La conservation des informations dans les industries dont le processus de transformation est divergent à toujours posé d'important contraintes, et l'industrie du bois n'y manque pas. Les solutions de traçabilité existantes à l'heure actuelle ne permettent pas de conserver ces informations tout au long du cycle de vie du produit bois. L'objectif de cette thèse est de montrer la faisabilité de deux concepts permettant d'améliorer la conservation de l'information : le paradigme de matière communicante et le paradigme de Virtual Manufacturing. Avec le premier paradigme, il est possible de conserver les informations relatives à l'origine du produit grâce à un marquage chimique introduit dans l'ensemble de la matière que nous identifions par Résonance Quadrupolaire Nucléaire. Dans le deuxième paradigme pour anticipons les caractéristiques biométriques des produits finaux en numérisant la matière et en virtualisant les opérations de transformation. Grâce à cela, il est possible de déterminer, malgré l'imperfection des données et des décisions les caractéristiques des produits / Information conservation in the divergent process has always imposed important constraints. In the Wood industry, in which the problem is present, has no solution to conserve information all along the wood life cycle. This thesis goal is to validate the use of two new paradigms allowing improving the information conservation: the communicating material and the virtual manufacturing. With the first one, the wood material is intrinsically marked with chemical product which can be identify with the Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance and allow conserving the material origin. With the second one, it is possible to anticipate sawmill production by foresee the final product characteristics

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eliane Terezinha Ballestero.pdf: 3447313 bytes, checksum: 2c415ba64a32329fe0ca99cf51a66552 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-19 / The objective of the present work is to develop an academic study on appeals against a divergent decision of the labor process, mainly seeking to consider and face the innovations that come with Law n. 11496, of June 22, 2007. So as to obtain an understanding of the peculiarities that involve said appeals of such a complex nature, required for in-depth analyses of the general theory of the appeals, concerning their most important aspects and in parallel with extraordinary appeals. The detailed analysis of the aforementioned issue is justified, not only because it deals with an appeal of undeniable significance within the labor area and that it is difficult to be characterized, but also because after the legislative changes that took place as of June 22, 2007, very few scholars have studied said issue, bequeathing to us very little bibliography, with many outstanding matters, awaiting for an answer from the doctrine and the jurisprudence. After five years of effectiveness of the new wording of Article 894, Item II, of the Consolidation of Labor Laws: What changes have been experienced in the applicability and in the prosecution of the appeals? How has jurisprudence evolved in the face of the legislative changes made to the aforementioned appeal? Does the new wording of the appeals guarantee access to justice? What is still to be decided upon? In the present study the analytic-deductive method was used, by means of bibliographic research, analyses of appellate decisions, jurisprudential precedents and guidelines of the Superior Labor Court, appellate decisions of the Supreme Court and the Superior Court of Appeals, and court reports. The correct handling of the appeals in the labor process requires lawyers, judges and all those who operate the Law to have wide knowledge of their technique and features. Penetrating the mysteries that absorb an appeal of a complex nature, which are the appeals against a divergent decision of the labor process, is an endeavor that excites and leads to Law evolution / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver um estudo acadêmico sobre o recurso de embargos de divergência do processo do trabalho, buscando principalmente a reflexão e o enfrentamento das inovações advindas com a Lei 11.496, de 22/06/2007. Para se chegar à compreensão das peculiaridades que envolvem esse recurso de natureza tão sinuosa, necessária a análise aprofundada da teoria geral dos recursos, em seus meandros mais relevantes e em paralelo com os recursos de natureza extraordinária. Justifica-se a detida análise de referido tema, não só porque se trata de recurso de inegável importância na seara laboral e de difícil caracterização, mas também pelo fato de que após a alteração legislativa ocorrida em 22/06/2007, são poucos os estudiosos que se debruçaram sobre o tema, o que nos tem legado uma bibliografia escassa, com muitas questões em aberto, a espera de uma resposta da doutrina e da jurisprudência. Após cinco anos de vigência da nova redação do artigo 894, inciso II, da Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho, quais as alterações sentidas no cabimento e no trâmite do recurso de embargos? Como a jurisprudência tem evoluído diante da alteração legislativa? A nova redação do recurso de embargos garante o acesso à justiça? O que ainda se está para decidir? Nesse estudo foi utilizado o método dedutivo-analítico, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, análise de acórdãos, súmulas e orientações jurisprudenciais do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho, súmulas do Supremo Tribunal Federal e do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, assim como revistas especializadas. O manejo correto do recurso de embargos de divergência no processo do trabalho exige do advogado, do magistrado e de todos aqueles que concretizam o Direito amplo conhecimento de sua técnica e de suas singularidades. Penetrar nos mistérios que absorvem um recurso de natureza turva, que são os embargos do artigo 894, inciso II, da Consolidação das Leis do é uma empreitada que empolga e conduz à evolução do Direito

<p>Denitrification is an anaerobic process performed by several soil bacteria as an alternative to aerobic respiration. A key-step in denitrification (the N-N-bond is made) is catalyzed by nitric oxide reductase (NOR); 2NO + 2e^- + 2H⁺ → N₂O + H₂O. NOR from <i>Paracoccus denitrificans</i> is a member of the heme copper oxidase superfamily (HCuOs), where the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase is the classical example. NOR is situated in the cytoplasmic membrane and can, as a side reaction, catalyze the reduction of oxygen to water.</p><p>NORs have properties that make them divergent members of the HCuOs; the reactions they catalyze are not electrogenic and they do not pump protons. They also have five strictly conserved glutamates in their catalytic subunit (NorB) that are not conserved in the ‘classical’ HCuOs. It has been asked whether the protons used in the reaction really come from the periplasm and if so how do the protons proceed through the protein into the catalytic site?</p><p>In order to find out whether the protons are taken from the periplasm or the cytoplasm and in order to pinpoint the proton-route in NorB, we studied electron- and proton transfer during a single- as well as multiple turnovers, using time resolved optical spectroscopy. Wild type NOR and several variants of the five conserved glutamates were investigated in their solubilised form or/and reconstituted into vesicles.</p><p>The results demonstrate that protons needed for the reaction indeed are taken from the periplasm and that all but one of the conserved glutamates are crucial for the oxidative phase of the reaction that is limited by proton uptake to the active site.</p><p>In this thesis it is proposed, using a model of NorB, that two of the glutamates are located at the entrance of the proton pathway which also contains two of the other glutamates close to the active site.</p>

Artificial divergent selection of chickens for high and low body weight at 8 weeks of age has produced two lines: the high (HWS) and low (LWS) body weight chicken lines. In addition to the difference in body weight, the lines show extreme differences in feeding behaviour and body composition. The aim of this study was to uncover the genetic and molecular factors that contribute to and determine these differences, especially regarding body energy regulation and appetite. In papers I and II, genome-wide gene expression in a brain sample containing hypothalamus and in dissected hypothalamus was analysed using DNA microarray and qRT-PCR. We found that levels of differential expression were generally moderate, which was consistent with the idea that polygenic factors were involved in the establishment of the chicken lines. Genes associated with neural plasticity, lipid metabolism and body energy regulation were differentially expressed. This result indicated that the neural systems regulating feeding behaviour and body weight were altered in the chicken lines. However, genes that were involved in the central melanocortin system were not systematically differentially expressed. Interestingly, the biggest differences in expression between the lines found in endogenous retrovirus sequences of the ALV subgroup E. Thus, in paper III, we characterized the number of integrations, the expression of ALVE retroviral elements and their effects on body weight. A significant correlation between low body weight and high ALVE expression was observed in female F9 birds from an HWS x LWS advanced intercross line. This implied that ev-loci contributing to increased ALVE expression levels were genetically linked to loci influencing the low body weight of the pullets. In paper IV, the carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1b gene (CPT1B), which was highly differentially expressed in the hypothalami, was investigated. We mapped chicken CPT1B to the distal tip of chromosome 1p. The levels of CPT1B mRNA in the HWS line were higher in the hypothalamus and lower in muscle than in the LWS line. This pattern of differential expression indicates that this gene could contribute to the remarkable phenotypic differences between HWS and LWS chickens. However, comparison with quantitative trait loci data showed that the expression of CPT1B is a trans effect, rather than a direct causative locus. In conclusion, the data suggested that the long-term selection for body weight resulted in differential gene expression in the brains of the selected chicken lines. These results may have relevance for the poultry industry and will also contribute to increasing knowledge about human diseases such as obesity and anorexia.

These studies compare neurotransmitter localization and the behavioral functions of homologous neurons in nudibranch molluscs to determine the types of changes that might underlie the evolution of species-specific behaviors. Serotonin (5-HT) immunohistochemistry in eleven nudibranch species indicated that certain groups of 5 HT-immunoreactive neurons, such as the Cerebral Serotonergic Posterior (CeSP) cluster, are present in all species. However, the locations and numbers of many other 5 HT-immunoreactive neurons were variable. Thus, particular parts of the serotonergic system have changed during the evolution of nudibranchs. To test whether the functions of homologous neurons are phylogenetically variable, comparisons were made in species with divergent behaviors. In Tritonia diomedea, which crawls and also swims via dorsal-ventral body flexions, the CeSP cluster includes the Dorsal Swim Interneurons (DSIs). It was previously shown that the DSIs are members of the swim central pattern generator (CPG); they are rhythmically active during swimming and, along with their neurotransmitter 5-HT, are necessary and sufficient for swimming. It was also known that the DSIs excite efferent neurons used in crawling. DSI homologues, the CeSP-A neurons, were identified in six species that do not exhibit dorsal-ventral swimming. Many physiological characteristics, including excitation of putative crawling neurons were conserved, but the CeSP A neurons were not rhythmically active in any of the six species. In the lateral flexion swimmer, Melibe leonina, the CeSP-A neurons and 5-HT, were sufficient, but not necessary, for swimming. Thus, homologous neurons, and their neurotransmitter, have functionally diverged in species with different behaviors. Homologous neurons in species with similar behaviors also exhibited functional divergence. Like Melibe, Dendronotus iris is a lateral flexion swimmer. Swim interneuron 1 (Si1) is in the Melibe swim CPG. However, its putative homologue in Dendronotus, the Cerebral Posterior ipsilateral Pedal (CPiP) neuron, was not rhythmically active during swim-like motor patterns, but could initiate such a motor pattern. Together, these studies suggest that neurons have changed their functional relationships to neural circuits during the evolution of species-specific behaviors and have functionally diverged even in species that exhibit similar behaviors.

<p>Continuous caster moulds are the last and most important stage in the steelmaking process, where inclusions can either be generated or removed. With increasing casting speed using conventional immersion nozzles critical problems, such as unstable bulk mould flow have been noticed. Mould flux entrapment due to vortex and shearing action from the oscillating surface waves have become of particular concern. It is therefore necessary to have a calm inlet flow at the entrance of the mould. Recently, it has been acknowledged that a swirl blade placed at the upstream of the immersion nozzle effectively resolves the problems arising from unstable bulk mould flow. Therefore, to increase the knowledge of effect of swirling flow on the flow pattern in the mould, fundamental mathematical models of a billet mould equipped with a swirl blade in the nozzle have been developed. The model was used to study the effect of divergent angle of the immersion nozzle and mould aspect ratio on the flow field and temperature distribution inside billets moulds. Data from water model experiments were used to verify the mathematical model predictions. A fairly good agreement was found between physical modeling data and predictions, which ensured that the numerical model is reliable. Thereafter, the differences between square and round billet moulds were studied. Next, the effect of changing aspect ratio of the rectangular mould on the fluid flow and heat transfer, while keeping mould surface area constant, was studied. Two types of immersion nozzles, bottomless and conventional, were also analyzed during the research. The model moulds were changed gradually from a square billet with an aspect ratio of 1x1 to a rectangular billet with an aspect ratio of 3x1. First, the temperature and velocity distributions were calculated. Later, unsteady calculations were done to determine velocity fluctuations on the meniscus level for two types of nozzles and several moulds geometries.</p>

Denitrification is an anaerobic process performed by several soil bacteria as an alternative to aerobic respiration. A key-step in denitrification (the N-N-bond is made) is catalyzed by nitric oxide reductase (NOR); 2NO + 2e- + 2H+ → N2O + H2O. NOR from Paracoccus denitrificans is a member of the heme copper oxidase superfamily (HCuOs), where the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase is the classical example. NOR is situated in the cytoplasmic membrane and can, as a side reaction, catalyze the reduction of oxygen to water. NORs have properties that make them divergent members of the HCuOs; the reactions they catalyze are not electrogenic and they do not pump protons. They also have five strictly conserved glutamates in their catalytic subunit (NorB) that are not conserved in the ‘classical’ HCuOs. It has been asked whether the protons used in the reaction really come from the periplasm and if so how do the protons proceed through the protein into the catalytic site? In order to find out whether the protons are taken from the periplasm or the cytoplasm and in order to pinpoint the proton-route in NorB, we studied electron- and proton transfer during a single- as well as multiple turnovers, using time resolved optical spectroscopy. Wild type NOR and several variants of the five conserved glutamates were investigated in their solubilised form or/and reconstituted into vesicles. The results demonstrate that protons needed for the reaction indeed are taken from the periplasm and that all but one of the conserved glutamates are crucial for the oxidative phase of the reaction that is limited by proton uptake to the active site. In this thesis it is proposed, using a model of NorB, that two of the glutamates are located at the entrance of the proton pathway which also contains two of the other glutamates close to the active site.

In this thesis, I examine variation in occurrence and performance of glabrous and trichome-producing plants of the perennial herb Arabidopsis lyrata. I combine field studies and genetic analysis to (1) examine the function of trichomes as a resistance character in natural populations, (2) compare the magnitude of population differentiation in trichome-production and at putatively neutral marker loci, (3) examine the molecular genetic basis of trichome-production, and (4) quantify the effects of herbivore removal on population growth and relative performance of glabrous and trichome-producing plants. In a survey of 30 populations of A. lyrata in Norway and Sweden, I documented spatiotemporal variation in damage from insect herbivores. With few exceptions, glabrous plants were more damaged by herbivorous insects than trichome-producing plants in polymorphic populations. Damage levels varied substantially among populations and among years. The intensity of herbivory quantified as mean leaf removal to glabrous plants was higher in polymorphic populations than in monomorphic glabrous populations. Within the Swedish range, populations were more strongly differentiated at the locus coding for glabrousness than at eight putatively neutral isozyme loci. This is consistent with the hypothesis that trichome production is subject to divergent selection. A study of the genetic basis of trichome production showed that glabrousness was associated with mutations in an orthologue to GLABROUS1, a regulatory gene known to cause glabrousness in A. thaliana. Comparative data indicate that the genetic basis of glabrousness varies among populations. Experimental removal of insect herbivores in a natural A. lyrata population increased population growth rate and the relative fitness of the glabrous morph. The results suggest that insect herbivory may influence both population dynamics and selection on trichome production in A. lyrata.

Establishing group structure in complex networks is potentially very useful since nodes belonging to the same module can often be related by commonalities in their biological function. However, module detection in complex networks poses a challenging problem and has sparked a great deal of interest in various disciplines in recent years [5]. In real networks, which can be quite complex, we have no idea about the true number of modules that exist. Furthermore, the structure of the modules may be hierarchical meaning they may be further divided into sub-modules and so forth. Many attempts have been made to deal with these problems and because the involved methods vary considerably they have been difficult to compare [5]. The objectives of this thesis are (i) to create and implement a new algorithm that will identify modules in complex networks and reconstruct the network in such a way so as to maximize modularity, (ii) to evaluate the performance of a new method, and compare it to a popular method based on a simulated annealing algorithm, and (iii) to apply the new method, and a comparator method, to analyze the metabolic network of the bacterial genus Listeria, an important pathogen in both agricultural and human clinical settings.

本研究先藉由文獻分析法瞭解擴散性思考、數學問題發現與數學學業成就三者的內涵，繼而依據它們的內涵並佐以學習、問題解決的角度，建立起三者間關係的假設，並透過實證調查研究法來驗證這些假設。本研究之研究對象為台北縣市五所國中的318位國三學生，研究工具為「新編創造思考測驗」、「數學問題發現測驗」、「第一次數學科基本學力測驗」，並以次數統計、集群分析、相關分析、變異數分析、逐步迴歸分析進行資料分析。本研究主要的研究結果如下： 一、學生能夠發現各種思考產物類型與數學類型的問題。其中，關係性問題與發現性問題最多人提出，而單位性、類別性與驗證性問題則較少人提出。 二、學生的數學問題發現型態有個別差異。 三、擴散性思考與數學問題發現間為顯著中低度相關。 四、擴散性思考與數學學業成就多為顯著中低度相關。 五、數學問題發現與數學學業成就間為顯著中低度相關。 六、能問大量且層次高數學問題的學生其數學學業成就比較不會問數學問題的學生為佳。 七、擴散性思考之流暢力、數學學業成就、擴散性思考之變通力可以有效預測數學問題發現之問題數。 八、擴散性思考之流暢力、數學學業成就、擴散性思考之變通力可以有效預測數學問題發現之問題獨特性。 九、數學學業成就與擴散性思考之流暢力可以有效預測數學問題發現之問題品質。 十、數學問題發現之問題品質、數學問題發現之問題數可以有效預測數學學業成就。 本研究最後針對數學教育以及未來研究提出若干具體建議。 / First, this study probed into the contents of divergent thinking, mathematical problem finding, and mathematical achievement by literature review. Then the researcher made hypotheses of the relationships between divergent thinking, mathematical problem finding, and mathematical achievement based on the contents of them and the views of learning and problem solving, and designed survey research to examine these hypotheses. The subjects were 318 9th grade students from five junior high schools in Taipei county and Taipei city. The data- collection instruments included：(a) New Creativity Test; (b) Mathematical Problem Finding Test; (c) Basic Educational Indicator Tests of Mathematics. After utilizing frequency, cluster analysis, correlation analysis, ANOVA, and stepwise regression, the main results of this investigation are：(a) Students can find problems of all kinds of intellectual products and mathematics. Among them, problems of relations and problems to find were found most and problems of units and classes and problems to prove were found least ; (b) There are individual differences between mathematical problem finding styles; (c) The correlations between divergent thinking and mathematical problem finding are significantly positive; (d) Most of the correlations between divergent thinking and mathematical achievement are significantly positive; (e) The correlations between mathematical problem finding and mathematical achievement are significantly positive; (f) Students who can finds many high-level problems have higher mathematical achievement than those who can not; (g) Fluency of divergent thinking, mathematical achievement, and flexibility of divergent thinking can be used to predict the number of problems of mathematical problem finding effectively; (h) Fluency of divergent thinking, mathematical achievement, and flexibility of divergent thinking can be used to predict the rarity of problems of mathematical problem finding effectively; (i) Mathematical achievement and fluency of divergent thinking can be used to predict the quality of problems of mathematical problem finding effectively; (j) The quality of problems and the number of problems can be used to predict mathematical achievement effectively. Finally, the researcher brings up some suggestions on mathematical education and the future research.