A chiral vinyl sulfoxide has been developed that undergoes highly diastereoselective Diels−Alder cycloadditions with various substituted furans in excellent yield. The cycloadducts can be stereoselectively transformed into tetrasubstituted tetrahydrofurans via ring-opening metathesis/cross-metathesis or oxidative cleavage and refunctionalization. A partial synthesis of the bioactive diketopiperazine containing natural product gliocladin C was achieved in nine steps, and 13.4% overall yield. The synthesis featured several novel transformations including the construction of the core structure by an elimination and nucleophilic addition sequence, followed by a Lewis acid promoted coupling with indole giving the key quaternary oxindole intermediate. A new protocol for intramolecular reductive coupling of the oxoindole and bis-unsaturated diketopiperazine led to successful construction of the hexacyclic skeleton. / text

L'objectif de ce projet est d'élaborer des composés capables d'interagir avec des processus biologiques impliquant des associations protéines-protéines, soit pour les inhiber, soit pour les marquer. Deux cibles protéiques impliquées dans la maladie d'Alzheimer et formant des fibres amylogènes sont envisagées : la protéine tau et le peptide Aβ40. Notre conception des inhibiteurs consiste à présenter de façon multimérique des composés biologiquement actifs (peptides et molécules organiques) sur un châssis moléculaire, la dicétopiperazine. L'activité biologique de nos composés est évaluée par des tests in vitro et in vivo. Un autre aspect du projet est la conception, la synthèse et la caractérisation d'un peptidomimétique des fibres de la protéine tau. / The aim of our project is to synthesize compounds able to interact with biological processes involved in protein-protein interactions. Two amyloidogenic proteins involved in Alzheimer's disease have been chosen: tau protein and Aβ40 peptide. Our approach is based on the multimeric presentation of biological compounds (peptides and organic compounds) and our inhibitors are designed from a diketopiperazine scaffold. The biological activity of our compounds is evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Other part of the project is the design, synthesis and characterization of compounds able to mimic Tau fibers.

New methodology has been utilized to provoke or increase targeted metabolic pathways in microbes. The low hanging fruit of natural products has been discovered over the last 50 years. To continue finding new metabolites to be used as possible drug candidates, methodology development such as those proposed herein are necessary. This methodology uses extracts from known pathogenic bacteria to elicit production of latent biosynthetic pathways from environmental bacterial isolates that may be active against the original pathogenic strains. A new compound, MAV-1 (1) of the diketopiperazine family (Figure 1) was isolated and identified utilizing these techniques. The structure of MAV-1 (1) was defined by a combination of mass spectroscopy (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Discovery of MAV-1 (1), a possible precursor to other known compounds, demonstrates the continuing utility of microbial sources with new chemodiversity.

Malgré son implication importante dans de nombreux processus environnementaux, la matière organique naturelle (MON) reste mal caractérisée, principalement à cause du caractère réfractaire des structures dans lesquelles elle est impliquée. Si des fonctions amides ont été mises en évidence dans la MON, la structure moléculaire des unités associées est encore inconnue. La pyrolyse couplée à la chromatographie gazeuse et à la spectrométrie de masse (Py-GC-MS) en présence de Tetra-Methyl-Ammonium Hydroxyde (TMAH) est a priori un outil pertinent pour l'analyse de ces structures. Pour mieux comprendre le comportement des structures azotées de la MON au cours de la Py-GC-MS/TMAH, nous avons étudié par cette méthode, les 20 acides aminés protéiques, 17 dipeptides, 4 polypeptides et une protéine, la Sérum Albumine Bovine (SAB). Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence les principaux mécanismes de pyrolyse des acides aminés (méthylation directe, cyclisation, dimérisation, homolyse, décarboxylation, et déamination), et l'influence de la liaison peptidique sur ces mécanismes. La Py-GC-MS/TMAH des dipeptides et des polypeptides a montré l'importance des produits de cyclisation, en particulier des diketopiperazines et de structures plus complexes basées sur 3 acides aminés, et des produits d'homolyse pour les acides aminés aromatiques. De plus, cette étude a permis d'établir une base de données des produits de pyrolyse des acides aminés et des 17 dipeptides. Enfin, la pyrolyse de la SAB en mélange avec les deux principales macromolécules présentes dans la biomasse (lignine et cellulose) montre que les coefficients de réponse sont défavorables à la protéine.

Les dicétopipérazines (DKP : diketopiperazines) sont une classe de produits naturels largement utilisée en médecine. Chez les organismes producteurs, elles peuvent servir de facteurs de virulence, de molécules de signalisation ou encore être impliquées dans la concurrence entre (micro-)organismes ou la défense contre les prédateurs, mais souvent leur rôle est inconnu. Elles peuvent être synthétisées par deux voies de biosynthèse principales : soit par des voies dépendant de synthétases de peptides non ribosomiques (NRPS: Non Ribosomal Peptide Synthetase), des complexes enzymatiques de grande taille utilisant comme substrats les acides aminés protéinogènes ou non, soit par des voies dépendant des cyclodipeptide synthases (CDPS), de petites enzymes utilisant comme substrats des ARNt chargés. Je me suis intéressé à ce deuxième type de voie de biosynthèse. J’ai d’abord participé à une étude visant à caractériser la diversité des CDPS et des DKP synthétisées par ces enzymes. Ce travail a permis d’élargir le champ des CDPS caractérisées expérimentalement, de démontrer l’incorporation par ces enzymes de 17 acides aminés dans des DKP et de poser les bases de la prédiction des DKP synthétisées grâce à l’identification dans la séquence protéique des CDPS de motifs de résidus responsables de la sélection du substrat. J’ai ensuite étudié chez Streptomyces venezuelae un cluster de gènes homologues à des gènes essentiels impliqués chez Mycobacterium tuberculosis dans la biosynthèse d’une dicétopipérazine. J’ai enfin identifié chez Streptomyces aizunensis les gènes dirigeant la biosynthèse de la bicyclomycine, un antibiotique de la famille des DKP utilisé en médecine. Je présente la caractérisation complète de la voie de biosynthèse de la bicyclomycine. Cette biosynthèse fait intervenir une CDPS, cinq dioxygénases dépendantes du fer et du 2-oxoglutarate et une monooxygénase de la famille des cytochromes P450. C’est la voie la plus complexe dépendante de CDPS jamais décrite, la seule contenant plusieurs enzymes d’oxydoréduction et la première voie de biosynthèse d’une molécule utilisée en médecine dépendante d’une CDPS. / Diketopiperazines (DKP) are a class of natural products widely used in medicine. In producer organisms, they may act as virulence factors, signaling molecules or may be involved in competition between (micro-) organisms or defense against predators, but often their role is unknown. They can be synthesized by two main biosynthetic pathways: either by non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) dependent pathways, NRPSs being large enzyme complexes using proteinogenic or non-proteinogenic amino acids as substrates, or by Cyclodipeptide synthases (CDPS), small enzymes using loaded tRNAs as substrates. I was interested in this second type of biosynthetic pathway. I first participated in a study having as a goal to characterize the diversity of CDPSs and DKPs synthesized by these enzymes. This work enabled to widen the field of experimentally characterized CDPSs, to demonstrate the incorporation by these enzymes of 17 amino acids in DKPs and to lay the bases for the prediction of the DKPs synthesized thanks to the identification in the protein sequence of CDPSs of residue patterns responsible for substrate selection. I then studied in Streptomyces venezuelae a cluster of genes homologous to essential genes involved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the biosynthesis of a diketopiperazine. I finally identified in Streptomyces aizunensis the genes directing the biosynthesis of bicyclomycin, an antibiotic of the DKP family used in medicine. I present the complete characterization of the bicyclomycin biosynthetic pathway. This biosynthesis involves a CDPS, five iron-2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. It is the most complex CDPS-dependent pathway ever described, the only one containing several redox enzymes and the first CDPS-dependent biosynthetic pathway for a molecule used in medicine.

Le nombre des génomes bactériens séquencés disponibles dans les bases des données ne cesse d’augmenter. Grâce au développement d’outils bio informatiques, l’exploration de ces données génomiques est devenue beaucoup plus aisée. Ces analyses génomiques révèlent qu’un important réservoir de gènes du métabolisme spécialisé, et potentiellement de métabolites bioactifs, reste encore à explorer. J’ai étudié le métabolisme spécialisé d’une souche de Streptomyces appelée Streptomyces sp.TN58, isolée à partir d’un échantillon de sol tunisien et retenue pour son spectre d’activité biologique assez large. Son génome a été séquencé dans le cadre de ce travail. Je me suis particulièrement intéressée à la biosynthèse de deux familles de métabolites spécialisés, les acyl alpha-L-rhamnopyranosides et les dicétopipérazines.Les acyl alpha-L-rhamnopyranosides sont des composés qui possèdent un groupement rhamnose lié à un groupement acyle. Ils présentent plusieurs activités d’intérêt médical (antitumorale, antifongique, antibactérienne…). Leur biosynthèse par des Streptomyces a déjà été décrite, mais aucune étude de leur voie de biosynthèse n’est disponible dans la littérature. La souche Streptomyces sp.TN58 était connue pour produire deux molécules de cette famille. J’ai montré qu’elle en produisait une troisième et j’ai recherché quels gènes dirigeaient leur biosynthèse. J’ai pu identifier les gènes impliqués dans la biosynthèse du précurseur rhamnose et montrer qu’ils sont impliqués dans la biosynthèse des acyl alpha-L-rhamnopyranosides. Les gènes localisés au voisinage de ceux qui dirigent la biosynthèse du rhamnose ne sont pas impliqués dans la biosynthèse des acyl alpha-L-rhamnopyranoides. Cette organisation est originale, car tous les gènes impliqués dans la biosynthèse d’un métabolite spécialisé ne sont pas groupés, contrairement à ce qui est classiquement trouvé chez les Streptomyces et plus généralement chez les microorganismes. L’analyse du génome de Streptomyces sp. TN58 a permis l’identification d’autres gènes candidats, mais l’inactivation de certains de ces gènes n’abolit pas la biosynthèse des trois molécules d’acyl alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside. Ceci peut suggérer plusieurs enzymes promiscuitaires pourraient être impliquées dans la biosynthèse des acyl alpha-L-rhamnopyranosides.Les dicétopipérazines sont des dérivés de dipeptides cycliques et constituent une classe de produits naturels possédant des activités biologiques diverses, mais leur rôle physiologique chez l’organisme producteur reste peu connu. Elles peuvent être synthétisées par des mégacomplexes enzymatiques, les synthétases de peptides non ribosomiques (NRPS), ou par des cyclodipeptides synthases (CDPS). Ces dernières sont des enzymes de petite taille utilisant des ARN de transfert amino-acylés comme substrat. Les cyclodipeptides synthétisés peuvent subir différentes modifications, ce qui explique la diversité de leur structure chimique. L’analyse du génome de Streptomyces sp.TN58 a permis d’identifier un cluster de deux gènes (codant une CDPS et un cytochrome P450) homologues à des gènes impliqués dans la biosynthèse d’une dicétopipérazine (la mycocyclosine) chez Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J’ai identifié les produits dont la biosynthèse est dirigée par ces gènes. J’ai construit des souches mutées pour tester l’hypothèse d’un rôle de ces produits dans la signalisation pour la différenciation morphologique et la production d’antibiotiques chez Streptomyces sp.TN58. Les premiers résultats obtenus semblent en accord avec cette hypothèse. / The number of sequenced bacterial genomes available in databases is steadily increasing. With the development of bioinformatics tools, the exploration of these genomic data has become much easier. These genomic analyzes reveal that an important reservoir of genes for specialized metabolism, and potentially bioactive metabolites, remains to be explored. The vast majority of bacterial specialized metabolism was therefore ignored. I studied the specialized metabolism of a Streptomyces strain called Streptomyces sp.TN58, isolated from a Tunisian soil sample and retained for its broad spectrum of biological activity. Its genome has been sequenced in the frame of this work. I was particularly interested in the biosynthesis of two families of specialized metabolites, acyl alpha-L-rhamnopyranosides and diketopiperazines (DKPs).Acyl alpha-L-rhamnopyranosides are compounds having a rhamnose group linked to an acyl group. They possess a variety of biological activities of medical interest (anti-tumor, antifungal, antibacterial…). Their production by Streptomyces sp. has been described previously but no study of their biosynthetic pathway is available in literature. Streptomyces sp.TN58 strain was known to produce two molecules of this family. I showed that it produced a third one and I looked for the genes directing their biosynthesis. I have identified the genes involved in the biosynthesis of the rhamnose precursor and shown that their inactivation abolished the biosynthesis of acyl alpha-L-rhamnopyranosides. However, the genes located in the vicinity of the rhamnose biosynthetic genes are not involved in acyl alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside biosynthesis. This organization is unusual because all the genes directing the biosynthesis of a specialized metabolite are not clustered, contrarily to what is usually found in Streptomyces and more generally in microorganisms. A genome-mining approach allowed the identification of candidate genes, but the inactivation of some of these genes did not abolish the biosynthesis of the three acyl alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside molecules. This suggests that several rather promiscuous enzymes might be involved in the biosynthesis of acyl alpha-L-rhamnopyranosides.DKPs are cyclic dipeptide derivatives. This class of natural products possesses a wide variety of biological activities, but their physiological role in the producing organism remains often unknown. DKPs can be synthesized by non-ribosomal peptide synthases (NRPSs) or by cyclodipetide synthases (CDPSs). Contrarily to NRPSs which are enzymatic megacomplexes using amino acids as substrate, CDPSs are small enzymes using amino-acylated tRNAs as a substrate. The synthesized cyclodipeptides can undergo various modifications, which explains the diversity of DKP chemical structures. Mining the genome of Streptomyces sp. TN58 allowed the identification of a cluster of two genes (encoding a CDPS and a cytochrome P450) homologous to genes involved in the biosynthesis of a DKP (mycocyclosin) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. I managed to identify the DKP synthesized. I constructed mutant strains to test the hypothesis that these DKPs could play a role as signaling molecules for morphological differentiation and antibiotic production in Streptomyces sp.TN58. Preliminary results seem to support this hypothesis

La formation des agrégats des peptides et des protéines par l'interaction de feuillets β a de plus en plus attiré l'attention car elle se produit dans de nombreuses maladies humaines généralisées, telles que la sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA), la maladie d'Alzheimer (AD), la maladie de Parkinson (PD), les maladies à prions et la maladie de Huntington (HD). La maladie d'Alzheimer est la forme la plus courante de démence qui provoque la perte de la mémoire chez les personnes âgées. En 2013, il y avait 35 millions de personnes souffrant de AD à travers le monde, un chiffre qui devrait doubler d'ici 2050. Etiologiquement ces maladies se manifestent par des dépôts anormaux de protéines, y compris les plaques neuritiques séniles (PNS) et les dégénérescences neurofibrillaires (DNF). L'accumulation extracellulaire d'agrégats insolubles de la protéine β-amyloide (A) conduit à la formation de plaques séniles, tandis que DNF se produisent à l’intérieur des neurones et sont composés par des filaments hélicoidaux appariés de la protéine tau hyperphosphorylée. Les peptides A sont produits en tant que monomères solubles et subissent l'oligomérisation et la formation de fibrilles amyloides par un processus qui n’a pas été complètement clarifié. Il est suggéré que les peptides Aß solubles jouent un rôle important dans la croissance neuronale, la survie et la modulation synaptique, tandis que les oligomères et fibrilles ont des propriétés toxiques. Une nouvelle stratégie thérapeutique vers la prévention ou le traitement de maladies associées à des structures -feuillet et, en particulier, AD, est représentée par la synthèse de mimes de -brins qui peuvent antagoniser la formation ou la reconnaissance de feuillet ß. En fait, dans la maladie d’Alzheimer, le processus d'agrégation des protéines implique une transition de la structure secondaire non ordonnée/α-hélice à une conformation riche en feuillet β, conduisant à la formation de feuillet croisés. Sur la base des quelques données publiées récemment sur des mimes d’épingles  et en particulier des structures macrocycliques de Nowick, comme inhibiteurs de l'agrégation des protéines, nous avons supposé qu’une pré-structuration des molécules peptidomimétiques pourrait augmenter leur affinité pour les peptides A et donc augmenter leur activité inhibitrice de l'agrégation. Notre conception vers un mime d’épingle stable, qui pourrait interagir et éventuellement agir en tant que ligand de feuillets β et inhibiteur de l'agrégation, implique l’assemblage d’une dicétopipérazine bifonctionnelle en tant que scaffold , d’un brin peptidomimétique pour stabiliser la formation de feuillets β et enfin d’une séquence peptidique convenable pour la liaison à la protéine. Ces molécules ont montré une interaction avec le peptide Aβ1-42 ainsi qu’une modulation de la cinétique d’agrégation. / The formation of peptide and protein aggregates through the interaction of β-sheets has increasingly drawn attention since it occurs in many widespread human diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), prion diseases, and Huntington's disease (HD). Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia that causes memory loss in the elderly. In 2013, 35 million people were afflicted with AD worldwide, a number expected to double by 2050. Etiologically, the most common findings are abnormal protein deposits, including senile neuritic plaques (SNPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). The extracellular accumulation of insoluble aggregates of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) leads to the formation of senile plaques, whereas NFTs occur intracellulary and are composed of paired helical filaments of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Aβ peptides are produced as soluble monomers and undergo oligomerization and amyloid fibril formation via an unclear process. It is suggested that soluble A peptides play an important role in neuronal growth, survival, and synaptic modulation, while the oligomers and fibrils have toxic properties. Mimicking -strands to antagonize -sheet formation or recognition represent a new therapeutic strategy toward the prevention or treatment of diseases associated with -sheet structures such as AD. In this pathology, protein aggregation process involves a secondary structure transition from unordered/α-helix to a β-sheet rich conformation, leading to cross β-sheet structure formation. Based on the few recent published data on β-hairpin mimics, in particular on the macrocyclic structures of Nowick, as inhibitors of protein aggregation, we hypothesized that pre-structuring the peptidomimetic molecules might increase their affinity for Aβ peptides and thus increase their aggregation inhibitory activity. Our design towards a stable β-hairpin mimic (Figure 1), which could interact and eventually act as a β-sheet binder and aggregation inhibitor, involved assembling of a bifunctional diketopiperazine scaffold , a peptidomimetic strand to stabilize the formation of β-sheets and finally a suitable peptide sequence for binding to the aggregating protein. These molecules were shown to interact with the native Aβ1-42 peptide and modulate the kinetics of aggregation.

Mucinas são glicoproteínas altamente O-glicosiladas cuja principal característica estrutural é a presença de -GalNAc ligado aos resíduos hidroxilados de serina e treonina. Em alterações celulares malignas, esse núcleo é exposto como um antígeno carboidrato associado a tumor (Tn) e sua alta expressão em células cancerosas faz dele um alvo para o desenvolvimento de abordagens contra o câncer. Mucinas de Trypanosoma cruzi, agente etiológico da Doença de Chagas, apresentam -GlcNAc ligado à apoproteína, envolvido no processo de sialilação catalisado pela enzima fundamental trans-sialidase (TcTS) mediadora da invasão celular. Sendo o componente glicosídico do antígeno Tn um análogo estrutural e funcional de -GlcNAc, pode influenciar na atividade de TcTS, alvo terapêutico para a Doença de Chagas. Neste contexto, foram sintetizados glicopeptídeos lineares e cíclicos derivados de GalNAc mimetizando sua ocorrência em mucinas tumorais e parasitárias. Doadores e aceptores glicosídicos convenientemente protegidos foram preparados e ligados entre si com -estereosseletividade por dois métodos de glicosilação: perclorato/carbonato de prata (promotor clássico de referência) e brometo de mercúrio (promotor pela primeira vez utilizado para doadores glicosídicos do tipo azidocloreto). Os blocos de glicoaminoácidos obtidos foram acoplados a um segundo resíduo, formando glicodipeptídeos lineares inéditos, que originaram glicodicetopiperazinas funcionalizadas com -GalNAc, igualmente inéditas a literatura, mediante a etapa de desproteção/ciclização. Glicoaminoácidos intermediários contendo -GalNAc foram desprotegidos e submetidos a ensaios de cinética enzimática em TcTS, apresentando expressiva inibição de 57% a 79% da atividade da enzima. Os mesmos blocos foram avaliados quanto à citotoxicidade em células tumorais, apresentando entre 73% e 79% de morte celular na linhagem Jurkat e cerca de 30% na linhagem B16F10. Os resultados ensaios biológicos sugerem que os compostos de interesse preparados podem atuar como inibidores da enzima TcTS e agentes de citotoxicidade seletiva em células tumorais. / Mucins are heavily O-glycosylated glycoproteins which major feature being the presence of -GalNAc bound to hydroxylated protein residues of serine and threonine. In malignant cell transformation this core is exposed as a tumor associated carbohydrate antigen (Tn), and its high-level expression in cancer cells turns it into a target for developing anticancer approaches. Mucins from Trypanosoma cruzi, aetiologic agent of Chagas Disease, display -GlcNAc linking glycans to the apoprotein, involved in the sialilation process catalized by tran-sialidase enzyme (TcTS), essential cell invasion by the parasite. Being Tn antigen an structural and functional analogue of -GlcNAc, it may interfere on TcTS, a therapeutic target Chagas Disease. In this context, linear and cyclic glycopeptides containing GalNAc were synthesized, mimicking their natural occurrence in tumoral and parasite mucins. Glycosidic donors and acceptors, conveniently protected were prepared and bound to each other with -stereoselectivity, though two glycosylation methods: silver perchlorate/carbonate (classical reference promoter) and mercuric bromide (first used as a promoter for azidochloride donors). Glycoaminoacids building blocks obtained were coupled to a second residue, furnishing novel linear glycopeptides, which generated glicodiketopiperazines functionalized with -GalNAc, equally unpublished, upon deprotection/cyclization step. Intermediate -GalNAc-containing glycoaminoacids were deprotected and subjected to kinetic enzymatic assay on TcTS, showing expressive enzyme activity inhibition from 57% to 79%. The same compounds were assessed for cytotoxicity on tumoral cells, showing from 73% to 79% of death for Jurkat cells and about 30% for B16F10 cells. Biological results sugest that the prepared compounds of interest may act as TcTS enzyme inhibitors and selective cytotoxic agents on tumoral cells.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / This study aimed to the chemical and pharmacological research of biodiversity of marine fungi associated with sediment from the coastline of northeastern Brazil, especially the state of CearÃ. From the collection of marine sediments at the beach Pecem - SÃo GonÃalo do Amarante-CE, were cultivated various fungi, of which the strain identified as Aspergillus sp. (BRF 087), showed a preliminary cytotoxic activity. The methodology has been directed in finding secondary metabolites with cytotoxic activity using a kinetic fungus study was grown in four different media, BD (potato dextrose), BDL (potato dextrose and yeast), MPD (malt, peptone and dextrose ) and MntPL (mannitol, peptone and yeast) and in different culture periods (7, 14, 21, 28 days). This procedure resulted in the isolation of nine diketopiperazines two tetrapeptides cycle, 3 derivatives of succinic acid and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, characterized as cyclo (L-Pro-L-Leu) (A-1), cyclo (L-Pro-L -Phe) (A-2), cyclo (4-OH-Pro-Leu) (A-3), cyclo (4-OH-Pro-Phe) (A-4), cyclo (L-Pro-L-tyr ) (A-5), cyclo (L-Leu-L-Val) (A-6), cyclo (L-Phe-L-Val) (A-7), cyclo (L-Phe-L-Leu) (A-8), cyclo (L-Leu-L-Ile) (A-9), cyclo (L-Ile-L-Pro-L-Leu-L-Pro) (A-10), cyclo (Leu-Ile Leu-Phe) (A-11), 2-metilenosuccinic acid (A-12), 3-Methyl-2-metilenosuccinic (A-13), 4-metoxy-2-methylidene-4-oxobutanoic acid (A-14) and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (A-15). The isolation of secondary metabolites was conducted by using usual chromatographic techniques, including chromatography on reverse phase C18 column and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For structural characterization of the compounds were used customary spectrometric techniques like IR, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), one and two dimensional, and compared with literature data. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal a investigaÃÃo quÃmico-farmacolÃgica da biodiversidade dos fungos marinhos associados a sedimentos da costa litorÃnea do Nordeste do Brasil, e em especial do estado do CearÃ. A partir da coleta de sedimentos marinhos na praia do PecÃm - SÃo GonÃalo do Amarante-CE, foram cultivados vÃrios fungos, dos quais a cepa identificada como Aspergillus sp. (BRF 087), mostrou uma atividade citotÃxica preliminar. A metodologia empregada foi direcionada na busca de metabÃlitos secundÃrios com atividade citotÃxica, atravÃs de um estudo cinÃtico do fungo que foi cultivado em quatro meios diferentes, BD (batata dextrose), BDL (batata dextrose e levedura), MPD (malte, peptona e dextrose) e MntPL (manitol, peptona e levedura) e em diferentes perÃodos de cultivo (7, 14, 21, 28 dias). Este procedimento resultou no isolamento de nove dicetopiperazinas, dois ciclo tetrapeptÃdeos, 3 derivados do Ãcido succinio e o Ãcido p-hidroxifenilacÃtico, caracterizados como ciclo (L-Pro-L-Leu) (A-1), ciclo (L-Pro-L-Fen) (A-2),ciclo (4-OH-Pro-Leu) (A-3), ciclo (4-OH-Pro-Fen) (A-4), ciclo (L-Pro-L-Tyr) (A-5), ciclo (L-Leu-L-Val) (A-6), ciclo (L-Fen-L-Val) (A-7), ciclo (L-Fen-L-Leu) (A-8), ciclo (L-Leu-L-Ile) (A-9), ciclo (L-Ile-L-Pro-L-Leu-L-Pro) (A-10), ciclo (Leu-Ile-Leu-Fen) (A-11), Ãcido 2-metilenosuccinio (A-12), Ãcido 3-metil-2-metilenosuccinio (A-13), Ãcido 4-metoxi-2-metileno-4-oxobutanÃico (A-14) e o Ãcido p-hidroxifenilacÃtico (A-15). O isolamento dos metabÃlitos secundÃrios foi realizado atravÃs do uso de tÃcnicas cromatogrÃficas usuais, incluindo cromatografia em coluna de fase reversa C18 e cromatografia lÃquida de alta eficiÃncia (CLAE). Para a caracterizaÃÃo estrutural dos compostos foram utilizadas tÃcnicas espectromÃtricas usuais como infravermelho, espectrometria de massa e ressonÃncia magnÃtica nuclear (RMN), uni e bidimensional, alÃm de comparaÃÃo com dados da literatura.

Mucinas são glicoproteínas altamente O-glicosiladas cuja principal característica estrutural é a presença de -GalNAc ligado aos resíduos hidroxilados de serina e treonina. Em alterações celulares malignas, esse núcleo é exposto como um antígeno carboidrato associado a tumor (Tn) e sua alta expressão em células cancerosas faz dele um alvo para o desenvolvimento de abordagens contra o câncer. Mucinas de Trypanosoma cruzi, agente etiológico da Doença de Chagas, apresentam -GlcNAc ligado à apoproteína, envolvido no processo de sialilação catalisado pela enzima fundamental trans-sialidase (TcTS) mediadora da invasão celular. Sendo o componente glicosídico do antígeno Tn um análogo estrutural e funcional de -GlcNAc, pode influenciar na atividade de TcTS, alvo terapêutico para a Doença de Chagas. Neste contexto, foram sintetizados glicopeptídeos lineares e cíclicos derivados de GalNAc mimetizando sua ocorrência em mucinas tumorais e parasitárias. Doadores e aceptores glicosídicos convenientemente protegidos foram preparados e ligados entre si com -estereosseletividade por dois métodos de glicosilação: perclorato/carbonato de prata (promotor clássico de referência) e brometo de mercúrio (promotor pela primeira vez utilizado para doadores glicosídicos do tipo azidocloreto). Os blocos de glicoaminoácidos obtidos foram acoplados a um segundo resíduo, formando glicodipeptídeos lineares inéditos, que originaram glicodicetopiperazinas funcionalizadas com -GalNAc, igualmente inéditas a literatura, mediante a etapa de desproteção/ciclização. Glicoaminoácidos intermediários contendo -GalNAc foram desprotegidos e submetidos a ensaios de cinética enzimática em TcTS, apresentando expressiva inibição de 57% a 79% da atividade da enzima. Os mesmos blocos foram avaliados quanto à citotoxicidade em células tumorais, apresentando entre 73% e 79% de morte celular na linhagem Jurkat e cerca de 30% na linhagem B16F10. Os resultados ensaios biológicos sugerem que os compostos de interesse preparados podem atuar como inibidores da enzima TcTS e agentes de citotoxicidade seletiva em células tumorais. / Mucins are heavily O-glycosylated glycoproteins which major feature being the presence of -GalNAc bound to hydroxylated protein residues of serine and threonine. In malignant cell transformation this core is exposed as a tumor associated carbohydrate antigen (Tn), and its high-level expression in cancer cells turns it into a target for developing anticancer approaches. Mucins from Trypanosoma cruzi, aetiologic agent of Chagas Disease, display -GlcNAc linking glycans to the apoprotein, involved in the sialilation process catalized by tran-sialidase enzyme (TcTS), essential cell invasion by the parasite. Being Tn antigen an structural and functional analogue of -GlcNAc, it may interfere on TcTS, a therapeutic target Chagas Disease. In this context, linear and cyclic glycopeptides containing GalNAc were synthesized, mimicking their natural occurrence in tumoral and parasite mucins. Glycosidic donors and acceptors, conveniently protected were prepared and bound to each other with -stereoselectivity, though two glycosylation methods: silver perchlorate/carbonate (classical reference promoter) and mercuric bromide (first used as a promoter for azidochloride donors). Glycoaminoacids building blocks obtained were coupled to a second residue, furnishing novel linear glycopeptides, which generated glicodiketopiperazines functionalized with -GalNAc, equally unpublished, upon deprotection/cyclization step. Intermediate -GalNAc-containing glycoaminoacids were deprotected and subjected to kinetic enzymatic assay on TcTS, showing expressive enzyme activity inhibition from 57% to 79%. The same compounds were assessed for cytotoxicity on tumoral cells, showing from 73% to 79% of death for Jurkat cells and about 30% for B16F10 cells. Biological results sugest that the prepared compounds of interest may act as TcTS enzyme inhibitors and selective cytotoxic agents on tumoral cells.