Denna studie undersökte hur centralisering av personaladministrationen påverkat tidsåtgång, arbetsuppgifter, roller och självbild hos chefer på Vägverket. Studien genomfördes med utgångspunkt i teorier om organisationsförändring, roller och självbild. Undersökningsdeltagare var sju stycken chefer på Vägverket Väst samt Vägverket Sydöst. Av dessa chefer var tre stycken sektionschefer och fyra stycken var chefer på högre nivå, exempelvis enhetschefer. Data samlades in genom kvalitativa intervjuer. Resultatet visade att chefernas uppfattning om yrkesrollen och deras självbild inte stämde överens med de arbetsuppgifter som organisationsförändringen medfört. Forskning har visat att information i samband med förändringar är mycket viktigt och den har enligt cheferna varit otillräcklig. Med hjälp av tidigare teorier om organisationsförändring, självbild och roller har vi kunnat skapa oss förståelse för förändringsprocessen i Vägverket.

<p>The aim of this study is to widen our knowledge about the basic idea about having an open preschool for adopted children as understood by parents of adopted children and a preschool teacher. Sweden has a large number of international adoptions, in an international comparison among the highest numbers of adoptions per capita. Interviews were carried out with seven adoptive parents and one preschool teacher teaching at a special preschool for adopted children. It was found that adoptive parents had no particular problems with placing their children in an "ordinary" preschool. However, they choose to place the children in an open preschool solely for adopted children because of the possibility of sharing similar experiences as parents and children as well. Activities at "Drippen" preschool were found mostly to be supportive of the adoptive parents. The interviewed preschool teacher was of the opinion that caring bodies such as Children's Health Centers and other similar institutions needed to develop a better understanding of both adoptive parents and their adopted children concerning developmental processes on their arrival in Sweden. Furthermore, the preschool teacher regarded Preschool "Drippen" as being like any other school except for the fact that children who attend there arrive with the experience of a significant separation, and thus ought be treated as infants regardless of their age on arrival. Because of this, the open preschool for adopted children tends to focus a great deal on establishing emotional connections with the adopted children and working with their language and physical development. Key words: adoption, attachment, identity, discrepancy, solidarity, foreign adoptions.</p>

The aim of this study is to widen our knowledge about the basic idea about having an open preschool for adopted children as understood by parents of adopted children and a preschool teacher. Sweden has a large number of international adoptions, in an international comparison among the highest numbers of adoptions per capita. Interviews were carried out with seven adoptive parents and one preschool teacher teaching at a special preschool for adopted children. It was found that adoptive parents had no particular problems with placing their children in an "ordinary" preschool. However, they choose to place the children in an open preschool solely for adopted children because of the possibility of sharing similar experiences as parents and children as well. Activities at "Drippen" preschool were found mostly to be supportive of the adoptive parents. The interviewed preschool teacher was of the opinion that caring bodies such as Children's Health Centers and other similar institutions needed to develop a better understanding of both adoptive parents and their adopted children concerning developmental processes on their arrival in Sweden. Furthermore, the preschool teacher regarded Preschool "Drippen" as being like any other school except for the fact that children who attend there arrive with the experience of a significant separation, and thus ought be treated as infants regardless of their age on arrival. Because of this, the open preschool for adopted children tends to focus a great deal on establishing emotional connections with the adopted children and working with their language and physical development. Key words: adoption, attachment, identity, discrepancy, solidarity, foreign adoptions.

The purpose of the study is to investigate how older adults adjust to getting older and the losses that come with aging. This study examines how E.T. Higgins's theory of self-discrepancy mediates the relationship between role loss and subjective well-being. Subjective well-being (SWB) is defined as overall life satisfaction, the presence of positive affect and the absence of negative affect. This hypothesis, grounded in both self-discrepancy and life span developmental theory, is that the level of discrepancy between the actual and ideal self mediates the relationship between role losses and mental health. This study examined three models with each investigating how self-discrepancy mediates the relationship between role loss and a different outcome variable for each model: positive affect, negative affect, and satisfaction with life. The sample consisted of adults over the age of 60 living in both community and institutional settings. Several path analyses models were run to examine the tenability of the hypotheses within the three models. This study did not support any of its hypotheses of the indirect and direct effects mediation models with the outcome variables of positive affect, negative affect and satisfaction with life scale. However, it did show support for the self-discrepancy theory. Consistent with the theory, this study showed that those reporting more self-discrepancy reported less satisfaction with life, less positive affect, and more negative affect. This study also showed levels of SWB in non-clinical samples of older adults. This study supported the idea that more self-discrepancy is related to lower levels of SWB. This is important in a clinical setting to know for treatment of older adults suggesting that clinicians help their clients work towards less self-discrepancy and in turn, greater SWB.

Stepping in the 21st century, global marketing and the economy growth of the Third World Countries have become very competitive in term of costs and have affected both the economy and industry in Taiwan. where the unemployment increase and becomes a politic issue. Taiwan¡¦s Executive Yuan has launched the economy development project since October 2000 to develop the knowledge base industry and it is agreed and supported by elite from industry, government and also education field. ¡§Develop intelligent economy and move for global business¡¨ has been listed as a first objective among 5 main objectives which was set by the cabinet meeting. However, there are different opinions to the goal of ¡§strengthening the core business competitiveness by implementing global marketing strategy¡¨. Core business competition is immeasurable but important to manufacturing industry. Normally Taiwan¡¦s entrepreneur will calculate the return of investment by gaining profit through lower product cost and large volume selling. But such strategy need to be further examined when the surrounding competitive countries have chasing from behind through technology development and better manufacturing capability. New business model, structure and industrial competitive strategy needed to be developed in order to recover from the business crisis, which faced by assembly industry. We need to find out an efficient business structure and core competitive strategy. It will be more helpful and effective by learning the successful experience from the well-known industry and sharing the findings within the assembly industry. Base on analyzing results and combining with the theories of ¡§ smiling curve ¡¨ and ¡§ New business model ¡¨ , we can make the production line more systematic and then upgrade the assembly industry¡¦s competitive advantage¡Aaccording to this study the successful models have been listed as follows: 1) To improve the product design technology , high tech manufacturing technology speed up the world wide customer service , we must upgrade the ¡§ smile curve ¡¨ to left to increase the extra value .Combine ¡§ core strategy ¡¨ and ¡§ customer interface ¡¨ , to achieve the ¡§Customer benefit ¡¨ 2) To apply to ¡§ Variant strategy ¡¨ to secure the market position , product knowledge , quality improvement strategy , and produce the variable product for grab niches . We must upgrade the ¡§ smiling curve ¡¨ and combine with ¡§new business model¡¨ ¡§ core strategy ¡¨and ¡§strategic resources ¡¨ to construct the enterprise core competitiveness. 3) To Implement ¡§New economy¡¨ and ¡§ Knowledge economy model ¡¨ such as innovating new process capability and supply chain management to improve product quality to cut manufacturing cost and upgrade manufacturing competitiveness. We must upgrade ¡§ smile curve ¡¨ to center to increase the value ; combine business model ¡§ Value network ¡¨and ¡§ strategy resources ¡¨ to improve enterprise all model capability.

Owning to the heterogeneity of services, service failures are inevitable to happen in service encounters. Therefore, recovery efforts play important roles in mataining the relationship with customer. Recovery paradox (RP) refers to the situation in which the customer who experiences a failure followed by a superior recovery rates a service as high as or even higher than s/he would rate a service involving no failure. By contrast, Double deviation (DD) refers to the situation in which inappropriate and/or inadequate recovery results in magnification of the negative evaluation. The RP and the DD are essentially symmetrical because both of them represent a phenomenon in which the recovery contributes to customer¡¦s evaluation more heavily than the initial failure dose. Although numerous studies devotes to the question whether the RP and DD exist, very few are trying to answer the question of why they exist. Thus, the main purpose of this research is to conceptually and empirically compare the RP and the DD in order to uncover the potential asymmetry, as well as to understand why recovery influences evaluation more greatly? Because the investigated conditions are not easy to be identified in the real world, a scenario-based quasi-experimental design is chosen. The data is collected from customers actually engaged in the target services. Customers are asked to answer questions about an organization they have recently patronized and then evaluate experimentally-generated scenarios in a restaurant setting to understand whether a negative discrepancy can really magnify the customer¡¦s evaluation toward an identical following event. The result reveals that after a negative-discrepant first event, a positive-discrepant second event is evaluated more positively than non-discrepant second event, but a negative-discrepant second event is evaluated less negatively than a non-discrepant one. That is to say the result supports RP, but doesn¡¦t support DD.

This study examines the experiences and perceptions of graduate students who are mothers. Based on discourse analysis, one-on-one interviews, and focus groups, this study argues that institutional discourses and practices place graduate students who are mothers in untenable and irreconcilable positions between "mom" and "student," between "family" and "the academy," between "self" and "success." These irreconcilable differences are created in discourse, enacted in institutional policies, and lived by the participants. The study offers action-based alternatives to the status quo policies of the university based on the self-described needs of these women. It reveals that support from all fronts--the home, the institution, departments--is instrumental in altering the discourse of exclusion and inadequacy to one of inclusion and adequacy.

Reading problems are the most frequent referring reasons for special education evaluations. Recent changes in the law have implications for the changing role of the school psychologist, specifically the evaluation and identification of students with reading disabilities. Traditionally, the assessment of children with suspected reading disabilities has focused on the presence of an aptitude/achievement discrepancy in which general intellectual ability is significantly higher than reading skills. IDEA 2004 introduced a second model, Response to Intervention (RTI), in which children with a reading disability may be identified through a set of curriculum-based measures and progress monitoring data.In light of the broadening evaluation processes, the present study was designed to examine the relationship between school psychologists' attitudes and assessment practices in the identification of students suspected of reading disabilities. In addition, the study examined whether there were significant attitudes and practice differences related to school psychologists' prior teaching experience, gender status, number of years in practice, certification, grade of service delivery, professional credentials, and ethnicity. Finally, the study examined the variability in their practices for evaluating children with reading disabilities. The present study replicated and expanded the work (survey) of Nelson and Machek (2007) and Fish and Margolis (1988).Data were collected from 81 members of the Arizona Association of School Psychologists (AASP). Each participant completed a survey, which was made up of 30 items, regarding perceptions and practices psychologists use in the evaluation of students with reading difficulties using a 5-point Likert scale. Results indicated a relationship between attitudes and current practices suggesting that school psychologists' practices are compatible with their attitudes. In addition, the most remarkable correlations were observed in regard to school psychologists' attitudes that in order to identify children with a reading disability, school psychologists need to include measures of intelligence and cognitive processing, even within an RTI framework. In regard to the variability of assessment practices, school psychologists' practices for evaluating children with reading disabilities were similar.Implications from this study indicated the need for school psychologists to have a broad working knowledge of the evaluation requirements to identify children with reading disabilities beyond the aptitude/achievement model.

Limited research has been conducted to examine traditional female Mexican American gender role beliefs and its impact on depression. In order to address the research questions, this dissertation developed two manuscripts. The first manuscript is a literature review that examines research concerning depression, Mexican American female gender role beliefs, and Self-Discrepancy theory. The second manuscript is a quantitative study that investigates the impact gender role beliefs and partner status has on depression in Mexican American women. Furthermore, the second manuscript suggests variables that contribute to depression in Mexican American women and recommendations for clinicians. The aim of the second manuscript is to examine the literature concerning depression in Mexican American women and the ways in which traditional gender role beliefs and self-discrepancies may impact Mexican American women's mental health. This dissertation begins by examining the literature concerning depression in Mexican American women. It then explores Mexican American women's gender role socialization, including a review of the values that are taught through this process. This study then provides an in depth inspection of the ideal of marianismo, which guides traditional Mexican American women's gender role beliefs. Next it progresses to discuss Self-Discrepancy theory and possible mental health outcomes. Examples of possible self-discrepancies related to traditional Mexican American women's gender role beliefs are provided to illustrate how depression may occur when self-discrepancies are present. Finally, it provides recommendations for clinicians who work with depressed Mexican American women. The second manuscript examines the impact of traditional gender role beliefs and partner status on depression in a sample of 325 Mexican American women. It is hypothesized that an interaction effect between partner status and gender role beliefs will be found, whereas Mexican American women who are unpartnered and have traditional gender role beliefs will experience a greater amount of depression, due to the presence of a discrepancy. Contrarily, results from the analysis of variance (ANOVA) found no interaction between partner status and gender role beliefs on depression. The manuscript provides possible explanations for such findings. In addition, results from a hierarchical regression indicate that level of education and the family pillar aspect of marianismo significantly impact depression in Mexican American women.

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