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[pt] Durante a perfuração e cimentação de poços de petróleo e gás, diversos fluidos circulam no espaço anular formado entre a coluna de revestimento e a formação rochosa. A boa aderência do cimento à  formação e à  coluna de revestimento depende de quão bem o fluido de perfuração É deslocado para fora do espaço anular pelos fluidos lavadores e espaçadores e de quão bem a pasta de cimento desloca esses últimos. Falhas na cimentação podem comprometer a vedação hidráulica do poço causando sérios danos ambientais e perdas na produção. Portanto, é importante estudar o processo de deslocamento de fluidos em espaços anulares e determinar as condições que garantam a eficiência de deslocamento. Neste trabalho foi investigado experimentalmente o deslocamento de fluidos para regimes laminares em um espaço anular formado por cilindros concêntricos. A eficiência de deslocamento foi associada à configuração da interface formada entre os fluidos. Foram realizados testes de visualização na planta experimental existente no laboratório e foi construí­da uma nova planta experimental em menor escala. Na nova planta experimental, foi verificada a possibilidade da adição, ao fluido deslocador, de micropartículas que refletem a luz incidida por feixes de laser formando um plano de vizualização. A maior dificuldade observada para a utilização desta técnica foi encontrar fluidos com í­ndices de refração parecidos. Foram estudados o caso de um fluido newtoniano mais viscoso deslocando um menos viscoso e vice-versa para trás diferentes vazões.Foi observado que quanto menor a vazão, mais plano é o formato da interface entre os fluidos, o que indica um deslocamento mais eficiente. / [en] While drilling and cementing oil and gas wells, a number of fluids circulate in the annular space between the casing and the rock formation. Good cement bonding to the formation or the casing depends on how well the drilling mud can be washed out of the annular space by spacer and washer fluids, and on how well the cement slurry displace the last ones. Failure in cementing can compromise the hydraulic sealing of the well causing serious environmental damages and production losses. Therefore, it is important to study the displacement process of fluids in annular spaces and determine the conditions that guarantee displacement efficiency. In this work fluids displacement in laminar flows were investigated in an annular space formed by concentric cylinders. The displacement efficiency was related to the interface shape between the fluids. Visualization tests were performed in the experimental apparatus existent in the laboratory and a new experimental apparatus was built in a smaller scale. On the new experimental apparatus, the possibility creating a visualization plane by adding tracer particles that reflect the light coming from laser beams to the displacing fluid was verified. The greater difficulty for using this technique is to find fluids with similar refraction indices. The cases of a more viscous Newtonian fluid displacing a less viscous one and vice versa were studied for three different flow rates. Was observed that for lower flowrates, the interface shape is flatter and that indicates a better displacement efficiency.

[ES] "SUELO. Tentativa práctica sobre el dispositivo escénico como espacio de agencia" es una investigación práctica, que se combina con la producción de la práctica escénica "SÒL", que tuvo lugar en el "Teatro Círculo" (Valencia) entre los días 27 de junio y 10 de julio del 2022. En esta investigación práctica postulamos que el dispositivo escénico es, desde su nacimiento, un dispositivo disciplinario y de control del régimen escópico. El dispositivo escénico ha materializado su distribución de poder/saber a través de unas convenciones espaciales, posicionales, temporales y comportamentales. El objetivo de estas convenciones es el control del comportamiento tanto de los observantes como de los actuantes. El fin último del dispositivo escénico es producir la iteración de un tiempo o discurso preproducido de antemano, sin que sufra ninguna interferencia. Es decir, el objetivo del dispositivo escénico es conjurar el futuro. En la primera parte del trabajo, partimos del modelo de dispositivo wagneriano, observando como a través del siglo XX se han ido progresivamente transformando sus convenciones a través de diversas estrategias y tácticas. Si bien, al final del siglo XX nos encontramos con una economía escópica del dispositivo escénico que ha dejado de estar regulada por la institución y cuyo poder y control recae por completo sobre la figura del artista/director. A pesar de lo cual, en la década de 1990 la llamada Estética relacional, abre el dispositivo escénico/artístico al horizonte de participación de los espectadores. Sin embargo, a pesar de estas estrategias y tácticas, los límites de lo posible/admisible siguen estando muy marcados dentro del dispositivo escénico. La comunidad escénica convive en el dispositivo escénico sin agencia posible. Nuestra práctica escénica investigadora incrementa la incertidumbre a través de modificar las condiciones normativas del suelo en el dispositivo escénico. Instalando un suelo de hielo sintético dentro de la caja negra del teatro, modificamos las condiciones en las que se desarrolla el acontecimiento, interviniendo en lo más esencial, imprescindible y básico del dispositivo escénico: su suelo. Además de poner en marcha esta táctica espacial, "SÒL" ha desplazado a través de diversas tácticas de temporalidad, posición y comportamiento las expectativas más básicas de la comunidad escénica sobre lo que tiene que ser un espectáculo escénico. La pista de hielo se mantuvo abierta en horario comercial, admitiendo a patinadores de diferentes edades y aproximaciones diversas a la pista, que emborronaron las temporalidades básicas y los comportamientos reconocibles propios del dispositivo escénico. De esta forma, generamos un espacio híbrido e indeterminado que participa simultáneamente de dos genealogías: la escenografía y la instalación artística, cuya confluencia da lugar a un dispositivo intermedio (instalación escénica o instalografía). Al análisis y estudio del suelo y de esta confluencia entre escenografía e instalación dedicamos la segunda parte del estudio. Por último, en la tercera parte de nuestro trabajo de investigación, analizamos nuestra trayectoria de producción e investigación escénica bajo las categorías establecidas para examinar el dispositivo escénico. Finalmente, centramos nuestro análisis en la capacidad de la práctica escénica "SÒL" para inducir en la comunidad escénica, cierta potencia de agencia del dispositivo escénico. / [CA] "SÒL. Temptativa pràctica sobre el dispositiu escènic com a espai d'agència" és una investigació pràctica, que es combina amb la producció de la pràctica escènica "SÒL", que va tindre lloc en el "Teatre Cercle" (València) entre els dies 27 de juny i 10 de juliol del 2022. En aquesta investigació pràctica postulem que el dispositiu escènic és, des del seu naixement, un dispositiu disciplinari i de control del règim escópic. El dispositiu escènic ha materialitzat la seua distribució de poder/saber a través d'unes convencions espacials, posicionals, temporals i comportamentals. L'objectiu d'aquestes convencions és el control del comportament tant dels observants com dels actuants. La fi última del dispositiu escènic és produir la iteració d'un temps o discurs pre-produït, sense que patisca cap interferència. És a dir, l'objectiu del dispositiu escènic és conjurar el futur. En la primera part del treball, partim del model de dispositiu wagnerià, observant com a través del segle XX s'han anat progressivament transformant les seues convencions a través de diverses estratègies i tàctiques. Si bé, al final del segle XX ens trobem amb una economia escópica del dispositiu escènic que ha deixat d'estar regulada per la institució i el poder i el control de la qual recau per complet sobre la figura de l'artista/director. Malgrat la qual cosa, en la dècada de 1990 l'anomenada Estètica relacional, obri el dispositiu escènic/artístic a l'horitzó de participació dels espectadors. No obstant això, malgrat aquestes estratègies i tàctiques, els límits del possible/admissible continuen estant molt marcats dins del dispositiu escènic. La comunitat escènica conviu en el dispositiu escènic sense agència possible. La nostra pràctica escènica investigadora incrementa la incertesa a través de modificar les condicions normatives del sòl en el dispositiu escènic. Instal·lant un sòl de gel sintètic dins de la caixa negra del teatre, modifiquem les condicions en les quals es desenvolupa l'esdeveniment, intervenint en el més essencial, imprescindible i bàsic del dispositiu escènic: el seu sòl. A més de posar en marxa aquesta tàctica espacial, "SÒL" ha desplaçat a través de diverses tàctiques de temporalitat, posició i comportament les expectatives més bàsiques de la comunitat escènica sobre el que ha de ser un espectacle escènic. La pista de gel es va mantindre oberta en horari comercial, admetent a patinadors de diferents edats i aproximacions diverses a la pista, que van gargotejar les temporalitats bàsiques i els comportament recognoscibles propis del dispositiu escènic. D'aquesta manera, generem un espai híbrid i indeterminat que participa simultàniament de dues genealogies: l'escenografia i la instal·lació artística, la confluència de la qual dona lloc a un dispositiu intermedi (instal·lació escènica o instalografía). A l'anàlisi i estudi del sòl i d'aquesta confluència entre escenografia i instal·lació dediquem la segona part de l'estudi. Finalment, en la tercera part del nostre treball de recerca, analitzem la nostra trajectòria de producció i investigació escènica sota les categories establides per a examinar el dispositiu escènic. Finalment, centrem la nostra anàlisi en la capacitat de la pràctica escènica "SÒL" per a induir en la comunitat escènica, una certa potència d'agència del dispositiu escènic. / [EN] "FLOOR. Practical attempt on the scenic device as a spatial agency" is a practical investigation combined with a scenic production "SÒL", that took place at the "Teatro Círculo" (Valencia) between 27th of June and 10th of July 2022. In this practical investigation we postulate that the scenic device is, from its origins, a disciplinary device and a scopic regime controller. The scenic device has materialised its distribution of power/knowledge through spatial, positional, temporal, and behavioural conventions. The objective of these conventions is to control the behaviour of both, the observers and the performers. The ultimate goal of the scenic device is to produce an iteration of a pre-produced time or speech, without suffering any interference. In other words, the objective of the scenic device is to conjure the future. In the first part, we start from the Wagnerian device model, observing how throughout the 20th century conventions have been progressively transformed through various strategies and tactics. At the end of the 20th century we find a scopic economy of the scenic device is no longer regulated by the institution, and its power and control falls entirely on the artist/director figure. In spite of which, in the 1990s, the so-called relational Aesthetics opened the scenic/artistic device to the audience participation. However, despite these strategies and tactics, the limits of what is possible/admissible continue to be framed within the scenic device. The scenic community coexists in the scenic device with no possible agency. Our investigative scenic practice increases uncertainty by modifying the normative conditions of the floor in the scenic device. By installing a synthetic ice floor inside the theatre's black box, we modify the conditions in which the event takes place, interfering in the most essential, fundamental and basic aspects of the scenic device: its floor. In addition to implementing this spatial tactic, "SÒL" has displaced through various tactics of temporality, position and behaviour the most basic expectations of the stage community about what a stage show should be. The ice rink was kept open during business hours, admitting skaters of different ages and approaches to the rink, which blurred the basic temporalities and the recognisable behaviour of the scenic device. In this way, we generate a hybrid and indeterminate space that simultaneously participates in two genealogies: the scenography and the artistic installation, whose confluence gives rise to an intermediate device (stage installation or instalografía). We dedicate the second part of the study to the analysis and study of the floor and this confluency between scenography and installation. Finally, in the third part, we analyse our production and scenic research journey under the established categories to examine the scenic device. Finally, we focus our analysis on the capacity of the scenic practice "SÒL" to provoke in the scenic community a certain scenic device agency force. / León Mendoza, R. (2023). Suelo. Tentativa práctica sobre el dispositivo escénico como espacio de agencia [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/201557

This research explores the world of material belongings of Muslim Syrian newcomer/refugee families as they establish themselves in Canada since 2015. The study centers the cultural and emotional meanings of the material belongings by looking at both those that are brought with the newcomers and those that are left behind. It aims to shed light on how these objects hold memories and connect refugees to their cultural and personal histories while also examining the role of displacement in this context. Additionally, it investigates the different perspectives between generations by looking into how the value and meaning of belongings may alter between older and younger family members. The key questions of the study develop at the intersection of material culture and forced migration. It first examines whether material belongings hold a significant place in the everyday lives of refugees and how this reflects on their memories. Secondly, it considers if migration and the experience that comes with it alters refugees’ attachments to their material belongings and leads to changing their sentimental value over time. Thirdly, it evaluates whether the decision-making process behind what refugees choose to bring with them and what they decide to leave behind is affected under distressing circumstances. Methodologically, the study offers an alternative ethnographic approach by braiding migrant narratives with object biographies, shifting the subject of the narrative toward a demonstration of the interrelationships of persons and things. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

This thesis deals with Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) on global and local level. The researchquestion deals with the problems associated with IDPs - what challenges IDPs are facing and thefuture prospects for IDPs worldwide and on local level in the Samegrelo region in Georgia.The thesis is divided into two parts: In the first part I define the IDPs using the GuidingPrinciples on Internal Displacement, the critique towards the Guiding Principles and adescription of the vulnerability of IDPs worldwide. (Part 1, Chapter 1, Sections 1,2 and 3).I continue to describe the IDPs on local level, paying special attention to those in the Samegreloregion, in Georgia. In addition, I point at a delicate issue regarding ethnicity. Further, I providefigures on the IDP population, by showing the massive IDP movement in 1994 and 2008.Further, I use a description to the Indicators of Vulnerability with regards to integration of IDPs inthe region, and alongside with these indicators I contrast the content with the Government ofGeorgia Action Plan for the Implementation of the State Strategy for IDPs, and the Guiding Principleson Internal Displacement. (Chapter 2, Section 1,2 and 3).In the following chapter I define foreign aid as a tool of policy and I point out the absence ofearmarked Official Development Assistance (ODA) destined for IDPs, although there isearmarked ODA specified for Refugees according to ODA policy.ODA disbursements to Georgia indicate that a majority of the ODA is used as humanitarian aidand the traceable assistance directed to IDPs is predominantly humanitarian. (Chapter 3, Sections1 and 2).A brief overview explains the transition from early rural cooperatives in the West, to the NGOsoperating in post-Soviet states from early 1990s, within the sectors humanitarian anddevelopment assistance. Despite a long list with short-term hard and soft projects implementedby Local NGOs, the outcomes never reached sustainable levels. (Chapter 4, Section 1).Second part of the thesis encompass a case study of a development project I managed during aninternship at the Human Rights Center of Georgia. I describe the conduct of the project and howthe team, working together with young IDPs, achieved to formulate an idea for sustainableincome generation. I also present the technicalities and the process on how we negotiated toconvince the elder IDPs about cooperating with us on the idea and the project. I describe theprocess of renovating a food processing room at the collective center where the IDPs were living,and how this project was aborted due to lack of funds. (Part 2, Case study).

The purpose of this thesis is to discuss the role of women as intermediaries, mediators and arbitrators in conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the de facto region of Nagorno-Karabakh. It is highly relevant to comdev due to several reasons. First, it is an active issue. The number of deaths from border clashes has increased in 2014-2016 despite a ceasefire signed in 1994. Second, women and civil society groups are oppressed. This thesis explores the question of women’s contribution in solving conflicts considering masculinity, gender complex and war. Are women better at solving conflicts? Third, new media has become an important tool for cross border communication. Focus is given to use of social media by women in an attempt to facilitate change of discourses. Critical discourse analysis, hermeneutics and social constructivism are considered as methodologies to evaluate this. However, there is a number limitations here including use of English language, limited participant numbers and response bias.Background information on conflict is presented and includes analyzing the role of national and international organizations such as parliaments, the Minsk Group (OSCE) European Commission (EPNK) and the UN (1325). A brief literature review is then conducted focusing on conflict area, historical discourses and peace building narratives. This is followed by an examination of post-soviet literature on masculinity, nation-building, feminism and changing role of active women, centering on Caucasus and Nagorno-Karabakh. Topics explored are women’s rights, political involvement, language, religion and cultural turn. Next stage is a summary of research questions for qualitative interviews with five women participants who are or work with active women in Transcaucasia. From available data, main premise becomes new role of active women as peace builders in conflict acting individually, in NGO’s and in government and attempting to facilitate discussion with lawmakers and negotiators in conflict.After research, primary and secondary data is analyzed. Responses are evaluated over the methods mentioned and main contributions are considered to be on grassroots activism funded by international NGO’s. It is not clear whether women would be better at resolving complex but their contribution to nation building has been proven. New media becomes a tool for activist communication and propaganda. Women find themselves dealing with nationalism, marginalization and breakdown of democratic institutions. They turn to international NGO’s but this often backfires as Armenian and Azerbaijani society and government sees this as Western intrusion. Progress is slow and daily lives are ruled by uncertainty, discrimination and faint hope of resolve.

The effects of different shearing processes and sample sizes on the fluid flow anisotropy and its impact on particle transport process in rough rock fractures are significant factors that need to be considered in the performance and safety assessments of underground nuclear waste repositories. The subjects, however, have not been adequately investigated previously in either laboratory experiments or numerical modeling. This thesis addresses these problems using numerical modeling approaches. The modeling consists of two parts: 1) fluid flow simulations considering more complex but realistic flow boundary conditions during shear processes that cannot be realized readily in laboratory experiments, using digitalized fracture surfaces scanned in the laboratory, so that anisotropic fluid flow induced by shearing with channeling phenomenon can be directly simulated and quantified; 2) particle tracking simulations to demonstrate the impacts of such channeling effects on characteristic properties of particle transport. The numerical method chosen for the simulations is the Finite Element Method (FEM). Scale effects were considered in the simulations by using fracture surface samples of different sizes. The distributions of fracture aperture during shear were obtained by numerically generating relative translational and rotary movements between two digitalized surfaces of a rock fracture replica without considering normal loading. From the evolutions of the aperture distributions during the shearing processes, the evolutions of the transmissivity fields were determined by assuming the validity of the cubic law locally. A geostatistical approach was used to quantify the scale effects of the aperture and transmissivity fields. The fluid flow was simulated using different flow boundary conditions, corresponding to translational and rotary shear processes. Corresponding to translational shear (with a 1 mm shear displacement interval up to a maximum shear displacement of 20 mm), three different flow patterns, i.e., unidirectional (flow parallel with and perpendicular to the shear direction), bi-directional and radial, were taken into account. Corresponding to rotary shear (with a 0.5o shear angle interval up to 90o), only the radial flow pattern was considered. The particle transport was simulated using the Particle Tracking Method, with the particles motion following the fluid velocity fields during shear, as calculated by FEM. For the unidirectional particle transport, the breakthrough curves were analyzed by fitting to an analytical solution of 1-D advection-dispersion equation. The dispersivity, Péclet number and tracer velocity, as well as their evolutions during shear, were determined numerically. The results show that the fracture aperture increases anisotropically during translational shear, with a more pronounced increase in the direction perpendicular to the shear displacement, causing significant fluid flow channelling. A more significant increase of flow rate and decrease in travel time of the particles in the direction perpendicular to the shear direction is predicted. The particle travel time and characteristics are, correspondingly, much different when such effects caused by shear are included. This finding may have an important impact on the interpretation of the results of coupled hydro-mechanical and tracer experiments for measurements of hydraulic properties of rock fractures, because hydraulic properties are usually calculated from flow test results along the shear directions, with the effects of the significant anisotropic flow perpendicular to the shear direction ignored. The results also show that safety assessment of a nuclear repository, without considering the effects of stress/deformation of rocks on fluid flow and transport processes, may have significant risk potential. The results obtained from numerical simulations show that fluid flow through a single rough fracture changes with increasing sample size, indicating that representativehydro-mechanical properties of the fractures in the field can only be accurately determined using samples of representative sizes beyond their stationarity thresholds. / QC 20101207