The master's thesis is focused on the study of response of the intracellular pH of the yeast cells on various external environments, primarily in a relation to the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, CCCP. To measure the intracellular pH of the yeast cells we used a genetically coded fluorescent probe the ratiometric pHluorin. Using the method of synchronously scanned fluorescent spectra we were able to measure the intracellular pH of the cells with high precision. As a part of these experiments we also studied the influence of ionic strength of the cell suspensions buffers on the surface potential as well as the influence of the mineral salt KCl on the depolarization of the yeast membranes and cytosolic acidification induced by the protonophore CCCP. We examined the changes of cytosolic pH as such but we also used the measured pH as an indicator of the processes and the state of environment outside the cell. One of the most notable outcomes of this thesis is a new method of monitoring the value of the surface potential of the yeast cells by measuring the titration curves of cytosolic acidification induced by the protonophore CCCP.

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Studien handlar om vilka åtgärder som vidtagits inom kommunen för att förebygga brottslighet samt bidra till trygghet och välmående för kommuninvånarna genom förbättring av den fysiska miljön. Studien består av kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med politiker, tjänstemän, brottsförebyggare, stadsarkitekter och andra aktörer med direkt eller indirekt inflytande på trygghetsskapande och brottsförebyggande arbete. Min undersökning avgränsas till den fysiska utformningen och vilken betydelse denna har för ett strategiskt arbete att värna trygghet. Resultatet tyder på att den fysiska utformningen har ett betydande inflytande på trygghetsupplevelse och säkerhet. Detta förhållande är i kombination med andra faktorer något som påverkar social hållbarhet avseende trygghet. Resultaten visar därutöver att kommunen, i samverkan med flera andra aktörer, jobbar med att anpassa den fysiska designen samt utformningen av stadsrummet för att skapa förutsättningar för invånarna att få 1) social kontroll, 2) naturlig övervakning. Dessa förklaras genom koncepten: 1.ögon mot gatan och 2. livliga gator. Resultatet visar även att det råder brist på social hållbarhet som inkluderar både social sammanhållning och socialt engagemang i Upplands Väsby kommun och att kommunen inte alltid vidtar åtgärder i tid.

Background: Play is the child’s natural world. According to psychoanalytical studies, play has an important role in children’s development, and the absence of play during a child’s life could lead to severe pathological implications. Based on this theory and being aware that physiotherapy treatment programs could be long lasting, tiresome and lacking motivation for children, this literature review presents a perspective regarding the integration of play within physiotherapy programs and examines the physical and emotional outcomes during this integration. Aim: To investigate the outcomes of integrating play in physiotherapy for children with chronic health conditions. Method: The research strategy for this review was a thorough search of peer-reviewed articles in the databases CINAHL and AMED which include articles from the fields of allied and complementary medicine, as well as the database Scope Med. Participants were children with chronic health conditions, ranging from 2-18 years old. In the term ‘play’ virtual reality and video game activities were included due to the lack of research. In addition, articles from a previous literature review conducted by the author were also included in the present paper. Results: The focus of researchers on children with CP and the lack of evidence for children with other health conditions, the persistence of physiotherapists to assess mainly physical outcomes and not emotional needs of children, and the measurement tools used for this purpose are presented. Conclusions: For children with chronic health conditions who attend physiotherapy sessions, play could serve as a mediate and an appropriate developmental approach in order to achieve physical and emotional changes. There is a need for physiotherapists to balance physical and emotional needs, and have a more ‘human’ relationship, rather than a ‘bodily’ - strict professional relationship with children. Although the information presented in this review is not considered as sufficient to draw conclusions, it could serve as a first step for researchers to study this integration in greater depth, and to focus on children with conditions other than CP.

Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti užsiėmimų, paremtų šokio-judesio terapija, efektyvumą keičiant 18-25 m. merginų kūno vaizdą. Tyrime dalyvavo 105 merginos iš Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Socialinių mokslų fakulteto. Intervencinėje grupėje visame penkių užsiėmimų cikle dalyvavo 40 merginų, o lyginamojoje grupėje, paskaitoje ir abiejose apklausose dalyvavo 37 merginos. Intervencinės grupės tiriamieji dalyvavo penkiuose 1,5 val. trukmės, kartą per savaitę vykstančiuose, šokio judesio terapija paremtuose užsiėmimuose, skirtuose formuoti pozityvesnį savo kūno vaizdą. Lyginamoji grupė dalyvavo vienoje 2 val. trukmės paskaitoje apie valgymo sutrikimus, sutrikusį kūno vaizdą ir šokio-judesio terapijos taikymo galimybes. Siekiant nustatyti intervencinių užsiėmimų efektyvumą prieš intervenciją ir po jos tiriamųjų buvo prašoma užpildyti Kūno formos, Požiūrio į valgymą, užsiėmimų naudingumo vertinimo klausimynus, Teigiamų ir neigiamų emocijų, Susirūpinimo svoriu, Išvaizdos vertinimo, Pasitenkinimo kūno sritimis skalės. Taip pat, kiekvieną užsiėmimą (prieš ir po) tiriamosios pildė Teigiamų ir Neigiamų emocijų skales. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad šokio-judesio terapija paremtuose užsiėmimuose taikomos poveikio priemonės yra efektyvios formuojant pozityvesnį kūno vaizdą, t.y. jaučiama daugiau teigiamų emocijų savo kūno atžvilgiu, mažiau– neigiamų, sumažėja susirūpinimas savo išvaizda ir svoriui ir pagerėja išvaizdos vertinimas 18-25 m. merginoms. Taip pat, nustatyta, kad po kiekvieno... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the research is to evaluate the efficacy of sessions based on dance/movement therapy in altering body image of 18-25 years old girls. 105 girls from Vytautas Magnus University Social Sciences Faculty participated in the research. 40 girls of the intervention group attended all of the five sessions based on dance/movement therapy. 37 girls of the control group attended a lecture and pre and post measuring. Once a week intervention group participants attended one and a half an hour duration sessions based on dance/movement therapy designed for improving body image. Control group participated in two hours duration lecture about eating disorders, distorted body image and the applicability of dance/movement therapy. In order to evaluate the efficacy of the sessions based on dance/movement therapy research participants filled in Body Shape, Eating Attitude, Evaluation of Sessions Utility Questionnaires, Positive and Negative Emotions, Weight Preoccupation, Appearance Evaluation, Appearance Orientation, Body Areas Satisfaction Scales. Research participants had to fill in Positive and Negative Emotions scales before and after each session as well. The results of the research indicate that the methods used in the sessions based on dance/movement therapy have a positive effect on improving body image, i.e. positive emotions towards one’s body increased, negative ones – decreased in quantity, preoccupation with weight and appearance reduced and one’s appearance evaluation... [to full text]

L’adolescence est marquée par un engagement intense des sujets dans les relations amicales qui représentent des liens bien plus complexes qu’il n’y paraît. Les changements sociétaux infèrent une évolution de la dynamique et de la nature des relations entre adolescents. Ils participent alors largement à une diversification de leurs formes et à intensifier leurs influences sur le développement des jeunes. Dans ce cadre, l’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer l’influence de la qualité des relations entre pairs sur la démobilisation scolaire des adolescents, ainsi que l’effet médiateur de la valeur accordée à l’école. Cette recherche, s’inscrivant dans une approche interactionniste dans le champ de psychologie sociale et du développement (Malrieu, 1973 ; Mead, 1963 ; Wallon, 1941), nous a permis de souligner la part active et subjective du sujet, tant dans son rapport aux pairs que dans son rapport à l’école. L’étude a été réalisée à l’aide d’un questionnaire, renseigné par 676 adolescents scolarisés en 3ème dans des collèges issus de l’éducation prioritaire (185) et des collèges publics et privés (582). Ce questionnaire appréhende dans une première partie la (dé)mobilisation scolaire des adolescents sous la forme d’une auto-évaluation de leur niveau scolaire, de leur attention et de leur implication en classe, de leur persévérance scolaire, et de leur intérêt pour le travail personnel et la réussite. Dans une deuxième partie, nous cherchons à appréhender la valeur que les adolescents accordent à l’école, selon les dimensions épistémiques, futures, sociales ou externalisées. La troisième partie est consacrée à la qualité des relations entre pairs appréhendée selon la recherche de conformité, la capacité à se dégager de la pression des pairs, le soutien social et le sentiment d’isolement social. Nos résultats révèlent que la recherche extrême de conformité influence significativement la démobilisation scolaire et favorise conjointement un rapport externalisé à l’école (stratégique et social). Le sentiment d’isolement participe, au contraire, à la mobilisation scolaire de l’élève et favorise un rapport épistémique à l’école. Les deux autres dimensions sont médiatisées par la valeur accordée à l’école. Il ressort ainsi que le soutien social et la pression du groupe ressentis par les adolescents favorisent la mobilisation scolaire à condition qu’ils accordent du sens à l’école pour leurs apprentissages scolaires et intellectuels, et non pour leurs apprentissages relationnels et affectifs. / Adolescence is influenced by an intense engagement in friendships interactions. These interactions create more complex bonds than expected. Social changes cause an evolution in the nature and the dynamics of adolescents' relationships. Those changes create a diversification of relationship types which impact on the adolescent's development. The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of friendship quality on adolescents' academic disengagement, as well as the mediator effect of the value towards school. The psychosocial approach, in which we fit, allowed us to highlight both active and subjective parts of the subject with regards to peers and what do they have to do with school (Malrieu, 1973; Mead, 1963; Wallon, 1941). Thus, in the present study, our aim was to investigate links among adolescents' peer-relationships and their academic engagement. 696 8th grade (middle school) adolescents schooled in France answered a questionnaire. 185 come from disadvantaged schools, and the other 511 from public and private "classic" schools. On the one hand, this questionnaire, studies the academic engagement of the adolescents, through the evaluation of their marks, attention, implication, and school perseverance and also their interest for personal work and success. On the other hand, we were looking for the amount of interest they give to the school according to whether it is seen towards epistemic, future, social or externalized dimensions. A third part is devoted to the quality of peers' relationships in relation to the research of conformity, the capacity to handle the pressure from the peers, social support and loneliness. Our results reveal that an extreme search of conformity is likely to provoke academic disengagement and also jointly supports a report externalized towards the school (strategic and social). On the contrary, loneliness promotes a good scholar investment and epistemic interaction towards the school. Two other dimensions are related to the value given to the school by adolescents. It arises that social support and peer pressure felt by adolescents further academic engagement only if they grant scholar and intellectual knowledge rather than to the detriment of their relationships.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This thesis discusses VHDL modeling and simulation of a full custom Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) for a Digital Image Synthesizer (DIS). The DIS synthesizes the characteristic echo signature of a pre-selected target. It is mainly used against Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radars as an electronic counter measure. The VHDL description of the DIS architecture was exported from Tanner S-Edit, modified, and simulated in Aldec Active HDLTM. Simulation results were compared with C++ and Matlab simulation results for verification. Main subcomponents, a single Range Bin Processor (RBP), a cascade of 4 RBP s and a cascade of 16 RBP s were tested and verified. The overhead control circuitry, including Self Test Circuitry and Phase Extractor, was tested separately. Finally overall DIS was tested and verified using the control circuitry and a cascade of 4 RBP s together, representing the actual 512 RBP s. As a result of this research, the majority of the DIS was functionally tested and verified. / First Lieutenant, Turkish Army

Denna studie har som syfte att undersöka musiklärares syn på arbete för inkludering och ökad mångfald i kulturskolan. Studiens forskningsfråga handlar om hur musiklärare konstruerar och legitimerar sin syn på arbete för inkludering och ökad mångfald i kulturskolan. För att undersöka detta har tre fokusgruppsintervjuer genomförts på tre olika kulturskolor. Studiens teoretiska ramverk består av diskursteori och den data som genererats ur fokusgruppintervjuerna har bearbetats och analyserats med hjälp av diskursanalytiska redskap. I resultatet presenteras sex diskurser utifrån lärarnas konstruktioner om synsätt på arbete för inkludering och ökad mångfald i kulturskolan. Dessa handlar om att arbetet för inkludering och ökad mångfald ses som givet, som motsägelsefullt, som socialt utvecklande, som extern verksamhet, som svårt och som gemensamt ansvar. Resultatet presenterar även föräldrar och skola som två kontextuella påverkansfaktorer som på olika sätt påverkar diskurserna. I diskussionen behandlas två mer övergripande motstridiga diskurser om arbete för inkludering och ökad mångfald som självklart respektive icke självklart, i relation till tidigare presenterad litteratur. / The purpose of this study is to examine music teachers’ views on the work for inclusion and increased diversity in Swedish Community School of Music. The study’s research question concern how music teachers’ construct and legitimate their views on the work for inclusion and increased diversity in Swedish Community School of Music. To examine this three focus group interviews were held at three different schools. The theoretical framework of the study is discourse theory and the data generated from the focus group interviews has been processed and analyzed with discourse analytical tools. In the result the six discourses found are presented based on the teachers’ constructions about the work for inclusion and increased diver- sity in Swedish Community School of Music. These discourses is about how the work for inclusion and increased diversity is seen as given, as contradictive, as social developing, as ex- ternal activity, as difficult and as mutual responsibility. The result also shows parents and school as two contextual factors which affects the discourses in different ways. In the discussion two more general contrarious discourses, about the work for inclusion and increased diversity as obvious and non-obvious, are discussed in relation to previous presented literature.

Syftet med studien är undersöka hur såväl lärare som elever på gymnasieskolans estetiska pro- gram och på musikhögskola ser på begreppen konstnärligt, musikaliskt och personligt uttryck. Tidigare forskning på området visar att det inte finns någon entydig definition av begreppen. Studien har genomförts genom fokusgruppsamtal med lärare från en gymnasieskola, lärare från en musikhögskola, elever från en gymnasieskola och studenter från en musikhögskola. I ana- lysen av intervjuerna har ett diskurspsykologiskt perspektiv använts. I resultatet presenteras två övergripande tolkningsrepertoarer per begrepp. Det framkommer att musikaliskt uttryck kon- strueras som speltekniskt kunnande och som musikens uttryck. Konstnärligt uttryck konstrueras som skapande samt som fördjupning och spetskunskaper. Personligt uttryck konstrueras som eget och något unikt samt som musikalisk tolkning. Resultatet visar att det inte finns ett sätt att definiera begreppen utan flera. I diskussionen diskuteras svårigheter med att definiera begrep- pen då dessa anses gå ihop med varandra och att kontexten och erfarenheten av att använda dem har betydelse för hur de kan definieras. Vidare diskuteras även begreppen i relation till Skolverkets kursplaner. / The purpose of the study is to investigate how teachers as well as pupils at the upper secondary school's aesthetic program and at the music college approach the concepts of artistic, musical and personal expression. Previous research in the field shows that there is no clear definition of the concepts. The study was conducted through focus group interviews with teachers from a secondary school, teachers from a music college, students from a high school and students from a music college. In the analysis of the interviews, a discourse psychological perspective has been used. The result presents two general interpretation repertoires per concept. It appears that musical expression is constructed as technical knowledge and as the expression of music. Ar- tistic expression is constructed as creation as well as profound and expert knowledge. Personal expression is constructed as peculiar and something unique and as a musical interpretation. The result shows that there are different ways to define the concepts. The discussion discusses dif- ficulties in defining the concept though the concepts are considered to overlap with each other and that the context and experience of using the concepts are important for how the concepts can be defined. The concepts are also discussed in relation to Skolverkets curriculum.

Ce travail de thèse a un double objectif : (i) combler le manque de connaissances concernant la cohérence spatiale et la prévisibilité potentielle de descripteurs intrasaisonniers (DIS) de la saison des pluies en Afrique soudano-sahélienne. Les descripteurs retenus sont le cumul saisonnier (S), l’occurrence des jours pluvieux > 1 mm (O), l’intensité moyenne des pluies journalières (I), les dates de démarrage (DSP) et de fin (FSP) de la saison des pluies, la durée moyenne des séquences sèches (DSS) et humides (DSH) ; (ii) documenter la relation climat-agriculture et en particulier celle entre variabilité intrasaisonnière des pluies et rendements, à partir de l’exemple de la culture du mil dans la région de Niamey. À partir des enregistrements pluviométriques journaliers (1950-2000) issus de la base FRIENDAOC documentant un réseau de 136 stations localisées au Sénégal, Mali, Burkina Faso et Niger, la cohérence spatiale à l’échelle interannuelle, a été estimée par divers scores statistiques (DOF, var[SAI], ACP, corrélations). Elle apparaît contrastée entre les descripteurs intrasaisonniers. Les anomalies de cumul saisonnier et d’occurrence des jours pluvieux > 1 mm présentent une forte cohérence spatiale d’une année sur l’autre. À l’inverse, la cohérence spatiale les anomalies interannuelles de l intensité moyenne des pluies journalières, des dates de démarrage et de fin de la saison des pluies, et de la durée moyenne des séquences sèches et humides est faible. Ainsi, le signal interannuel régional du cumul saisonnier semble principalement lié à une modulation systématique en phase de l’occurrence des jours pluvieux > 1 mm. La prévisibilité potentielle de S, O, DSP et FSP, estimée à partir des précipitations issues de 24 simulations du MCG ECHAM 4.5 forcé par les TSO historiques, est faible. Par contre, l'application de modèles statistico-dynamiques basés sur les précipitations ou la dynamique atmosphérique simulées permet d'améliorer les scores de performance pour le cumul saisonnier et l’occurrence des jours de pluies > 1 mm.Enfin, à partir d’enquêtes et de suivis menés en milieu agricole sur la culture du mil, ainsi que d’enregistrements pluviométriques journaliers sur l’observatoire AMMA-CATCH Niger entre 2004 et 2007, une analyse de la relation entre date de semis, date de démarrage de la saison des pluies et rendements finaux a été réalisée. Les résultats montrent que (i) la plupart des agriculteurs attendent le premier événement pluvieux recueillant au moins 10 mm en deux jours pour semer ; (ii) les vagues de semis sont généralement synchronisées sur le démarrage méso-échelle de la saison des pluies plutôt que sur le démarrage agronomique et (iii) la sensibilité du rendement en grains, testée à partir de simulations du modèle agronomique SARRA-H, pour différentes dates de semis (semis observé, date de démarrage de la saison des pluies), est faible. / The aim of this thesis is twofold : (i) fill a lack of knowledge about the spatial coherence and seasonal predictability of the intraseasonal characteristics (ISC) of the soudano-sahelian rainy season. These ISC are the seasonal rainfall amount (S), the daily rainfall frequency > 1 mm (O), the daily rainfall mean intensity (I), the dates of the onset and withdrawal of the rainy season, the mean length of the dry (LDS) and/or wet spells (LWS) ; (ii) document the climate-agriculture relationship over the Niamey area based on the millet crop example.From FRIEND-AOC daily rainfall records (1950-2000) for a 136 stations-network located in Senegal, Mali, Burkina-Faso and Niger, the spatial coherence, estimated through DOF, var[SAI], EOF, correlation, is not equivalent between the intra-seasonal characteristics. Seasonal rainfall and daily rainfall frequency anomalies have a substantial interannual spatial coherence. Conversely, the spatial coherence of daily mean intensity, onset and withdrawal dates of the rainy season and mean length of dry/wet spells interannual anomalies is weak. Consequently, the regional signal of the seasonal amount interannual variability seems mainly related to the in-phase modulation of the daily rainfall frequency. Potential predictability of seasonal amount, daily rainfall frequency, onset and withdrawal dates of the rainy season estimated from a 24-member ensemble of simulations made with the ECHAM 4.5 GCM forced by observed SSTs, is poor. On the other hand, the use of a model output statistics approached based on simulated rainfall or atmospheric dynamics enhances the skill of the seasonal amount and daily rainfall frequency hindcasts.Lastly, the relationship between the sowing date – rainy season onset date – and yield has been analysed using data collected from on-farm surveys of pearl millet crops, and rain-gauges records between 2004 to 2007 over the AMMA-CATCH Niger supersite. Results show that: (i) most of the farmers wait for the first rainy event greater than 10 mm to sow; (ii) the sowing waves are usually synchronized with the mesoscale onset date rather than the agronomic onset date; (iii) the sensitivity of grain yields, evaluated from SARRA-H crop model simulations initialized with different sowing dates (i.e. observed sowing date, agronomic and hydrologic onset date), is weak.