engineered using their geometrical features to demonstrate unique dispersive properties in three dimensions that cannot be matched by any bulk material even with orders of magnitude larger sizes. I have demonstrated the possibilities of using a very compact structure for wavelength demultiplexing and also for spectroscopy without adding any other device.

This diploma thesis deals with phase and amplitude objects observation through scattering media by means of a coherence-controlled holographic microscope (CCHM). A brief history of development and construction of the microscope, its advantages compared to the classical light microscopy and hologram processing are described. Quantitative phase imaging through scattering media by means of ballistic as well as diffuse light is verificated in the experimental part. A comparison of an image obtained through a scattering layer by means of CCHM and a classical microscopy in the light field is demonstrated.

This thesis deals with imaging through diffuse media in coherence-controlled holographic microscope (CCHM) developed in IPE FME BUT. The mutual coherence function as well as the signal dependence on the lateral mutual shift between both arms of the CCHM are calculated. Both functions are related to each other. The latter dependence is measured experimentally. A principle of imaging with CCHM through diffuse media with both ballistic and diffuse light is explained by a simple geometrical model. This model is then verified experimentally by imaging a sample through diffuse medium. The point spread function (PSF) of CCHM for imaging through diffuse media is then calculated. Results of PSF calculation are proved experimentally.

Optical scattering measurement devices are used to measure light reflection and light scattering from materials, to obtain data of the surface and bulk properties of materials. The measurement data are often used in research and development projects where material requirements are important, also for quality control in manufacturing processes, in different optical simulations and can be used for photorealistic rendering. In this master thesis project conducted at AFRY, a multifunctional team will develop an optical scattering measurement device that aims to collect data more accurately than current devices on the market. This thesis will focus on the mechanical design of the device which consists of the stability and movement of the components, the environment of the measurements and material selection with a focus on performance and sustainability. The optical model that will act as a basis for the development will be a gonioreflectometer consisting of a material sample, sample holder, light source, detector and an environment in which the measurements are conducted. Some of the physical, cognitive and emotional needs of the intended user are efficient use, low risk of misuse, reliable and high precision. A thorough requirement specification was made as a framework for the concept generation. The selected concept provides the movement of the optical components with an angular step enabling the desired optical scattering measurement. The selected stepper motor and gear ratio provides the flexibility of the movement, making it easy for the user to change angular steps of the optical components, enabling both fine and rough measurements. A separating screen was chosen for both concepts in order to avoid light contamination between measurements and the material sample holder resembles a frame that allows for mounting the material sample outside of the device. The mechanical system has a high stability and the material black anodized aluminum further contributes to the sturdiness of the construction. A physical prototype was created to validate the movement, since the movement of the detector and light source will be similar, only the detector movement was prototyped. The prototype showed that the movement of the detector worked in the desired way, hence the construction of the movement is approved. The scope was delimited in consensus with the project members and supervisors due to the time frame, hence there is future work on the device that should be accounted for. In conclusion, the purpose of the project was fulfilled after delimiting the goals and a conceptual solution was created that fulfilled the requirements of the project. / Optiska mätinstrument används för att mäta ljusreflektion och ljusspridning från material, för att erhålla data om materialets yt- och bulkegenskaper. Mätdata används ofta i forsknings- och utvecklingsprojekt där materialkrav är viktiga, även för kvalitetskontroll i tillverkningsprocesser, i olika optiska simuleringar och kan användas för fotorealistisk rendering. I detta examensarbete, genomfört på AFRY, kommer ett multifunktionellt team att utveckla en optisk spridningsmätningsenhet som syftar till att samla in data mer noggrant. Denna avhandling kommer att fokusera på den mekaniska designen av enheten som består av stabiliteten och rörelsen av komponenterna, mätmiljön och materialval med fokus på prestanda och hållbarhet. Den optiska modellen som kommer att ligga till grund för utvecklingen kommer att vara en gonioreflektometer bestående av ett materialprov, provhållare, ljuskälla, detektor och en miljö där mätningarna genomförs. Några av de fysiska, kognitiva och emotionella behoven hos den avsedda användaren är effektiv användning, låg risk för felanvändning, pålitlighet och hög precision. En noggrann kravspecifikation gjordes som en ram för konceptgenereringen. Det valda konceptet möjliggör rörelse av de optiska komponenterna med ett vinkelsteg som tillåter den önskade optiska spridningsmätningen. Den valda stegmotorn och utväxlingen ger flexibilitet i rörelsen, detta bidrar till att det är enkelt för användaren att ändra vinkelstegen för de optiska komponenterna, vilket tillåter både fina och grova mätningar. En avskiljningsskärm valdes för att undvika ljuskontaminering mellan mätningarna och materialprovhållaren liknar en ram där materialprovet monteras utanför enheten. Det mekaniska systemet har en hög stabilitet och materialet svart anodiserad aluminium bidrar till konstruktionens robusthet. En fysisk prototyp skapades för att validera rörelsen, eftersom rörelsen av detektorn och ljuskällan kommer att vara liknande, återskapades endast detektorns rörelse. Prototypen visade att detektorns rörelse fungerade på önskat sätt, därmed godkänns konstruktionen av rörelsen. Projektets mål avgränsades i samförstånd med projektmedlemmarna och handledarna på grund av tidsramen, därmed finns det framtida arbete för mätinstrumentet som bör beaktas. Sammanfattningsvis uppfylldes projektets syfte efter att målen avgränsats och en konceptuell lösning skapades som uppfyllde projektets krav.