Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this thesis was to carry out a study comparing actual utilization in rural businesses of soy and rice to that which is determined by agricultural mechanization planning. In this context, the specific objectives were as follow: to gather information about the composition of the agricultural machinery market; to establish a relationship between the number of tractors distributed over areas and crops; to determine the mechanization index (kW. ha-1) of rural businesses in relation to area and crop, thus establishing a comparison between that which is planned technically and that which actually occurs; to analyze the lifetime of the fleet of tractors; to verify the state of conservation of existent agricultural tractors in the rural businesses used in this study and develop a worksheet for dimensioning and selection of agricultural machines. Twenty-two rural businesses in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul with areas greater than 50 hectares that exclusively developed rice or soy crops were sampled. The systematic random technique was utilized for localization of data gathering points. The adapted method of Schlosser (1998), called Step by step was used for the dimensioning of the machines and planning of activities. This method is developed on worksheets, and in this case, utilizing Microsoft Excel. It was concluded that the market of agricultural tractors is led by Massey Ferguson, followed by New Holland, Valtra and John Deere, respectively. Rice businesses presented a greater number of tractors per area and a mechanization index superior to that of soy businesses. The mean real mechanization index was superior to that for technical planning, both for rice and soy businesses, proving the existence of an excess of potency and demonstrating the viability of adopting planning tools in the selection of agricultural machinery, in order to optimize the use of machinery in these crops. The fact that rice crops presented a greater number of tractors per area when compared to soy crops was due to the fact that there are a greater number of operations involved and these are concentrated during the period close to harvest. The mean lifetime tractors in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul was 14.82 years. The state of conversation of the tractors decreased with the age of the tractor. In rice businesses, this wear-out is anticipated because of the operating conditions. / Este trabalho teve por objetivo realizar um estudo comparativo entre a utilização real e a determinada pelo planejamento técnico da mecanização agrícola em empresas rurais de soja e arroz. Neste cenário buscou-se, especificamente, conhecer a composição do mercado de máquinas agrícolas; estabelecer uma relação entre o número de tratores distribuídos por áreas e culturas; determinar o índice de mecanização (kW. ha-1) das empresas rurais em função da área e da cultura, estabelecendo um comparativo entre o tecnicamente planejado e o real existente; analisar o tempo de utilização da frota de tratores; verificar o estado de conservação dos tratores agrícolas existentes nas empresas rurais amostradas e desenvolver uma planilha para dimensionamento e seleção de máquinas agrícolas. Foram amostradas 22 empresas rurais, na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com áreas superiores a 50 hectares que, dentre suas atividades, desenvolvem a cultura do arroz ou da soja, exclusivamente. A técnica de amostragem utilizada para a localização dos pontos de tomada de dados foi aleatória sistemática. O método selecionado para o planejamento das atividades e o dimensionamento das máquinas foi proposto por Schlosser (1998), denominado Passo a passo . Este método é desenvolvido em planilha de cálculos e, neste caso, utilizada no Microsoft Office Excel. Ao final deste trabalho concluiu-se que, o mercado de tratores agrícolas tem maior participação da marca Massey Ferguson, seguido pelas marcas New Holland, Valtra e John Deere, respectivamente. As empresas orizícolas apresentam maior número de tratores por área e índice de mecanização superior em relação às sojicultoras. O índice de mecanização médio real foi superior ao tecnicamente planejado, tanto para a cultura do arroz como para a soja, comprovando a existência de um excesso de potência e demonstrando a viabilidade de adoção de ferramentas de planejamento e seleção para a mecanização agrícola, com vistas à otimização do uso do maquinário nesses cultivos. A cultura do arroz apresentou maior número de tratores por área em relação à cultura da soja, em função de ocorrer maior número de operações e estas se concentrarem no período próximo a semeadura. O tempo de uso médio dos tratores na região central do Rio Grande do Sul foi de 14,82 anos. O estado de conservação dos tratores é decrescente, conforme ficam mais velhos. E, na orizicultura, o desgaste é antecipado, em função das condições das operações.

This dissertation was developed in order to analyze the process of transfering the technical-administrative staff in education of UFSM in order to propose improvements, which are aligned to the needs and goals of the institution. This approach came from the need of the regulation of this process, in which there is no standardization. For this reason we carried out a qualitative, descriptive study through a case study. Data we collected searching the websites of the 59 Federal Universities of Brazil except UFSM, questionnaires for the Federal Universities of Rio Grande do Sul and participant observation. This searching on the 58 websites was to find models that could be used in UFSM, but adapting them to the institution. Of the 58 investigated universities, a sample was harvested out of 28 that could be better exploited. The remaining 29 were disregarded as lacking information on their websites or when these were insufficient. Soon after it became a clipping of this sample focusing on the Federal Universities of Rio Grande do Sul, due to the fact that they are inserted in the same reality of the UFSM, and, for these, a questionnaire with predominantly open questions was sent to those responsible for removal proceedings reply. Of these, 3 of the 4 questionnaires returned. Data analysis was performed by means of content analysis which enabled the development of a viable and adequate purpose to UFSM that will meet the needs of the of Institution expediting the execution of these transfers, as well as making them more transparent. / Esta dissertação foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de analisar o processo de remoção a pedido dos servidores técnico-administrativos em educação da UFSM, a fim de propor melhorias alinhadas às necessidades e aos objetivos da Instituição. Esse enfoque surgiu da necessidade da normatização desse processo o qual não possui padronização alguma. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter descritivo através de um estudo de caso. Os dados foram coletados por meio da busca nos sites das 59 Universidades Federais do Brasil exceto no da UFSM, questionário para as Universidades Federais do Rio Grande do Sul e observação participante. Na busca dos 58 sites procurou-se encontrar modelos que pudessem ser utilizados na UFSM, porém adequando-os à instituição. Das 58 universidades pesquisadas, colheu-se uma amostra de 29 que puderam ser mais bem exploradas. As demais 29 foram desconsideradas por ausência ou insuficiência de informações em seus sites. Logo após, fez-se um recorte dessa amostra focando nas Universidades Federais do Rio Grande do Sul, devido ao fato de estarem inseridas na mesma realidade da UFSM, e, para estas, foi enviado um questionário com perguntas predominantemente abertas, para que os responsáveis pelo processo de remoção respondessem. Obteve-se retorno de 3 do total de 4 questionários enviados. A análise dos dados deu-se por meio de análise de conteúdo, possibilitando a elaboração de uma proposta viável e adequada para a UFSM, pois acredita-se que a proposta venha ao encontro das necessidades da Instituição agilizando a efetivação das remoções, bem como tornando-as mais transparentes.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The Smart Renewable Energy project at the University of The Western Cape, under the guidance of the Intelligent Systems and Advanced Telecommunication (ISAT) group, aims at developing a dynamic system that enables users to (1) design smart architectures for next generation wind and solar systems to meet African power challenges (2) use these architectures to dimension the underlying solar and wind power systems and (3) simulate, implement and evaluate the performance of such power systems. The project's existing web and mobile monitoring system will undergo a much needed upgrade to cater for monitoring of the existing system's environmental and battery bank parameters. This will be implemented by allowing users to monitor input, storage and output trends over various time frames. These time frames would include hourly, daily, weekly and monthly readings. The visual evaluation of the system will be generated by mathematical, statistical and machine learning techniques. Trends will be discovered that will allow users to optimize the system's efficiency and their usage patterns. The accompanied dimensioning system will allow users to cater for their needs in a two way fashion. Users will be able to specify the number of devices that they want to run from a solar or wind based system and their power needs will be generated. They will also be able to determine what a given system is capable of producing and the number of devices that can be used simultaneously, as a result. / National Research Foundation (NRF) and Namibia Students Financial Assistance Fund (NSFAF)

O papel desempenhado pelos recursos humanos na produção de serviços de saúde e, particularmente, no campo da enfermagem merece atenção especial. Este estudo aborda a temática da gerência de recursos humanos tomando por referência a questão do dimensionamento de pessoal de enfermagem em um setor específico de atuação: o hospital. Trata-se de uma investigação na modalidade de estudo de caso cujo objetivo geral é dimensionar o quadro de pessoal de enfermagem para unidades de internação de um hospital universitário situado em um município do oeste do estado do Paraná. A metodologia adotada é aquela proposta por Gaidzinski (1998) que contempla a identificação de determinadas variáveis, às quais correspondem instrumentos específicos de coleta de dados. Para identificação do grau de dependência do paciente em relação ao cuidado de enfermagem, utilizou-se o Sistema de Classificação de Pacientes segundo Perroca (2000); para as horas médias de assistência de enfermagem e o percentual de cada categoria profissional adotou-se como parâmetro a Resolução COFEN nº 189/96; a definição do índice de absenteísmo bem como a equação para cálculo do quadro de pessoal foram desenvolvidas segundo a metodologia preconizada por Gaidzinski (1998). As unidades de internação estudadas foram aquelas em que a clientela atendida era composta por adultos (≥ 14 anos), nas especialidades de clínica médica e clínica cirúrgica. Do total de 62 leitos ativados nas três unidades de internação estudadas, foram classificados, diariamente durante 92 dias consecutivos, 72,5% dos leitos que correspondem a 4.135 pacientes/dia. Para os demais 27,5% dos leitos, a classificação não se efetivou devido à recusa do paciente em participar do estudo e outras ocorrências. Dos pacientes classificados, 9,4% requeriam cuidados intensivos, 14,6% cuidados semi-intensivos, 45,1% cuidados intermediários e 30,9% cuidados mínimos. Para as ausências previstas, o maior índice deve-se às folgas semanais, para as ausências não previstas o índice mais elevado ocorre devido às licenças médicas. Aplicando-se a equação de dimensionamento, obteve-se um quadro projetado de 28 enfermeiros e 48 auxiliares de enfermagem. Comparando-se o quadro existente com o projetado verifica-se que para a categoria enfermeiro, o quantitativo existente corresponde a 50% daquele previsto; para a categoria de auxiliares de enfermagem há um excedente de 29,2%. Diante do quadro reduzido de enfermeiros, levanta-se a hipótese de que determinadas ações de enfermagem inerentes a esse profissional estejam sendo desenvolvidas pelo pessoal de nível médio, sem um processo de supervisão que permita o desenvolvimento de um trabalho mais articulado e integrativo, resultando em uma assistência de enfermagem de melhor qualidade. Entende-se, ainda, que a adoção, pelos enfermeiros, de um sistema de classificação de pacientes em suas respectivas unidades, permitirá ampliar o conhecimento acerca da clientela atendida, suas reais necessidades, bem como o desenvolvimento de habilidades e competências que lhe assegurem assistir e gerenciar de um modo mais seguro, inovador, autônomo e participativo. / and particularly in the Nursing field, deserves special attention. This study approaches human resources management based on the dimensioning of nursing personnel in a specific sector of activity: the hospital. It is a case study whose goal is to dimension the nursing personnel for inpatient units at a university hospital located in a city of western Paraná state. The methodology adopted is that proposed by Gaidzinski (1998), as it contemplates the identification of certain variables to which specific data collection instruments correspond. In order to identify patients’ dependence in relation to nursing care, the Patient Classification System was used according to Perroca (2000); concerning the mean hours of nursing care and the percentage of each professional category, Resolution COFEN no. 189/96 was adopted as a parameter; the definition of absence rates as well as the equation used to calculate the staff were developed according to the methodology proposed by Gaidzinski (1998). The inpatient units under study were those in which the clients assisted consisted of adults (≥ 14 years old) in the specialties of medical clinic and surgical clinic. Of the total number of 62 activated beds in the three inpatient units under study, 72.5% of the beds were classified daily during a period of 92 consecutive days, which corresponds to 4.135 patients/day. As to the remaining 27.5% beds, classification was not conducted due to patients’ refusal to participate in the study and to other occurrences. Of the classified patients, 9.4% required intensive care, 14.6% semi-intensive care, 45.1% intermediate care and 30.9% minimum care. Concerning predicted absences, the highest rate was due to weekly work pauses whereas for non-predicted absences, the highest rate occurred as a result of sick leaves. The application of the dimensioning equation resulted in a staff consisting of 28 nurses and 48 nursing auxiliaries. By comparing the existing staff and the projected staff, it was observed that the number of working nurses corresponded to 50% of the predicted number whereas, in relation to nursing auxiliaries, there was an excess of 29.2%. In view of the reduced number of nurses, a hypothesis was made that certain nursing actions which are inherent to that professional category are being performed by nursing auxiliaries without a supervision process that would allow for the development of more articulated and integrative work, which would, in turn, result in better quality nursing care. It is also understood that the adoption, by nurses, of a patient classification system in their respective units will bring further knowledge concerning the clients assisted, their real needs as well as the development of skills and competencies that will enable them to provide care and manage their work in a more safe, innovative, autonomous and participant fashion.

My master's thesis is focused on grounding of HV switchgear. The aim of this work is to create a computer program intended for dimensioning of earthing networks. The earthing networks are the most convenient alternative in term of effective grounding and distribution of ponential. They are based on latiny a flat conductor network cables and connection of appliance parts to network. Introduction of the thesis is dedicated to explanation of grounding theory and to description of requirements essential for properly designed earthing system (dimensioning of earthing system). Following chapter brings description of computer program algorithm testing propriety of an assigned earthing network for a particular switchgear. The chapter also contains description of an user interface and explanation of all features, included in the program. Last part provides presentation of program utilization to particular numerical assignment.

The degree project was carried out in collaboration with Halmstad Fastighet AB. Two separate buildings with different uses of energy have been analyzed. The focus was on evaluating near-zero energy houses with solar power plants and associated battery storage to investigate profitability and dimensioning to form the basis for future constructions. Both properties are near-zero energy houses but differ in the use of electrical energy. It is currently unclear how the change in the dimensioning of the solar power plant and the battery storage will affect the profitability of two properties with different uses of energy. The method was quantitative. Simulation models in the Polysun software were created with the properties' reference house. Based on the simulations, profitability calculations were made to describe the difference in profit when changing the dimensioning. The work concludes that the total profitability increases with the size of the solar power plant, regardless of energy use, and battery storage is not profitable without price changes. / Examensarbetet gjordes i samarbete med Halmstad Fastighet AB. Två olika fastigheter med olika elanvändning har analyserats, där fokuset låg på att utvärdera nära-nollenergihus med solkraftsanläggningar och tillhörande batterilager för att undersöka lönsamhet och dimensionering som ska ligga till grund för framtida byggnationer.  Båda fastigheterna är nära-nollenergihus men skiljer sig åt i användning av elenergi. Det är idag oklart hur förändringen av dimensioneringen av solkraftsanläggningen och batterilagret påverkar lönsamheten i två fastigheter med skilda användning av elenergi. Metoden är av kvantitativ karaktär. Simuleringsmodeller i programvaran Polysun skapades med två fastigheter och dess solkraftsanläggningar med tillhörande batterilager som referens.Utifrån simuleringarna gjordes lönsamhetsberäkningar för att beskriva skillnad i vinst vid förändring av dimensionering. Slutsatserna av arbetet är att den totala lönsamheten ökar ju större solkraftsanläggningen är oavsett elenergianvändning och batterilagret är idag inte lönsamt utan prisförändringar.

En el presente artículo se investiga la implementación de las Redes Neuronales Artificiales como un tipo de Inteligencia Artificial con la finalidad de reducir los costos de concreto armado. Por esto, se propuso el uso de este tipo de algoritmo con el objetivo de optimizar las secciones de los muros de corte en edificaciones de 6 pisos sin irregularidades. Se configuraron 10 redes neuronales distintas con el fin de elegir la que se adapte mejor a los datos empleados para el entrenamiento. En cada algoritmo se establecieron como variables de entrada el ancho y largo de la edificación; y la distancia entre luz máxima del eje X e Y. Sin embargo, el número de capas ocultas y el de neuronas en cada una de ellas fue distinto. En la etapa de entrenamiento se emplearon 30 casos con dimensiones optimizadas, con esto se obtuvo que la red neuronal predice la longitud total de la placa y su espesor con un error del 10%. / This article investigates the use of Artificial Neural Networks as a type of Artificial Intelligence in order to reduce the costs of reinforced concrete. For this reason, the use of this type of algorithm was proposed with the objective of optimizing the sections of the shear walls in 6-story buildings without irregularities. Ten different neural networks were configured in order to choose the one that best suits the data used for training. In each algorithm, the width and length of the building; and the distance between maximum span of the X and Y axis were established as input variables. However, the number of hidden layers and the number of neurons in each of them was different. In the training stage, 30 cases with optimized dimensions were used, with this it was obtained that the neuronal network predicts the total length of the shear wall and its thickness with an error of 10%. / Trabajo de investigación

Auf der Grundlage der Auswertung von Achslastwägungen auf Bundesautobahnen werden Verfahren zur Bestimmung des dimensionierungsrelevanten Achslastkollektivs auf Straßen ohne Achslastwägungen entwickelt und gegenübergestellt. Im Ergebnis stellt sich das Verfahren mit Erhebung des kompletten Fahrzeugtypkollektivs in situ und anschließender Überlagerung der relativen Fahrzeugtyphäufigkeiten mit standardisierten, fahrzeugtypischen Achslastverteilungen als das geeignetste Verfahren zur Ermittlung des dimensionierungsrelevanten Achslastkollektivs ohne verfügbare Achslastdaten heraus.:1 Einleitung 1.1 Ausgangslage 1.2 Problem- und Zielstellung 1.3 Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik, Literaturrecherche 2 Vorgehensweise 3 Datengrundlage 3.1 Datenbestand 3.2 Datenstruktur 3.3 Plausibilitätsanalyse 3.3.1 Allgemeines 3.3.2 Dimensionierungsrelevante Daten 3.3.3 Informationsrelevante Daten 3.3.4 Datenbestand zur Plausibilitätsanalyse 3.3.5 Methodik der Plausibilitätsanalyse 3.3.6 Definition der Plausibilitätskriterien 3.3.7 Implementierung der Plausibilitätskriterien 3.3.8 Berechnungsalgorithmus 3.3.9 Plausibilitätsfilter 3.3.10 Berechnungsergebnisse und Behandlung unplausibler Daten 3.4 Zusammenfassung 4 Datenauswertung 4.1 Zusammensetzung des Schwerverkehrs 4.2 Häufigkeitsverteilung der Achslasten 4.2.1 Datenbasis und statistische Grundlagen 4.2.2 Grafische Auswertung 4.2.3 Beschreibung mittels statistischer Kenngrößen 4.3 Klassifizierung des qualitativen Achslastniveaus 4.4 Zusammenfassung 5 Dimensionierung der Befestigung nach den Richtlinien für die Standardisierung des Oberbaus von Verkehrsflächen (RStO) 5.1 Allgemeines 5.2 Berechnungsverfahren und Eingangsgrößen 5.2.1 Kriterium Frostsicherheit 5.2.2 Kriterium Tragfähigkeit 5.3 Bemessungsrelevante Beanspruchung und Bauklasse 5.3.1 Gegenüberstellung der Berechnungsergebnisse 5.3.2 Achszahlfaktor 5.3.3 Mittlerer Lastkollektivquotient 5.3.4 Auswirkungen auf die Bauklasse und den Befestigungsaufbau 5.4 Festlegung des Schichtenaufbaus 5.4.1 Schichtenaufbau nach den RStO 01 5.4.2 Schichtenaufbau nach den RStO 12 6 Dimensionierung der Befestigung nach den Richtlinien für die rechnerische Dimensionierung des Oberbaus von Verkehrsflächen mit Asphaltdeckschicht (RDO Asphalt 09) 6.1 Allgemeines 6.2 Berechnungsverfahren und Eingangsgrößen 6.3 Angewandtes Programmsystem zur rechnerischen Dimensionierung 64 6.4 Dimensionierungsberechnungen 6.4.1 Zielstellung 6.4.2 Variation der Achslastklassenbreite 6.4.3 Variation der Achslastverteilung 6.4.3.1 Allgemeines 6.4.3.2 Achslastverteilung auf der Grundlage von Messdaten am Messquerschnitt 6.4.3.3 Achslastverteilung auf der Grundlage standardisierter BAB-Typen 6.4.3.4 Achslastverteilung auf der Grundlage eines reduzierten Fahrzeugtypkollektivs 6.4.3.5 Achslastverteilung auf der Grundlage klassifizierter Fahrzeugtypgruppen 6.4.3.6 Gegenüberstellung der Achslastverteilungen 6.4.3.7 Berechnungsergebnisse 6.4.4 Zusammenfassung und Schlussfolgerungen für die Praxis 7 Ersatzverfahren zur Ermittlung des dimensionierungsrelevanten Achslastkollektivs 7.1 Allgemeines 7.2 Prinzip der Ersatzverfahren zur Ermittlung des dimensionierungsrelevanten Achslastkollektivs 7.3 Ersatzverfahren E1 - Ermittlung des dimensionierungsrelevanten Achslastkollektivs auf der Grundlage des gesamten Fahrzeugtypkollektivs 7.4 Ersatzverfahren E2 - Ermittlung des dimensionierungsrelevanten Achslastkollektivs auf der Grundlage eines reduzierten Fahrzeugtypkollektivs 7.5 Ersatzverfahren E3 - Ermittlung des dimensionierungsrelevanten Achslastkollektivs auf der Grundlage von Fahrzeugtypgruppen 7.6 Ersatzverfahren E4 – Ermittlung des dimensionierungsrelevanten Achslastkollektivs auf der Grundlage der aktualisierten Achslastverteilungen nach den RDO Asphalt 09 7.7 Statistisches Vergleichsverfahren 7.7.1 Allgemeines 7.7.2 Angewandtes statistisches Verfahren 7.7.3 Methodisches Vorgehen 7.8 Standardachslastverteilungen der Fahrzeugtypen nach den TLS 2012 7.9 Praktische Anwendung der Ersatzverfahren 7.9.1 Stichproben im nachgeordneten Straßennetz 7.9.2 Standardachslastverteilungen für Fahrzeugtypen außerhalb der TLS 2012 sowie für Fahrzeugtypen außerhalb der Standardverteilungen 7.9.3 Anwendung des Ersatzverfahrens E1 – Ermittlung des dimensionierungsrelevanten Achslastkollektivs auf der Grundlage des gesamten Fahrzeugtypkollektivs 7.9.4 Anwendung des Ersatzverfahrens E2 – Ermittlung des dimensionierungsrelevanten Achslastkollektivs auf der Grundlage eines reduzierten Fahrzeugtypkollektivs 7.9.5 Anwendung des Ersatzverfahrens E3 – Ermittlung des dimensionierungsrelevanten Achslastkollektivs auf der Grundlage von Fahrzeugtypgruppen 7.9.6 Anwendung des Ersatzverfahrens E4 – Ermittlung des dimensionierungsrelevanten Achslastkollektivs auf der Grundlage der aktualisierten Achslastverteilungen nach den RDO Asphalt 09 7.9.7 Vergleich der dimensionierungsrelevanten Achslastkollektive nach den Ersatzverfahren E1 bis E4 7.9.8 Dimensionierungsberechnungen 7.9.8.1 Dimensionierung des Oberbaus nach den RStO 12 7.9.8.2 Dimensionierung des Oberbaus nach den RDO Asphalt 09 7.9.8.3 Gegenüberstellung der Ergebnisse der Dimensionierung des Oberbaus 7.9.8.4 Bewertung der Ersatzverfahren 8 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Verzeichnis der verwendeten Abkürzungen Literaturverzeichnis Anlagenverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis

A key distinction between today's and tomorrow's wireless networks is the appetite for reliability to enable emerging mission-critical services such as ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) and hyper-reliable low-latency communication (HRLLC), the staple mission-critical services in IMT-2020 (5G) and IMT-2023 (6G), for which reliable and resilient communication is a must. However, achieving ultra-reliable communication is challenging because of these services' stringent reliability and latency requirements and the stochastic nature of wireless networks. A natural way of increasing reliability and reducing latency is to provision additional network resources to compensate for uncertainty in wireless networks caused by fading, interference, mobility, and time-varying network load, among others. Thus, an important step to enable mission-critical services is to identify and quantify what it takes to support ultra-reliable communication in mobile networks -- a process often referred to as dimensioning. This dissertation focuses on resource dimensioning, notably spectrum, for ultra-reliable wireless communication. This dissertation proposes a set of methods for spectrum dimensioning based on concepts from risk analysis, extreme value theory, and meta distributions. These methods reveal that each ``nine'' in reliability (e.g., five-nines in 99.999%) roughly translates into an order of magnitude increase in the required bandwidth. In ultra-reliability regimes, the required bandwidth can be in the order of tens of gigahertz, far beyond what is typically available in today's networks, making it challenging to provision resources for ultra-reliable communication. Accordingly, this dissertation also investigates alternative approaches to provide resources to enable ultra-reliable communication services in mobile networks. Particularly, this dissertation considers multi-operator network sharing and multi-connectivity as alternatives to make additional network resources available to enhance network reliability and proposes multi-operator connectivity sharing, which combines multi-operator network sharing with multi-connectivity. Our studies, based on simulations, real-world data analysis, and mathematical models, suggest that multi-operator connectivity sharing -- in which mobiles multi-connect to base stations of operators in a sharing arrangement -- can reduce the required bandwidth significantly because underlying operators tend to exhibit characteristics attractive to reliability, such as complementary coverage during periods of impaired connectivity, facilitating the support for ultra-reliable communication in future mobile networks. / Doctor of Philosophy / A key distinction between today's and tomorrow's wireless networks is the appetite for reliability to enable emerging mission-critical services in 5G and 6G, for which ultra-reliable communication is a must. However, achieving ultra-reliable communication is challenging because of these services' stringent reliability and latency requirements and the stochastic nature of wireless networks. Reliability often comes at the cost of additional network resources to compensate for uncertainty in wireless networks. Thus, an important step to enable ultra-reliable communication is to identify and quantify what it takes to support mission-critical services in mobile networks -- a process often denoted as dimensioning. This dissertation focuses on spectrum dimensioning and proposes a set of methods to identify suitable spectrum bands and required bandwidth for ultra-reliable communication. These methods reveal that the spectrum needs for ultra-reliable communication can be beyond what is typically available in today's networks, making it challenging to provide adequate resources to support ultra-reliable communication services in mobile networks. Alternatively, we propose multi-operator connectivity sharing: mobiles simultaneously connect to multiple base stations of different operators. Our studies suggest that multi-operator connectivity sharing can reduce the spectrum needs in ultra-reliability regimes significantly, being an attractive alternative to enable ultra-reliable communication in future mobile networks.

Vi lever i en tid där tillgången till energi är en fråga som berör en stor del av jordens befolkning. Efterfrågan på förnybara bränslen ökar och fasta bränslen såsom exempelvis ved blir ett alltmer attraktivt alternativ vid uppvärmning av hushåll. För att framställa ved för detta ändamål är de mest användbara vedklyvarna idag stora och lämpade för utomhusmiljöer. De alternativ som är någorlunda kompakta och som skulle kunna användas i inomhusmiljöer är dock manuella konstruktioner som kräver precision och handkraft. Det gör dem mindre användarvänliga till den större massan och produkten lämpar sig mindre bra till användare som, av olika anledningar, inte är kapabla att använda muskelkraft för att klyva veden. Målet med detta examensarbete var att ta fram ett konceptförslag på en vedklyv för inomhusbruk som syftar till att förbättra möjligheterna för klyvning av ved inomhus. Marknadsanalys och litteraturstudier har använts som metod i syfte att landa i en kravspecifikation. Litteraturstudien gav information om nödvändig klyvkraft beroende på träslag och dimensioner. Arbetet resulterade i ett koncept som möjliggör klyvning av tändved med upptill fem ton klyvkraft. Konceptet består i sin helhet av en elektrisk saxdomkraft och en ställning med till hörande bottenplatta och en kilklyv. Vidare möjliggör designen av ställningen att klyvkilens höjd kan justeras. Dimensionering av konstruktionens delar är dels baserade på fraktkostnader hos USPS, dels på att rätt mekanismen skall fungera enligt önskemål. Vedklyven visualiseras som CAD-modell där val av material och färg grundar sig arbetets konceptdefinition och konceptgenereringsfas. / We live in a time where access to energy is an issue that affects a large part of the world's population. The demand for renewable fuels is increasing, and solid fuels such as wood are becoming an increasingly attractive alternative for heating households. To produce wood for this purpose, the most serviceable log splitters today are large and suitable for outdoor environments. However, the reasonably compact alternatives that could be used in indoor environments are manual constructions that require precision and hand strength. These factors make them less user-friendly to the larger mass, and the product is less suited to users who, for various reasons, cannot use muscle power to split the wood. The objective of this thesis was to develop a concept proposal for a wood splitter for indoor use that aims to improve the possibilities for splitting wood indoors. The project commenced with market analysis, and literature studies have been used as methods in order to determine the most essential requirements. The literature study provided information on the necessary splitting force depending on the wood species and dimensions. The project result is a concept that enables firewood splitting with up to five tonnes of splitting force. The concept consists entirely of an electric scissor jack, a stand with an associated base plate, and a wedge splitter. Furthermore, the design of the stand enables the height of the splitting wedge to be adjusted. Dimensioning of the construction's parts is partly based on shipping costs at USPS and partly on the proper mechanism to function as desired. The log splitter is visualized as a CAD model where the choice of material and color is based on the concept definition and concept generation phase.