Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: Intresset för kreativitets- och innovationsforskning har ökat starkt i modern tid, särskilt under 2000-talet och framåt. Kreativitet och innovation kan beskrivas utifrån flera olika perspektiv och definitioner beroende på kontext och fenomen som undersöks. Samtidigt växer betydelsen av projektstyrning vilket anses bero på den komplexa affärsmiljön och den höga konkurrens som råder. Rätt projektstyrning anses viktigt för lyckade projekt. Det finns en potentiell konflikt mellan styrning och kreativitet, som därför kräver en balansgång för att uppnå önskat resultat. Syfte: Genom att studera hur projektprocesser sker i projekt och hur styrning och styrsystem balanseras med de kreativa processerna kommer vi att bidra till en ökad förståelse för vilken typ av styrning som är mest utmärkande i varje projektprocess och hur det samverkar med kreativitet. Syftet blir därmed att identifiera och jämföra det undersökta företagets anpassning av styrsystem gentemot kreativitetsprocesser med existerande teori inom kreativitetsforskning. På så sätt föreslår vi en modell för hur projekt kan styras beroende på både situationsbehov och typ av kreativt tänkande, uppdelad på de olika projektfaserna. Metod: En fallstudie har gjorts på IST, ett utvecklande IT-företag. Studien har ett kvalitativt förhållningssätt, där semistrukturerade intervjuer av projektledare har använts för att samla in det empiriska materialet. Slutsats: Olika förhållningssätt till kreativitet i olika situationer behövs för att lyckas med projektstyrning. Projektstyrning kan resultera i ökad inre motivation för medarbetarna om styrsystemen är utformade på rätt sätt. Att förstå när olika typer av tänkande krävs inom olika projektprocesser är då nödvändigt. I de olika projektprocesserna krävs fokus på olika former av styrning, i stängda problem. Alla fyra typer av styrsystem var aktiva under de olika projektprocesserna. Alla styrsystem fanns inte vara lika relevanta under varje process, under initiering används exempelvis boundary och interactive mer medan boundary och diagnostic används mer under planeringsstadiet. / Background and problem discussion: The interest for research in creativity- and innovation has strongly increased in the modern time, especially during the 21th century. Creativity and innovation can be described from several different perspectives and definitions depending on the context and phenomenon being studied. At the same time, the importance of project management is increasing which is considered to depend on the complex business environment and the high competitiveness. Proper project management is considered to be of large importance for successful projects. There is a potential conflict between control and creativity, and a balance between the two is thus required to achieve the desired result. Purpose: By studying how project processes occurs in projects and and how control and control systems are balanced with the creative processes, we will contribute to increase the understanding what type of control that is characteristic in each project process and how it interacts with creativity. The purpose is therefore to identify and compare the studied company’s adaptation of control system in relation to creativity processes with existing theory in creativity research. In this manner we propose a model for how projects can be controlled depending on situation and type of creative thinking, depending on the different project processes. Method: A case study has been conducted at IST, a developing IT-company. The study has a qualitative approach, where semi-structured interviews of project managers have been used to gather the empirical material. Conclusion: Different approaches to creativity in different situations are required in order to be successful in project management. Project management can result in increased intrinsic motivation for employees if the control systems are designed in the right way. Understanding when different types of creativity is needed in the different project processes is essential. The different project processes requires different types of control, in closed problems. All four types of control system were active during the different project processes. Although all four control systems aren’t considered to be equally active during respective process, boundary and interactive are for example more active during initiation, while boundary and diagnostic were more active during planning.

Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2011-09-26T12:52:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Davi Miranda (Versão Final).pdf: 627489 bytes, checksum: dd0d59a728cd4bd026c211b2f29333b8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2011-09-26T12:53:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Davi Miranda (Versão Final).pdf: 627489 bytes, checksum: dd0d59a728cd4bd026c211b2f29333b8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2011-09-26T12:53:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Davi Miranda (Versão Final).pdf: 627489 bytes, checksum: dd0d59a728cd4bd026c211b2f29333b8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-09-26T12:53:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Davi Miranda (Versão Final).pdf: 627489 bytes, checksum: dd0d59a728cd4bd026c211b2f29333b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07 / Normalmente, o processo de tomada de decisão para seleção de um novo projeto considera o retorno financeiro e estratégico por meio de indicadores e métodos diversos. Porém, no caso abordado aqui, há uma situação atípica: uma verba mínima estabelecida, e de uso obrigatório, para implementação de projetos antagônicos aos objetivos da empresa. Por força de lei, todas as concessionárias distribuidoras de energia elétrica no Brasil devem direcionar recursos para projetos de eficiência energética a serem aplicados em seus clientes, ou seja, aqueles que consomem e geram lucro para as empresas. A existência deste tipo de situação não é comum no meio empresarial. Ou seja, enfrentar um processo decisório onde o que se busca são resultados contrários ao objetivo das empresas em questão. Assim, o principal objetivo desta pesquisa é compreender os fatores de decisão em situações de incentivos divergentes. Este trabalho mostra que a existência da situação de incentivo divergente alterou os fatores considerados pelos decisores no processo de tomada de decisões. No lugar de fatores financeiros normalmente adotados em projetos em situação normal e mesmo em projetos de eficiência energética, obtiveram maior importância os fatores diretamente ligados ao sucesso e resultados específicos dos projetos, minimizando a importância de buscar conexão com as diretrizes de governança das organizações. / Normally, the decision-making process for selecting a new project considers the strategic and financial return using multiple indicators and methods. However, in the case discussed here, there is an atypical situation: a minimum amount of obligatory use, for implementation of projects contrary to business objectives. By law, all electricity distribution utilities in Brazil should direct resources to energy efficiency projects to be invested in its customers, those who consume and generate profit for companies. This type of situation is not common on business. That is, a decision process which goal is contrary to the objective of the companies concerned. Thus, the main objective of this research is to understand the decision factors in situations of conflicting incentives. This paper shows that the existence of divergent incentive situation changed the factors considered by decision makers in making decisions. Instead of financial factors normally adopted in projects in normal conditions and energy efficiency projects, the most important factors directly linked specifically to the success and outcomes of projects, minimizing the importance of seeking connection with the governance guidelines of the organizations.

The diploma thesis "Cognition and Ritual: Application of the divergent Modes of Religiosity Theory to the Jewish Ritual Praxis of the Community Bejt Praha" presents the application of the divergent Modes of Religiosity theory to the Jewish ritual praxis. The thesis is based on the method of textual analysis and ethnographic data collection. The theory by anthropologist Harvey Whitehouse seeks to explain ritual dynamics of the doctrinal mode and of the imagistic mode in terms of underlying cognitive mechanisms. I show the limitations of Whitehouse's cognitive model with regard to the application of the theory to the ethnographic data. The main goal of the thesis is the critical evaluation of the divergent Modes of Religiosity argument.

Import sanctions were used to a very limited extent against South Africa in the early sixties and latter half of the seventies to clearly signal the international community's disapproval of the country's apartheid policy. In the middle eighties South Africa was further exposed to a two year wave of export and financial sanctions. This was after the government had already committed itself to move away from apartheid as a policy that was no longer deemed feasible. All these sanctions were lifted in the early nineties after the abolition of apartheid but before negotiations for a new constitutional dispensation had firmly got under way. Contrary to some popular impressions, the 1985-87 sanctions were also severe1y limited in scope and nature, with the result that their economic impact was only marginal at best. They were introduced at a time when the country unexpectedly had to face a foreign debt crisis and had to drastically adjust the economy downward, not unlike that experienced by many other developing countries. The severe recession and greater socio-political unrest that followed did not lead to an escalation of sanctions, but nevertheless threatened to make large parts of the country ungovernable. The evidence is that sanctions only played a minor role in bringing about this poor and deteriorating state of affairs. The political aims of abolishing apartheid and preparing the way for negotiations was achieved mainly as a result of certain internal political developments, together with the political implications of such major other outside developments as the economic collapse of Sub-Saharan Africa and the Soviet Union. South Africa's experience with sanctions confirms that as elsewhere their economic impact as an instrument of foreign policy was invariably exaggerated, whereas their contribution in explaining the subsequent course of political events was at best uncertain. / Department of Economics / Ph.D. (Economics)

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of creativity in the teaching of physics in elementary school. Creativity is first described in general. The reader will learn what are the aspects of creativity, what are the characteristics of creative solution of problems and how is creativity being developed in the course of live. Then, the thesis focused on the pedagogical concept of creativity. Didactic aspects of creativity teaching are presented here and creative teaching methods are characterized. Further is the work already focused on the teaching of physics itself. Besides traditional teaching methods are introduced mind maps, divergent physical tasks and advice for the realization of creativity teaching. The practical part of this thesis is the suggestion of the collection of divergent tasks and ?research probe?, i.e. the practical verification of several tasks. The tasks were given to two different groups of students, one of which had already had experience with solving these tasks, and for the second group it was something new. The results of both groups were compared and conclusions were made.

This thesis discusses any potentialities and usage of nonverbal tasks for teaching Physics. It primarily analyses the general physical tasks and their position in teaching Physics and then nonverbal physical tasks and their application. For nonverbal tasks there is an emphasis not only on the solutions, but also on the aspects of creativity and on the advancement of divergent thinking of students. The thesis contains a set of created nonverbal tasks and their solutions. Some of tasks are processed to the worksheets and these worksheets were used for experimental verification of tasks. The experimental results are connected with this thesis and analyzed there. The aim of experiments is verification of ability of pupils to solve nonverbal tasks and their ability to identify dependencies between conventional approaches and nonverbal approaches.

Thesis (M.Ed. (Mathematics, Science and Technology Education)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / The purpose of this is to investigate how teachers go about for the development of Creative Thinking Skills (CTS) in a grade 9 technology classroom. The introduction of technology in the South African curriculum by the Department of Basic Education (DBE) to develop CTS through the Design Process (DP) as the cornerstone of the learning area. Technology as a learning area should provide learners with opportunities to solve real-life problems, in the process developing their CTS (DBE, 2011). In the 21st century, CTS have been seen as skills that are crucial across the spectrum of day to day activities. However; it appears to be very complex for technology teachers to enhance the teaching and learning of CTS in a technology classroom. The literature suggests that technology teachers tend to suppress the development of learners’ CTS by limiting the process of teaching and learning to low order thinking cognitive levels rather than high order cognitive levels. This study employed a qualitative research enquiry, purposive sampling was used for the selection of the relevant participants. Qualified technology teachers who teach grade 9 technology with at least three years’ experience in teaching technology were considered. Data collection was obtained through interviews, observation and document analysis. The research finding showed that teachers lack the understanding of policies, particularly CAPS hence they continuously compromise its implementation hindering with the development of CTS of learners as it is envisaged in the CAPS document. Furthermore, the research findings reveal that the teacher has a little or no understanding of what is creative thinking (CT) and what it entails, hence they did not unpack what is it exactly that they do to support the development of learners CTS in a technology classroom This study recommends that technology teachers be familiar with the CAPS document and implement it correctly without any compromise. Furthermore; understanding of the design process is of vital importance to teachers as it is the cornerstone of teaching and learning, particularly the development of CTS of learners. Technology teachers need also to have a clear understanding of what CT is and what it entails, that will assist to arouse their CT and help to develop the CTS of learners in a technology classroom.

Los avances tecnológicos permitieron que las empresas busquen nuevos horizontes para ofrecer productos y servicios que cubran las necesidades de los clientes incluso por encima de sus expectativas. Asimismo, la innovación en las organizaciones ha permitido que los líderes puedan fomentar una cultura de desarrollo en los individuos, un pensamiento abierto a la creatividad a la innovación radical para desarrollar nuevos productos y servicios. Esta innovación está asociada a un riesgo económico y operacional si no se gestiona correctamente. Por tal motivo, se busca estudiar los factores y métodos para minimizar estos riesgos para obtener los beneficios de las ventajas competitivas, altos ingresos económicos, personal comprometido y sostenibilidad a largo plazo. Para su desarrollo, se consideró 5 aspectos: 1° La innovación cognitiva almacena el comportamiento de los individuos aprendidos durante su formación,  2° La visión divergente para elaborar soluciones que cubran las necesidades de los clientes, 3° El pensamiento multidireccional que conduce a los individuos a identificar problemas y brindar soluciones creativas, 4° Las políticas de innovación para controlar los procesos en el desarrollo de un producto o servicio y 5° El liderazgo para fomentar el trabajo en equipo y la participación de los individuos en la toma de decisiones. / Technological advances have allowed companies to seek new horizons to offer products and services that meet the needs of customers even above their expectations. Likewise, innovation in organizations has allowed leaders to foster a culture of development in individuals, thinking open to creativity and radical innovation to develop new products and services. This innovation is associated with an economic and operational risk if it is not managed correctly. For this reason, it seeks to study the factors and methods to minimize these risks to obtain the benefits of competitive advantages, high economic income, committed staff and long-term sustainability. For its development, 5 aspects were considered: 1 ° Cognitive innovation stores the behavior of individuals learned during their training, 2 ° The divergent vision to develop solutions that meet the needs of customers, 3 ° The multidirectional thinking that leads to individuals to identify problems and provide creative solutions, 4th Innovation policies to control processes in the development of a product or service and 5th Leadership, to encourage teamwork and the participation of individuals in decision-making . / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

Le sujet de cette thèse est l'hydrodynamique de corps minces (feuilles) et élancés (filamenteux) de fluide visqueux immergés dans un second fluide ayant une viscosité différente. Nous nous concentrons sur deux exemples : la subduction de la lithosphère océanique et le flambage de fils visqueux dans microcanaux divergents, les deux ont un nombre de Reynolds caractéristique Re<<1. Pour le cas de la subduction d'une feuille mince, nous proposons une hybride méthode «boundary integral & thin sheet» (BITS). Après la validation en comparant ses prévisions avec celles de la boundary-element méthode, deux solutions instantanées et dépendant du temps sont effectués pour analyser la subduction avec la méthode BITS. L'analyse à l'échelle de la vitesse d'immersion normalisée en fonction de «la rigidité en flexion» de la feuille est confirmée par nos prédictions numériques. Pour des rapports de viscosité modérée (≈100), la feuille amincit sensiblement quand elle coule, mais pas assez pour conduire à la «rupture de la dalle» que l'on observe dans plusieurs zones de subduction sur Terre. Ensuite, le code BLEU parallèle pour écoulements polyphasiques est utilisé à simuler pliage visqueux tridimensionnel dans des microcanaux divergent. Nous avons réalisé une étude paramétrique comprenant cinq simulations dans lequel le rapport de débit volumétrique, le rapport de viscosité, le nombre de Reynolds, et la forme de la chaîne ont été modifiées par rapport à un modèle de référence. Le fil devient instable à une instabilité de pliage en raison de la contrainte de compression longitudinale. L'axe de pliage initial peut être parallèle ou perpendiculaire à la dimension étroite de la chambre. Dans le premier cas, le pliage transforme lentement au pliage perpendiculaire au moyen d'une torsion, ou peut disparaître totalement. / The hydrodynamics of thin (sheet-like) and slender (filamentary) bodies of viscous fluid immersed in a second fluid with a different viscosity is studied. Here we focuses on two examples: the subduction of oceanic lithosphere and the buckling of viscous threads in diverging microchannels, both have a characteristic Reynolds number Re<<1. A hybrid boundary integral & thin sheet method (BITS) is build for the subduction of 2D immersed sheet. After the validation by comparing with the results of full boundary elements method, both instantaneous and time-dependant soloutions are done to analyze the subduction with the BITS method. The scaling analysis of the normalized sinking speed V/V_Stokes as a function of the sheet's 'flexural stiffness' is confirmed by our numerical predictions. For moderate viscosity ratios (≈100), the sheet thins substantially as it sinks, but not enough to lead to the ‘slab breakoff’ that is observed in several subduction zones on Earth. Next, the parallel code BLUE for multi-phases flows is used to simulate the 3-dimensional viscous folding in diverging microchannels. We performed a parameter study comprising five simulations in which the flow rate ratio, the viscosity ratio, the Reynolds number, and the shape of the channel were varied relative to a reference model. The thread becomes unstable to a folding instability due to the longitudinal compressive stress. The initial folding axis can be either parallel or perpendicular to the narrow dimension of the chamber. In the former case, the folding slowly transforms via twisting to perpendicular folding , or may disappear totally.

La intersección de las avenidas Salaverry, Cádiz y Jirón Huiracocha, en el límite de los distritos de San Isidro y Jesús María en Lima, se le considera de gran demanda vehicular, como peatonal, en donde la ausencia de pasos peatonales y ciclovías protegidas, y congestión vehicular generan sensación de inseguridad e ineficiencia en el sistema de tránsito urbano. Debido a esto, se realizó el estudio de tráfico y se planteó una Intersección Diamante Divergente (DDI, por sus siglas en inglés) como solución a esta perspectiva. El diseño geométrico, calibración y validación se realizaron con el programa Vissim 9 en búsqueda de la más eficiente alternativa en cuanto operatividad en una DDI. Para ello se obtuvieron los datos topográficos, toma de datos y extrapolación de los flujos vehiculares existentes. La propuesta elegida no satisfizo las expectativas planteadas al inicio de la investigación, por ello se modificó la operatividad existente con la finalidad de crear un entorno urbanístico cotidiano. Una intersección con una coordinación semafórica entre ambos cruces (Avenida Cádiz y Jirón Huiracocha) genera eficiencia y seguridad a los usuarios. La primera modificación fue realizar una apertura en la Avenida Salaverry con dirección al Jirón Huiracocha, el diseño de un ciclo semafórico y la exclusividad de cruce peatonal y ciclista. Por último, en cuanto la intersección con la Avenida Cádiz, se optimizó la seguridad de las ciclovías existentes al evitar el cruce directo con las arterias viales. Con estas modificaciones, se logró mejorar el sistema en un 7% para operatividad vehicular y un 70% en cuanto a los flujos peatonales. De esto se concluye que los tiempos de viaje, demoras y longitudes de cola vehicular se reducen frente a la situación actual. Además, el flujo de todos los usuarios se desarrolla en armonía, sin elevados tiempos de espera o elevada demanda vial en ciertos tramos del caso de estudio. / The intersection of Salaverry - Cadiz Avenues and Huiracocha street, in the limits of San Isidro and Jesús María districts in Lima, is known by its vehicular and pedestrian massive demand, where the absence of protected pedestrian crossings, bicycle path and traffic congestion generate insecurity and inefficiency in the local transit system. Due to this, the traffic study was carried out by a Diverging Diamond Intersection (DDI) as an alternative to enhance these shortcomings. The geometric design, calibration and validation were developed with Vissim 9 modeling program in search of the most efficient alternative in terms of operability in a DDI, according to its traffic light cycle and geometric design. As inputs parameters were necessary topographic data, data collection and extrapolation of existing vehicle flows. The chosen proposal did not reach the expectations at the beginning of the research; therefore, the existing traffic operability was modified in order to create a daily urban environment. An intersection with coordinated traffic lights between both intersections (Cádiz-Salaverry Avenue and Huiracocha Street) generates efficiency and safety for users. The first modification was to make an opening on Salaverry Avenue in the direction of Huiracocha street, the design of a traffic light cycle and the exclusivity path of pedestrian and bicycle. Finally, regarding the intersection at Cadiz-Salaverry Avenues, the safety of the existing bicycle roads was optimized by avoiding direct crossing on these road arteries. / Tesis