Many people in Sweden live in displacement, from refugees, migrants, unemployed, homeless, lonely elderly or other socially vulnerable groups. The current built environment in Sweden, especially the rural environment, is segregating different social classes including people of different ethnicities and socio-economic backgrounds. On top of that there is a lack of social meeting points where these different types of people can meet for interaction. A vicious circle of segregation with invisible borders is created. This obstacle makes social sustainability weak. There should be more places like Folkets hus where people are naturally interacting with people of other backgrounds during an activity. This would strengthen Swedish integration and social sustainability. However today most of the Folkets hus are “sleepy” due to the results of Swedish individualism and the aftermath of the pandemic. A new post-pandemic Folkets hus is needed. The question is “how can Folkets hus work as an architectural social meeting point within rural Swedish contexts and contribute to improved integration and help displaced people?” and “what is the future of the post pandemic Folkets hus in Swedish small towns?” Today’s Folkets hus still represents the previous interests from the second epoch of Folkets hus with buildings adjusted for activities based on culture and art through dances, concerts and parties. A change is needed. Folkets hus should reflect the interests of today’s population, not the interests of the people livingin the past. More current interests are nature based due to the results of the pandemic but also health and work-out based due to the Swedish individualism which is representedin the Inglehart- Welzel cultural map. We are currently living in an important tipping point to soon go into the fourth epoch of Folkets hus, the post-pandemic version Folkets hus.

This study examines how the media presents the issue of climate migration and explores thedifferences in framing across four selected newspapers: The New York Times, The WallStreet Journal, The Hindu and The Times of India. With a sample of 34 articles, the studyconducts a framing analysis to investigate visual-, title-, and body text framing, as well as thelevel of agency given to climate migrants. The analysis reveals that the level of agency givento migrants is relatively high across all newspapers. Within the sample, it was revealed thatthe most commonly used frame was the victim frame. However, the study finds variations inthe framing of climate migration within and across the selected newspapers. The threat framewas identified in the body text framing in only two of the newspapers: The Hindu and TheTimes of India, suggesting they put greater emphasis on the potential risks of climatemigration. The Humanitarian frame was much more frequently employed within the articlesfrom The New York Times compared to the articles of the other newspapers. The reasonsbehind these differences call for further research but suggest that varying priorities andconcerns within the countries from which the newspapers report, contribute to the framing ofclimate migration.

When creating cavities below ground, movements occur in the surrounding soil due to disrupted equilibrium. In tunnel constructions these displacements are referred to as tunnel convergence. This report compares four dierent methods for monitoring tunnel convergence with regards to both measurement precision and method cost. Three of the methods are based on displacement measurements of optical targets placed at regular intervals in the tunnel. Presented is also a method using a combination of wireless tilt and distance sensors to monitor tunnel convergence. The overall conclusion is that measurement precision and cost are well correlated. However, important to consider is that tunnel convergence monitoring cost is faceted and not only the obvious cost of equipment and labour, but also the indirect cost from interfering with other activities in the tunnel. Measurement precision of the dierent methods was determined by applying the methods in a lab environment, congured to eliminate any possible movements, and analysing the distribution of the displacement demonstrated by each method. In addition, information regarding the labour eort required to prepare and perform the measurements was also collected. Based on the experiments and literature studies, the report discusses the criteria to consider when selecting a tunnel convergence monitoring method and presents a comparison of the four methods included in the study. / Vid skapandet av underjordiska hålrum uppträder rörelser i den omgivande marken på grund av att jämvikten upphävs. I tunnelkonstruktioner kallas dessa förskjutningar för tunnelkonvergens. Denna rapport jämför, med avseende både på precision och kostnad, fyra metoder för mätning av tunnelkonvergens. Tre av metoderna baseras på förskjutningsmätningar av optiska mål placerade på regelbundna avstånd längs tunneln. Rapporten presenterar även en metod där en kombination av trådlösa tilt- och distanssensorer används för att monitorera tunnelkonvergens. Den övergripande slutsatsen är att mätprecision och kostnad är väl korrelerade. Viktigt är dock att beakta de olika delarna i den totala kostnaden, som inte bara består av kostnader för arbetskraft och utrustning utan även indirekta kostnader på grund av att annan verksamhet hindras under mätaktiviteter. Mätprecisionen för de olika metoderna uppskattades genom att analysera fördelningen av mätvärden uppmätta i en lab-miljö beskaffad så att inga rörelser förväntades. Från labmätningarna noterades även omfattningen av den arbetsinsats som krävs för att förbereda och utföra mätningarna. Med mätningarna och litteraturstudier som bakgrund diskuteras kriterier att beakta när man väler metod för konvergensmätning. Baserat på dessa kriterier jämförs de fyra metoderna.

This dissertation examines the ‘failed’ forced migration of the Kashmiri Sikh community after they became targets of an attack carried out by unknown perpetrators on March 20th, 2000, in Chittisinghpora, a quiet Sikh village hidden away in the mountains of South Kashmir. Claiming the lives of thirty-five Sikh men from the village, the attack was a first for Sikhs who by all accounts had been ‘spared’ the violence of the Kashmir conflict and had been living peacefully in Kashmir Valley for generations. Although no one knows who perpetrated the attack or why, speculation runs rife that its foremost purpose was to trigger a mass displacement of Sikhs from the region. Yet, after days of contemplating whether they should move, the Sikhs stayed. If indeed the aim of the violence was to trigger a mass displacement, then what explains why the Kashmiri Sikhs were not displaced? Using Chittisinghpora as an entry point, my dissertation aims to interrogate displacement as a response to violence. I use the term ‘rootedness’, which Myron Weiner describes as a sort of territorial ethnicity with which people make claims to a space, to describe the Sikh decision to stay and argue the ability (and desire) of people to continue living in a place of violence may be construed as an act of resistance not only to the intended consequence of violence, in this case displacement, but to the violence itself. Examining a failed forced migration, therefore, allows us to understand not only the circumstances under which a community resists getting displaced despite experiencing violence but also how people continue to live in the place of violence. To understand Sikh rootedness in Kashmir, I conducted ethnographic research in Kashmir over a period of eight months in 2018 and follow up visits in March 2019 and 2021, during which I collected over 100 interviews with Sikhs and Muslims in North, South and central Kashmir, and completed several hours of observation every week. Additionally, I collected data from newspaper archives located in Punjab and historical archives located in New Delhi. I explain Sikh rootedness as a function of two main factors: 1) the precarity that comes with being a group that is neither considered the ally of the Indian state nor of the Muslims, which allows Sikhs to negotiate safety and 2) the landedness of Kashmiri Sikhs, and to a lesser extent, their employment in government which are economic anchors. Together, both factors allow Sikhs to assert social and economic agency and maintain a peaceful ‘coexistence’ with Muslims, enough to justify remaining rooted. Although the focus on displacement in migration studies is certainly warranted given the massive numbers of people displaced due to conflict, the fact is that not everyone can, or wants to, leave. Given this, a focus on what keeps people rooted is urgently needed. In the scholarship on Kashmir, displacement has been a predominant theme, given the large-scale exodus of the Kashmiri Hindus (Pandits) following an escalation of violence in the state in the 1990s. This has led to an unfortunate communalization of much of the discourse that comes out of Kashmir, and also sometimes reduced it to a ‘Hindu-Muslim’ or ‘India-Pakistan’ conflict. Sikhs are predominantly absent from this scholarship. Even in the discipline of Critical Kashmir Studies which has sought to focus on the people’s experiences of conflict rather than a religious or statist narratives, Sikhs experiences in and of conflict, remain missing. Understanding their lived experience in Kashmir, therefore, attempts to correct this erasure and also disrupts binary discourses. / Geography

The experiments detailed in this thesis give necessary preliminary information for analyzing the theoretical potential of direct exhaust pulse energy harvesting through expander devices. A detailed review of pertinent literature determined that there has been little specific focus on directly converting exhaust pulse energy into useful power. Crank position resolved exhaust pressure was measured as engine load and speed were varied to quantify their influences. Potential theoretical improvements average a 15.6% increase in overall fuel conversion efficiencies while indicated power can potentially be increased by an average of 14.3% for the operating conditions tested. A potential increase of up to 20% in indicated specific fuel consumption was shown. With increasing regulations on combustion engine efficiencies, emissions, and fuel requirements, the ability to reduce waste energy through improving existing waste energy recovery (WER) technologies and proposing novel WER strategies that maximize WER have the potential to be extremely valuable.

The integration of Ukrainian Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in host communities is as multi-dimensional as the political crisis of 2014 that led to the displacement. Having made a difficult choice to let go of their past lives to escape from the constant shelling and instability of the self-proclaimed republics, IDPs hoped to find shelter and be accepted by their fellow countrymen. While many surveys claim that Ukrainians generally seem to have tolerant attitudes towards IDPs, the findings of my study strongly indicate that quite often IDPs normalize stigmatization they face. This study employed qualitative research methods and relied on twenty-eight semi-structured in-depth interviews with internally displaced students – a group not often studied by researchers. Each interview explored issues relating to the identities of IDPs and their juxtaposition (Ukrainian, resettler and regional identity). Similar to other studies based on qualitative strategies, this research has its limitations, stemming from difficulties to extract opinions that would not be tainted by the desire to fit into a particular narrative or match perceived expectations. While researchers can attempt to remain unbiased and be aware of their subconscious beliefs, we cannot be certain that what interviewees share with us is what they sincerely believe. Nevertheless, taking into account these limitations, qualitative studies are essential for understanding the experiences of Ukrainian IDPs. While more research is needed to get to the roots of the issues surrounding the unique challenges of IDPs’ integration, this thesis makes a step to analyze what causes stigmatization of Ukrainian IDPs, how IDPs choose to respond to the stigma, what kind of strategies they use to manage it, how they interact with locals in the host communities and what are the consequences of such stigmatization. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

This Master Thesis is an interdisciplinary case study that examines physical sexual violence in the form of female displacement in Murasaki Shikibu’s eleventh-century Japanese masterpiece, The Tale of Genji. By investigating several cases ranging from spatial relocation to abduction and kidnapping involving four major Genji heroines, Utsusemi, Yūgao, Murasaki and Ukifune, I define violent displacement as an autonomous act of sexual violence by which a male character removes a female character from her initial location to a place of his choice. The man’s motivations are predominantly related to gaining sexual access to the woman’s body or ensuring control over her. Often such cases of displacement occur in the same context as other cases of physical sexual violence, such as forced sexual intercourse, which they may precede and facilitate, but rarely do they constitute mere preludes to more severe acts of sexual violence. I have posited several hypotheses about displacement, such as differences in rank and status between the protagonists, the man’s violation of standard courtship procedures, and the reactions by the woman and her female entourage. With these criteria, I have interpreted episodes of displacement in the female author’s tale, with particular emphasis on her choice of words and narrative techniques. I have supplemented textual analysis by examining the history of motifs in Genji illustrations by artists who interpreted these displacement episodes very differently or not at all. I conclude that the discourse on sexual violence in The Tale of Genji cannot be limited to the incidents involving forced sexual intercourse. The presence of female displacement indicates that sexual violence in the tale is not an accidental occurrence, but a topos carefully constructed by Murasaki Shikibu and strategically placed within the context of the tale.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第24366号 / 法博第289号 / 新制||法||178(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 濵本 正太郎, 教授 酒井 啓亘, 教授 鈴木 基史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DFAM

MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) sensors are used in acceleration, flow, pressure and force sensing applications on the micro and macro levels. Much research has focused on improving sensor precision, range, reliability, and ease of manufacture and operation. One exciting possibility for improving the capability of micro sensors lies in exploiting the piezoresistive properties of silicon, the material of choice in many MEMS fabrication processes. Piezoresistivity—the change of electrical resistance due to an applied strain—is a valuable material property of silicon due to its potential for high signal output and on-chip and feedback-control possibilities. However, successful design of piezoresistive micro sensors requires a more accurate model of the piezoresistive behavior of polycrystalline silicon. This study sought to improve the existing piezoresistive model by investigating the piezoresistive behavior of compliant polysilicon structures subjected to tensile, bending and combined loads. Experimental characterization data showed that piezoresistive sensitivity is greatest and mostly linear for silicon members subject to tensile stresses and nonlinear for beams in bending and combined stress states. The data also illustrated the failure of existing piezoresistance models to accurately account for bending and combined loads. Two MEMS force and displacement sensors, the integral piezoresistive micro-Force And Displacement Sensor (FADS) and Closed-LOop sensor (CLOO-FADS), were designed and fabricated. Although limited in its piezoresistive sensitivity and out-of-plane stability, the FADS design showed promise of future application in microactuator characterization. Similarly, the CLOO-FADS exhibited possible feedback control capability, but was limited by control circuit complexity and implementation challenges. The piezoresistive behavior exhibited by the Thermomechanical In-plane Microactuator (TIM) led to a focused effort to characterize the TIM's behavior in terms of force, displacement, actuation current and mechanism resistance. The gathered data facilitated the creation of an empirical, temperature-dependent model for the specific TIM. Based on the assumption of a nearly constant temperature for each current level, the model predicted the force and displacement for a given fractional change in resistance. Despite the success of the empirical model for the test TIM device, further investigation revealed the necessity of a calibration method to enable the model's application to other TIM devices.

Feedback control of MEMS devices has the potential to significantly improve device performance and reliability. One of the main obstacles to its broader use is the small number of on-chip sensing options available to MEMS designers. A method of using integrated piezoresistive sensing is proposed and demonstrated as another option. Integrated piezoresistive sensing utilizes the inherent piezoresistive property of polycrystalline silicon from which many MEMS devices are fabricated. As compliant MEMS structures flex to perform their functions, their resistance changes. That resistance change can be used to transduce the structures' deflection into an electrical signal. This dissertation addresses three topics associated with integrated piezoresistive sensing: developing an empirical model describing the piezoresistive response of polycrystalline-silicon flexures, designing compliant MEMS with integrated piezoresistive sensing using the model, and implementing feedback control using integrated piezoresistive sensing. Integrated piezoresistive sensing is an effective way to produce small, reliable, accurate, and economical on-chip sensors to monitor compliant MEMS devices. A piezoresistive flexure model is presented that accurately models the piezoresistive response of long, thin flexures even under complex loading conditions. The model facilitates the design of compliant piezoresistive MEMS devices, which output an electrical signal that directly relates to the device's motion. The piezoresistive flexure model is used to design a self-sensing long displacement MEMS device. Motion is achieved through contact-aided compliant rolling elements that connect the output shaft to kinematic ground. Self-sensing is achieved though integrated piezoresistive sensing. An example device is tested that demonstrates 700 micrometers of displacement with a sensing resolution of 2 micrometers. The piezoresistive microdisplacement transducer (PMT) is a structure that uses integrated piezoresistive sensing to monitor the output displacement of a thermomechanical inplane microacutator (TIM). Using the PMT as a feedback sensor for closed-loop control of the TIM reduced the system's response time from 500~$mu$s to 190~$mu$s, while maintaining a positioning accuracy of $pm$29~nm. Feedback control of the TIM also increased its robustness and reliability by allowing the system to maintain its performance after it had been significantly damaged.