Stress, press och personalbrist är ett aktuellt ämne idag inom sjukvården mer än någonsin, synnerligen vad gäller sjuksköterskor. Tidigare studier har påvisat att hög stressnivå, press samt dålig arbetsmiljö leder till att sjuksköterskor slutar på sin arbetsplats samt att vissa även blir utbrända medan andra väljer att byta yrke helt. Syftet med undersökningen var att studera anledningar till att sjuksköterskor väljer att lämna sina fasta tjänster och istället börjar arbeta via bemanningsföretag. Resultaten påvisade att hyrsjuksköterskor upplevde ett bättre välmående eftersom de hade högre löner samt var friare med valet av schema och arbetspass. Sjuksköterskorna kände sig även mindre belastade då de inte behövde utföra extra uppgifter eller tänka på arbetsplatsens resurser, utan skulle endast tänka på sitt arbete samt patienterna under passet. Trots att resultaten stärks av tidigare forskning vore ett större urval där könsfördelningen speglade verkligheten mer samt även en större variation mellan arbetslivserfarenheten bättre för generaliserbarheten.

Employee turnover has been responsible for the failure of many small businesses in the United States. Business leaders do not always understand the reasons employees choose to leave an organization. This correlational study, grounded in Herzberg's 2-factor theory, examined the relationship between intrinsic employee job satisfaction, extrinsic employee job satisfaction, and employee turnover intention among employees in small businesses. Participants included 129 employees of a small business in Western New York. The Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire and Turnover Intention Survey were used to collect the data. The multiple regression analysis significantly predicted extrinsic employee turnover intentions, F(3, 103) = 25.687, p = .001, R2 = .428, and while extrinsic motivation was a predictor, intrinsic motivation was not. Recommendations for future research include focus on specific extrinsic and intrinsic categories in additional contexts. Implications for social change include small business owners understanding the motivation behind employee turnover, which may result in reduced costs to the company, keeping experienced employees, reduced errors made by inexperienced new hires, and increased productivity because there is not a learning curve for tenured employees.

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge and experiences of school counsellors, teachers, and school-based personnel in the area of girls body image. Participants perspectives were described and implications identified for ways in which teachers can encourage positive body image for girls in their classrooms. The idea for this research evolved from my interest in positive self-esteem, and academic and social success. As a teacher, I find that girls (more so than boys) base their success on body image. Girls often turn to harmful health behaviours such as disordered eating or excessive exercise because of dissatisfaction with their bodies (Tiggemann, 2005; ODea, 2000). I hoped to find ways for teachers to foster positive body image, and I believed school counsellors, teachers, and school-based personnel would be a useful source of information on this topic. I brought to this research a desire to hear, understand, and make meaning from these professionals experiences of working with girls.<p>There are a variety of things a teacher can do to create a positive environment in the school setting relating to body image. Focus group participants felt teachers and other school personnel could: <br>(a) openly allow body image discussion in the classrooms either through Talking Circles or Body Talk; <br>(b) promote active lifestyles; <br>(c) promote healthy eating habits; and <br>(d) act as role models by modelling the right examples. <p>Listening and encouraging students can also create a positive environment. The normal development of bodies should be discussed openly in the classrooms. In order to help create positive body images in young girls, participants believed it was important for teachers and school personnel to: participate in empathy training (learning to talk to each other and to listen to each other), educate parents; train physical education teachers; encourage students to write daily journals and critically analyze media literacy.

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge and experiences of school counsellors, teachers, and school-based personnel in the area of girls body image. Participants perspectives were described and implications identified for ways in which teachers can encourage positive body image for girls in their classrooms. The idea for this research evolved from my interest in positive self-esteem, and academic and social success. As a teacher, I find that girls (more so than boys) base their success on body image. Girls often turn to harmful health behaviours such as disordered eating or excessive exercise because of dissatisfaction with their bodies (Tiggemann, 2005; ODea, 2000). I hoped to find ways for teachers to foster positive body image, and I believed school counsellors, teachers, and school-based personnel would be a useful source of information on this topic. I brought to this research a desire to hear, understand, and make meaning from these professionals experiences of working with girls.<p>There are a variety of things a teacher can do to create a positive environment in the school setting relating to body image. Focus group participants felt teachers and other school personnel could: <br>(a) openly allow body image discussion in the classrooms either through Talking Circles or Body Talk; <br>(b) promote active lifestyles; <br>(c) promote healthy eating habits; and <br>(d) act as role models by modelling the right examples. <p>Listening and encouraging students can also create a positive environment. The normal development of bodies should be discussed openly in the classrooms. In order to help create positive body images in young girls, participants believed it was important for teachers and school personnel to: participate in empathy training (learning to talk to each other and to listen to each other), educate parents; train physical education teachers; encourage students to write daily journals and critically analyze media literacy.

Abstract Title:             Banks’ Counteractions against Customers’ Online Criticism Date:             June 5, 2012 Institution:   School of sustainable development of society and technology, Mälardalen University Level:           Bachelor thesis in business administration, 15 ECTS Authors:       Sara Pierre and Johanna Russo                Tutor:           Carl G. Thunman Keywords:   Banks, social media, dissatisfaction, complaints, customer behavior, sCRM, and e-WOM Purpose:       The purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyze how, where and why customers criticize the banking sector through online platforms, how the banks choose to defend themselves and counter this criticism, and to what extent these complaints may proliferate if not dealt with. The thesis will result in recommendations and suggestions for complaint management. Method:       In order for the thesis to capture the entire environment of online complaints, it has been conducted both from the banks’ and the customers’ perspective. Gathered information and cases as well as two interviews have been used for fulfilling the purpose of the thesis. Once studied, these sources have been analyzed and finally, conclusions and recommendations have been made based on the analysis. Conclusions:   Customer electronic word-of-mouth is publicly displayed on the most commonly used social platforms. In order to avoid unnecessary proliferation of customer complaints, companies ought to implement social customer relationship management strategies aimed towards fulfilling customer needs as well as company objectives. Complaints spread through social media can easily spiral out of hand as a result of the enormous amount of worldwide Internet users that can access the information, and for this reason, banks need to counter these complaints before they become unmanageable.

Historically, cultural pressures to be thin and their effects on women (e.g., body dissatisfaction, disordered eating) have received considerable attention from researchers and clinicians. However, acknowledgement of cultural pressures on men to be muscular and lean is much more recent, as are men's increasing rates of body dissatisfaction and body-changing behaviors (i.e., drive for muscularity, nutritional supplement/steroid use, excessive weightlifting). The increasing presence of idealized lean, muscular men in the media may be one of the influences on men's increasing body dissatisfaction, although studies examining the relationship between viewing these idealized portrayals and men's drive for muscularity/body satisfaction have yielded mixed results. Additionally, individual difference factors that may influence this relationship need further investigation. The purpose of this study was to address these two areas of research. It was hypothesized that men exposed to idealized television portrayals of lean, muscular men would report higher muscle/body fat dissatisfaction and drive for muscularity attitudes scores compared to men exposed to television portrayals of average-looking men. Additionally, it was predicted that men who report higher perfectionism, neuroticism, and drive for muscularity, and who more strongly endorse traditional attitudes about the male role, would report higher drive for muscularity and muscle/body fat dissatisfaction at post-test compared to men who report lower perfectionism, neuroticism, and drive for muscularity, and who are less concerned with traditional male role norms. Two-hundred-thirty-five undergraduate men at The University of Texas at Austin participated in the online study. During Phase 1, participants completed questionnaires assessing drive for muscularity, muscle/body fat dissatisfaction, perfectionism, neuroticism, and attitudes about the male role. One week later, they were randomly assigned to either the muscular-image or average-image group to complete Phase 2. After viewing television commercials corresponding with their experimental groups, participants again completed all pre-test measures. Results suggested that men in the average-image group (rather than the muscular-image group) with high drive for muscularity experienced greater body fat dissatisfaction than men with low drive for muscularity. Interesting findings regarding the relationships among perfectionism, neuroticism and drive for muscularity/body dissatisfaction also emerged. Implications of the study, strengths, limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed. / text

A cross-sectional and longitudinal examination of thin-ideal internalization and self-objectification was conducted within the context of an eating disorder prevention program. The sample consisted of 177 undergraduate women enrolled in a sorority between the ages of 18 and 22 who participated in a dissonance-based eating disorder prevention program. Participants completed self-report assessments at baseline, post-intervention, 5-month, and 1-year follow-up. Measures included the Ideal-Body Stereotype Scale-Revised, Self-Objectification Questionnaire, Body Shape Questionnaire, and Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire. A cross-sectional path analysis indicated that thin-ideal internalization and self-objectification predict each other and both predict body dissatisfaction, which in turn, predicts eating disorder symptoms. A longitudinal examination of the prevention program indicated that participants showed significant reductions in thin-ideal internalization, self-objectification, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorder symptoms after participating in a cognitive dissonance eating disorder prevention program. Significant reductions of all symptoms were maintained at 1-year follow-up, with the exception of self-objectification, which had a significant reduction up to the 5-month assessment. A longitudinal path analysis indicated that post-intervention thin-ideal internalization and self-objectification predicted body dissatisfaction at 5-month follow-up assessments which in turn predicted eating disorder symptoms at this same time point. This model was replicated for 1-year follow-up body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms with the exception of the direct path from self-objectification to body dissatisfaction. Assessment of temporal sequence of change between self-objectification and thin-ideal internalization revealed that neither variable significantly predicted meaningful change in the other variable. Finally, individuals who showed meaningful change in self-objectification before showing meaningful reduction in thin-ideal internalization from baseline to post-intervention assessments had greater reductions in eating disorder symptoms 1-year following the intervention. Collectively, these results suggest that eating disorder prevention programs should focus on targeting both thin-ideal internalization and self-objectification simultaneously to increase further the reduction of eating disorder symptoms.

Eating disorders are among the most common psychological problems faced by women. Perfectionism, impulsivity and poor self-esteem have been identified as significant risk factors for the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Further, elevated body mass has been found to amplify the effect of these risk factors on the development of eating pathology. However, although the symptoms associated with eating disorders have been theorised to lie on a continuum with frank eating disorders at one end and normative eating concerns at the other, there is limited research and findings are mixed about the correlates and predictors of dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviours in non-clinical populations. The present research contributes to a clearer understanding of risk factors associated with dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviours in non-clinical populations. Correlational analyses in the present study indicated that dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviours are associated with increased perfectionism, lowered self-esteem and elevated body mass. Regression analyses identified body dissatisfaction as a significant predictor of bulimic symptomatology. Further research is needed to extend these results. The current study found that dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviours occur in non-clinical populations and are associated with similar risk factors to those associated with eating pathology in clinical populations. Further, it advocates the need for early detection and intervention of eating disturbances in at risk non-clinical samples, particularly in relation to body image dissatisfaction. Finally, it highlights the need for further research focussing on non-clinical samples in order to more clearly understand the correlates and predictors of dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviours in these populations.

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Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskan är beroende av både sina personliga och professionella egenskaper vilket är en förutsättning för det goda bemötandet. Hur bemötandet utformas har stor betydelse för hur patienten kommer att uppleva den givna vården. Bemötandet innefattar både kommunikation och interaktion mellan människor. Klagomål ifrån patienter angående bristande bemötande i vården ökar enligt Patientnämndens årsrapport från 2014. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa patienters negativa upplevelser av bemötandet i vården. Metod: En litteraturöversikt har genomförts. Tio vetenskapliga artiklar söktes fram via databaser som vidare analyserades och sammanställdes i kategorier och underkategorier. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i fyra kategorier, bristande professionalitet, obekräftade patienter, otillräcklig information och kommunikation samt yttre faktorer som bidrar till negativa upplevelser av bemötandet. Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskan hade en attityd och ett beteende som påverkade bemötandet negativt. Patienter beskrev att de varken blev sedda eller lyssnade på. Detta gav dem en känsla av att bli obekräftade och kom att påverka upplevelsen av bemötandet. Patienter upplevde sig misstrodda, sjuksköterskor kommunicerade inte utifrån patienters kunskapsbas och förståelse, vilket lämnade patienter med en känsla av att de blivit illa bemötta. Rutiner, kontinuitet och samordning visade sig även vara en faktor som kom att påverka patientens upplevelse av bemötandet.  Diskussion: Bemötandet är kontextbundet och av relationell karaktär vilket gör det komplext. Resultatet diskuterades utifrån Jean Watsons teori för mänsklig omsorg samt konsensusbegreppet människa. / Background: The nurse is dependent on both their personal and professional qualities, which are a prerequisite for making a good encounter. Encounters outcomes have a big impact and are of great significance on how the patient will experience the received care. Encounters include communication and interaction between humans. Complaints from patients regarding negative encounters in health-care are increasing according to the Patients’ Advisory Committee 2014. Aim: The aim of this study was to highlight patient’s negative experiences of encounters within healthcare system. Method: A literature review has been conducted. Ten peer-reviewed articles were searched through databases and then further analysed and complied into categories and subcategories.  Results: The results are presented in four categories, lack of professionalism, unconfirmed patients, insufficient information and communication and external factors that contribute to negative experiences of the encounter. The result showed that the nurses had an attitude and a behaviour that affected the encounter in a negative manner. Patients described themselves as not to being seen or listened to, which gave them a sense of being unconfirmed. Nurses were not communicating on a level where the patient felt they understood the content of information being presented, which affected the experience of the encounter. Routines, continuity and coordination were also shown to be a factor that influenced the patient’s experience of the encounter. Discussion: Encounters are bound to its context and are of a relational character, which makes it complex and this were discussed from Jean Watsons theory for human caring and by the consensus concept human.