Neste trabalho é apresentado o desenvolvimento de instrumentação eletrônica para controle e automação de um sistema de crescimento de semicondutores por Epitaxia por Feixes Moleculares. Envolve uma variedade de circuitos analógicos e digitais como: um módulo de aquisição de dados e controle baseado em uma UCP Z-80, contendo algumas interfaces digitais e analógicas multiplexadas, e comunicando-se com um microcomputador através de uma interface serial. Envolve ainda o desenvolvimento de controladores de temperatura analógicos tipo P.I.D., atuação por motores de passo e circuitos de condicionamento de sinal. / In this work is presented the development of electronic instrumentation for automation and control of a Molecular Beam Epitaxy semiconductor growth system. A variety of analog and digital instrumentation circuits have been designed and implemented, including a data acquisition and control system based on a Z-80 CPU, which controls some multiplexed digital and analog interfaces and talks to a microcomputer using serial communication. Other circuits have been also developed, including analog temperature controllers, stepper motor actuators and circuits for signal conditioning.

Ce travail vise à étudier l’apport des technologies d’intégration 3D à l’imagerie CMOS ultra-rapide. La gamme de vitesse d’acquisition considérée ici est du million au milliard d’images par seconde. Cependant au-delà d’une dizaine de milliers d’images par seconde, les architectures classiques de capteur d’images sont limitées par la bande passante des buffers de sortie. Pour atteindre des fréquences supérieures, une architecture d’imageur burst est utilisée où une séquence d’une centaine d’images est acquise et stockée dans le capteur. Les technologies d’intégration 3D ont connu un engouement depuis une dizaine d’années et sont considérées comme une solution complémentaire aux travaux menés sur les dispositifs (transistors, composants passifs) pour améliorer les performances des circuits intégrés. Notre choix s’est porté sur une technologie où les circuits intégrés sont directement empilés avant la mise en boitier (3D-SIC). La densité d’interconnexions entre les différents circuits est suffisante pour permettre l’implémentation d’interconnexions au niveau du pixel. L’intégration 3D offre d’intéressants avantages à l’imagerie intégrée car elle permet de déporter l’électronique de lecture sous le pixel. Elle permet ainsi de maximiser le facteur de remplissage du pixel tout en offrant une large place aux circuits de conditionnement du signal. Dans le cas de l’imagerie burst, cette technologie permet de consacrer une plus grande surface aux mémoires dédiées au stockage de la séquence d’image et ce au plus proche des pixels. Elle permet aussi de réaliser sur la puce la conversion analogique numérique des images acquises. / This work aims to study the inflows of the 3D integration technology to ultra-high speed CMOS imaging. The acquisition speed range considered here is between one million to one billion images per second. However above ten thousand images per second, classical image sensor architectures are limited by the data bandwidth of the output buffers. To reach higher acquisition frequencies, a burst architecture is used where a set of about one hundred images are acquired and stored on-chip. 3D integration technologies become popular more than ten years ago and are considered as a complementary solution to the technological improvements of the devices. We have chosen a technology where integrated circuits are stacked on the top of each other (3D-SIC). The interconnection density between the circuits is high enough to enable interconnections at the pixel level. The 3D integration offers some significant advantages because it allows deporting the readout electronic below the pixel. It thus increases the fill factor of the pixel while offering a wide area to the signal processing circuit. For burst imaging, this technology provides more room to the memory dedicated to the image storage while staying close to the pixel. It also allows implementing analog to digital converter on-chip.

Der Tagungsband beschäftigt sich mit den aus den neuen Technologien erwachsenden Anforderungen an die Archive. Er fasst mehrere Aufsätze zusammen, die sich aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven mit diesen Herausforderungen beschäftigen. Das Eingangsreferat von Norbert Becker wertet eine Umfrage zu Erwartungen der Benutzer im Hinblick auf die modernen Medien und Informationstechnologien aus. Kerstin Arnold stellt das Projekt zur Schaffung eines Archivportals für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland vor. In zwei weiteren Beiträgen werden konkrete Digitalisierungsprojekte bzw. –strategien vorgestellt. Susanne Knoblich, Berlin, stellt einen Werkstattbericht zur Übernahme von elektronischen Unterlagen in das Landesarchiv Berlin vor. Abgerundet wird der Band durch einen Beitrag von Kerstin Orantek zu den Problemen des Datenschutzes in einer digitalisierten Welt.:Stephan Luther: Einleitung 7 Norbert Becker: Perspektiven, Benutzererwartungen und neue Aufgaben der Archive zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts. Ergebnisse einer Benutzerumfrage 11 Kerstin Arnold: Auf dem Weg zum Archivportal Deutschland. Die Referenzanwendung aus dem DFG-Projekt zum „Ausbau des Netzwerks SED-/FDGB-Archivgut“ 37 Marek Ďurčanský: Die tschechischen Spezialarchive und die Digitalisierung 53 Matthias Röschner: Auf dem Weg ins Internet – Digitalisierungsprojekte im Archiv 65 Susanne Knoblich: Übernahme und Archivierung elektronischer Unterlagen durch das Landesarchiv Berlin – Ein Werkstattbericht 83 Kerstin Orantek: Probleme des Datenschutzes in einer digitalisierten Welt – Neue Anforderungen für Archive? 91 / The proceedings of the conference are concerned with the requirements for archives arising due to new technologies. It comprises several papers addressing these challenges from different perspectives. The opening address by Norbert Becker evaluates a survey on user expectations concerning modern media and information technologies. Kerstin Arnold describes a project to create the archive portal of the Federal Republic of Germany. In two other contributions, specific digitisation projects or strategies are discussed. Susanne Knoblich from Berlin presents a working report on the transfer of electronic documents for the National Archives of Berlin. Kerstin Orantek completes the volume with a contribution on the problem of data protection in a digital world.:Stephan Luther: Einleitung 7 Norbert Becker: Perspektiven, Benutzererwartungen und neue Aufgaben der Archive zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts. Ergebnisse einer Benutzerumfrage 11 Kerstin Arnold: Auf dem Weg zum Archivportal Deutschland. Die Referenzanwendung aus dem DFG-Projekt zum „Ausbau des Netzwerks SED-/FDGB-Archivgut“ 37 Marek Ďurčanský: Die tschechischen Spezialarchive und die Digitalisierung 53 Matthias Röschner: Auf dem Weg ins Internet – Digitalisierungsprojekte im Archiv 65 Susanne Knoblich: Übernahme und Archivierung elektronischer Unterlagen durch das Landesarchiv Berlin – Ein Werkstattbericht 83 Kerstin Orantek: Probleme des Datenschutzes in einer digitalisierten Welt – Neue Anforderungen für Archive? 91

A high-precision mixed-signal mismatch measurement technique for metal-oxide metal (MoM) capacitors as well as the design of a 13-GHz 5-bit 360-degree phase shifter are presented. This thesis presents a high-precision, mixed-signal mismatch measurement technique for metal-oxide–metal capacitors. The proposed technique incorporates a switched-capacitor op amp within the measurement circuit to significantly improve the measurement precision while relaxing the resolution requirement on the backend analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The proposed technique is also robust against multiple types of errors. A detailed analysis is presented to quantify the sensitivity improvement of the proposed technique over the conventional one. In addition, this thesis proposes a multiplexing technique to measure a large number of capacitors in a single chip and a new layout to improve matching. A prototype fabricated in 180 nm CMOS technology demonstrates the ability to sense capacitor mismatch standard deviation as low as 0.045% with excellent repeatability, all without the need of a high-resolution ADC. The 13-GHz 5-bit 360-degree phase shifter consists of 2 stages. The first stage utilizes a delay line for 4-bit 180-degree phase shift. A second stage provides 1-bit 180-degree phase shift. The phase shifter includes gain tuning so as to allow a gain variation of less than 1 dB. The design has been fabricated in 180 nm CMOS technology and measurement results show a complete 360◦ phase shift with an average step size of 10.7◦ at 13-GHz. After calibration the phase shifter presented an output gain S21 of 0.5 dB with a gain variation of less than 1 dB across all codes at 13-GHz. The remaining s-parameter testing showed a S22 and S11 below -11 dB and a S12 below -49 dB at 13 GHz.

This thesis deals with the design of a device that enables to monitor the behavior of the measured signal on the computer screen, using the principle of the digital oscilloscope. The control element of the device is the field programmable gate array (FPGA) on FITkit platform.  The FPGA configuration controls the input signal sampling and sends the received samples through the USB interface to the PC. The graphical application implemented in the computer tries to restore the signal and then displays it on the screen.

This paper explores the noise shaping and noise producing qualities of Delta-Sigma Modulators (DSM) and Pulse-Width Modulators (PWM). DSM has long been dominant in the Delta Sigma Analog-to-Digital Converter (DSADC) as a noise-shaped quantizer and time discretizer, while PWM, with a similar self oscillating structure, has seen use in Class D Power Amplifiers, performing a similar function. It has been shown that the PWM in Class D Amplifiers outperforms the DSM [1], but could this advantage be used in DSADC use-cases? LTSpice simulation and printed circuit board implementation and test are used to present data on four variations of these modulators: The DSM, PWM, the out-of-loop discretized PWM (OOLDP), and the cascaded modulator. A generic form of an Nth order loop filter is presented, where three orders of this generic topology are analyzed in simulation for each modulator, and two orders are used in physical testing.

Les futures applications de radio cognitive requièrent des systèmes de numérisation capables de convertir alternativement ou simultanément soit une bande très large avec une faible résolution soit une bande plus étroite avec une meilleure résolution, ceci de manière versatile (i.e. par contrôle logiciel). Pour cela, les systèmes de numérisation basés sur les Bancs de Filtres Hybrides (BFH) sont une solution attractive. Ils se composent d'un banc de filtres analogiques, un banc de convertisseurs analogique-numérique et un banc de filtres numériques. Cependant, ils sont très sensibles aux imperfections analogiques. L'objectif de cette thèse était de proposer et d’étudier une méthode de calibration qui permette de corriger les erreurs analogiques dans la partie numérique. De plus, la méthode devait être implémentable dans un système embarqué. Ce travail a abouti à une nouvelle méthode de calibration de BFH utilisant une technique d'Égalisation Adaptative Multi-Voies (EAMV) qui ajuste les coefficients des filtres numériques par rapport aux filtres analogiques réels. Cette méthode requiert d'injecter un signal de test connu à l'entrée du BFH et d'adapter la partie numérique afin de reconstruire le signal de référence correspondant. Selon le type de reconstruction souhaité (d’une large-bande, d’une sous-bande ou d’une bande étroite particulière), nous avons proposé plusieurs signaux de test et de référence. Ces signaux ont été validés en calculant les filtres numériques optimaux par la méthode de Wiener-Hopf et en évaluant leurs performances de ces derniers dans le domaine fréquentiel. Afin d’approcher les filtres numériques optimaux avec une complexité calculatoire minimum, nous avons implémenté un algorithme du gradient stochastique. La robustesse de la méthode a été évaluée en présence de bruit dans la partie analogique et de en tenant compte de la quantification dans la partie numérique. Un signal de test plus robuste au bruit analogique a été proposé. Les nombres de bits nécessaires pour coder les différentes données dans la partie numérique ont été dimensionnés pour atteindre les performances visées (à savoir 14 bits de résolution). Ce travail de thèse a permis d'avancer vers la réalisation des futurs systèmes de numérisation basés sur les BFH. / The future applications of cognitive radio require digitization systems being capable to perform a flexible conversion in terms of bandwidth and Resolution. The digitization systems based on Hybrid Filter Bancs (HFB) provide an attractive solution for achieving this purpose. The HFBs consist of a bank of analog filters, a bank of analog/digital converters and a bank of digital filters. However, they are so sensitive that the presence of analog errors renders them impossible to carry out. Therefore, the goal of the thesis was to propose and study a calibration method for the analog errors to be corrected in the digital part. Furthermore, the proposed method had to be implementable in an embedded system. Based on Multichannel Adaptive Equalization (MCAE), we proposed a new calibration method. The digital filter coefficients are adjusted according to the real analog filters. To perform this calibration process, a known test signal is injected into the HFB which output is compared to a linked desired signal, their difference is used to adjust the digital part iteratively until the goal is achieved. For different reconstruction goals (wideband, subband or a particular narrow band), we proposed two ways to generate the test and desired signals. With the filters achieved by using method Wiener-Hopf, these signals have been validated by the evaluation of the reconstruction performances. In order to approach the optimal coefficients with a minimal computational complexity, we have implemented an algorithm of stochastic gradient. The robustness of the MCAE method has been studied both in presence of the thermal noise in the analog part and in presence of quantization errors in the digital part. A more robust test signal against the analog noise has been proposed. According to our analytical expressions, for the reconstruction goal (i.e. resolution of 14 bits), the numbers of bits needed for coding the different data of the digital part can be indicated. This thesis is a step forward for realizing future digitization systems based on HFBs.

A comprehensive and scalable solution for high-performance switched capacitor amplification is presented. Central to this discussion is the concept of ring amplification. A ring amplifier is a small modular amplifier derived from a ring oscillator that naturally embodies all the essential elements of scalability. It can amplify with accurate rail-to-rail output swing, drive large capacitive loads with extreme efficiency using slew-based charging, naturally scale in performance according to process trends, and is simple enough to be quickly constructed from only a handful of inverters, capacitors, and switches. In addition, the gain-enhancement technique of Split-CLS is introduced, and used to extend the efficacy of ring amplifiers in specific and other amplifiers in general. Four different pipelined ADC designs are presented which explore the practical implementation options and design considerations relevant to ring amplification and Split-CLS, and are used to establish ring amplification as a new paradigm for scalable amplification. / Graduation date: 2012 / Access restricted to the OSU Community, at author's request, from July 19, 2012 - July 19, 2013

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:22:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Parte 1.pdf: 1874528 bytes, checksum: 7e46501ade5b782c1d4f3f9926c18a43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-30 / Control of the process of repair or progression of periapical lesions after endodontic treatment is monitored by conventional or digital radiography. In this research digital subtraction radiography (DSR) was used that uses the subtraction of images longitudinally, in which the change in the alveolar bone is visualized against a uniform gray background. The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the repair process of periapical lesions after endodontic treatment by using DSR; (2) to quantify by means of point/pixel (picture element), area (histogram) and linear measures (profile line), the gain or loss of mineral density in the area of the lesion, using the average of the pixel values; (3) to compare the diagnostic information, suggestive of the repair process, obtained through a subjective evaluation of DSR with a conventional radiographic evaluation and digitalized image and (4) to evaluate the contribution of DSR to an early identification of the repair of periapical lesions after endodontic treatment. The sample consisted of twelve patients with a total of seventeen periapical lesions. The x-rays were digitalized and submitted to DSR using DSR software. The pixel values of the subtracted images were determined by using Image Tool software. Both the conventional x-rays as well as the digitalized and subtracted images were qualitatively evaluated. The results showed a gain in mineral density with a meandp of 133.495.17, 130.275.77 and 129.414.46 for the points/pixel, histogram and profile line tools, respectively. In the evaluation of numerical gain Pearson s Coefficient of Correlation (r) presented these values: mean of points/histogram = 0.746; mean of points/profile line = 0.724 and histogram/profile line = 0.860. When the numerical values were transformed into percentile gain meandp of 0.674.01, 1.214.33 and 1.163.36 were obtained for the points/pixels, histogram and profile line tools, respectively. In the evaluation of the percentile gain Spearman s Coefficient of Correlation (rs) showed the following values: mean of points/histogram = 0.697; mean of the points/profile line = 0.646 and histogram/profile line = 0.844. In the qualitative analysis, the frequency of success in the ordering of the correct sequence of the repair process using conventional radiography, digitalized image and DSR was 37.3%, 31.4% and 31.4%, respectively. One concluded, therefore, that: (1) the process of repair of periapical lesions after endodontic treatment can be evaluated quantitatively by means of longitudinal analysis using DSR; (2) any one of the three tools can be used to quantify the repair, considering that correlation exists between the time of repair and the increase of the value of pixel; (3) the comparative evaluation between the subjective methods using conventional radiography, digitalized image and SDR, it showed that all had been capable to evidence the process of repair of periapical lesions from the first radiography (15 days), not having difference between them and (4) the quantitative evaluation by SDR obtained to after evidence the beginning of the repair with 15 days the beginning of the endodontic treatment, even so this repair was really effective from 105 days after the beginning of the endodontic treatment. / O controle do processo de reparo ou progressão de lesões periapicais pós-tratamento endodôntico é monitorado pelo exame radiográfico convencional ou digital. Nesta pesquisa foi utilizada a subtração digital radiográfica (SDR), que utiliza a subtração de imagens longitudinalmente, na qual a mudança no osso alveolar é visualizada contra um plano de fundo (background) cinza homogêneo. Os objetivos desse estudo foram: (1) avaliar o processo de reparo de lesões periapicais pós-tratamento endodôntico por meio de SDR; (2) quantificar por meio de ponto/pixel (picture element), área (histograma) e medida linear (perfil linha) na área da lesão, o ganho ou perda de densidade mineral por meio da média dos valores dos pixels; (3) comparar as informações diagnósticas, sugestivas do processo de reparo, obtidas por meio da avaliação subjetiva da SDR com a avaliação radiográfica convencional e imagem digitalizada; e (4) avaliar a contribuição da SDR na identificação precoce do reparo de lesões periapicais pós-tratamento endodôntico. A amostra constituiu-se de doze indivíduos totalizando dezessete lesões periapicais. As radiografias foram digitalizadas e submetidas à SDR utilizando o programa DSR. As imagens subtraídas tiveram os valores de pixel determinados utilizando o programa Image Tool. Tanto as radiografias convencionais quanto as imagens digitalizadas e subtraídas foram avaliadas qualitativamente. Os resultados evidenciaram ganho de densidade mineral com médiadp de 133,495,17; 130,275,77; 129,414,46 para as ferramentas ponto/pixel; histograma e perfil linha respectivamente. Na avaliação do ganho numérico o Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson (r) mostrou valores de: média dos pontos/ histograma = 0,746; média dos pontos/ perfil linha = 0,724 e histograma/ perfil linha = 0,860. Quando os valores numéricos foram transformados em ganho percentual foram obtidas médiadp de 0,674,01; 1,214,33; 1,163,36 para as ferramentas ponto/pixel; histograma e perfil linha respectivamente. Na avaliação do ganho percentual o Coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman (rs) mostrou valores de: média dos pontos/ histograma = 0,697; média dos pontos/ perfil linha = 0,646 e histograma/ perfil linha = 0,844. Na análise qualitativa, a freqüência de acertos na ordenação da seqüência correta do processo de reparo usando radiografia convencional, imagem digitalizada e SDR foi de 37,3%; 31,4% e 31,4% respectivamente. Concluiu-se, portanto, que: (1) o processo de reparo de lesões periapicais pós-tratamento endodôntico pode ser avaliado quantitativamente por meio de análise longitudinal com SDR (2) qualquer uma das três ferramentas pode ser utilizada para quantificar o reparo, considerando que existe correlação entre o tempo de reparo e o aumento do valor de pixel; (3) a avaliação comparativa entre os métodos subjetivos, usando radiografia convencional, imagem digitalizada e a SDR, mostrou que todos foram capazes de evidenciar o processo de reparo de lesões periapicais desde a primeira radiografia (15 dias), não havendo diferença entre eles e (4) a avaliação quantitativa por meio de SDR conseguiu evidenciar o início do reparo com 15 dias após o início do tratamento endodôntico, embora esse reparo fosse realmente efetivo a partir de 105 dias após o início do tratamento endodôntico.

The thesis deals with the application of laser beams for examination of material properties. The properties being examined are quality of surface finish and transmissivity of materials in the optical portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. A measuring device containing laser diodes as a source of laser beam and photodiodes for evaluation of examined phenomena serves for examination of both properties. Conversion of the signal to digital quantity and its further processing take place in a microcontroller. The data is then sent via a serial bus and a converter to a computer, where it may be saved in a user program and where the user can work with them later. The thesis contains results of reflectivity measurement of a set of metal samples with different surface finish. Transmissivity measurement was applied on a set of optical filters.