Documentation is an important aspect in the construction industry since there are many types and number of documents that have to be controlled for the success of a given project. In design/build projects, site technical groups of the contractor upgrade the tender drawings by preparing shop drawings to be sent to the consultant for checking purpose. Especially in large projects a great many shop drawings are produced, causing a need of a system to keep track of and to understand the status of the drawings. These all can be achieved with a proper documentation system to be used within the company. The main aim of this study was to make a proposal for the structure of production drawings of &ldquo / design/build&rdquo / construction projects in computer environment to maintain control of the drawings in the construction sites while documenting them for project completion. This system should base on CADD Standards. In this, first, the architectural production drawings were identified. These were then arranged according to the model file-naming convention of the selected CADD Standard. Following, the main folders of the proposed documentation structure were created and, finally, the working principles of the structure were introduced. The system was applied to a real construction project for a period of two weeks and tested by usability evaluation. The results of the usability evaluations revealed that the system provides advantages in terms of the control of shop drawings and documentation for project completion. Conversely, the system did not maintain ease of communication.

In the multidisciplinary design process, design documents are used to help support a team's design and mediate any misunderstandings that occur. Current methods of organizing such design documents are either difficult to keep up to date physically with their digital versions, or inhibit distributed users access to important comparative information. Digital tag and content thumbnail-based document organization is presented as a possible alternative. The effects of tag-based document organization on the manner in which collocated and distributed design teams categorize, review and search design documents and resolve design misunderstandings were compared to the effects of traditional physical (the pin up walls of project rooms)&digital (shared digital file folders) document organization. Student participant design teams were assembled. These teams were observed organizing a provided set of design documents and develop a design solution as a team using either tag-based or traditional physical or digital document organization. Team members were given retrieval tests to compare search times between methods of document organization. User feedback on organization preferences were collected and used to develop a conceptual prototype of a document organization interface supportive of the multidisciplinary design process. Though the quantitative results did no clearly favor tag-based organization, observational results and user comments were in support of the capabilities tag-based organization provides.

No description available.

<p>According to the arm’s length principle, transactions between associated multinational en-terprises (MNE) shall be based on the same conditions as transactions between unrelated parties. This means that intra-group prices on cross-boarding transactions must be at arm’s length range and consistent with conditions in the open market. The arm’s length principle is expressed in article 9.1 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and Chapter 14 section 19 of the Swedish Income Tax Act.</p><p>When transfer pricing between associated MNEs is not reflecting the arm’s length princi-ple, states face the possibility of losing tax revenue. The majority of OECD member coun-tries have implemented national documentation requirements and involve enterprises to present documentation on their transfer pricing. This obligation increases the possibilities for Tax Authorities to control whether or not a company follows the arm’s length princi-ple. Chapter V of the OECD Guidelines provides general guidance in this matter. Within the EU the transfer pricing forum JTPF, has developed a standardized model for docu-mentation known as the EUTPD. Application of the EUTPD depends on the MNEs themselves but also on national requests.</p><p>The Swedish legislator intends to implement national documentation requirements through the Government Bill 2005/06:169 “Effektivare Skattekontroll”. The regulation is likely to become effective 1 January 2007. Regardless that the burden of proof still lies on the Tax Authorities, MNEs are obligated to produce documentation that will be used as evidence of their transactions. The bill is drafted as a legislative framework and the implication will be developed through further directions from the Tax Authorities. Court Law will also be significant in how the legislation is applied.</p><p>This thesis concludes that the proposed regulation is unclear and therefore stands to coun-teracts or undermines the purposes behind the legislation. Since transfer pricing is not an exact science it is logical that the regulation be proposed as a framework, which would ren-der the possibilities for extensive interpretations. However, indistinctive rules would not increase neither the awareness nor the predictability concerning transfer pricing and docu-mentation requirements. Considering that the majority of MNEs in Sweden are small and medium sized companies and not always familiar with the arm’s length principle, the legis-lator should have expressed the documentation requirements more precisely. Nonetheless, since the enquiries will most likely increase, enterprises will be forced to allocate resources on their transfer pricing and documentation. This legislation will in turn increase the aware-ness and predictability in the long-term.</p>

<p>As the globalization of companies increases day by day, the need for a clear and comprehensible legislation to overcome the problems with transfer pricing transactions increases as well. Incorrect pricing in transfer pricing situations between companies with close economic ties to each other makes countries risk parts of their taxation income.</p><p>Swedish legislation uses the internationally accepted arm’s length principle to regulate the transfer pricing transactions. Through the correction rule, the rule is upheld that the pricing between two companies with close economic ties to each other must apply to the same conditions as it would have been if it was between two companies without close economic ties to each other.</p><p>To ensure that enough material is provided to base the assumption whether or not the correction rule has been followed or not, Swedish legislation provides a number of paragraphs to regulate the matter. The legislation is spread all over and is hard to interpret. The question rises whether this is against the rule of legal certainty or not.</p><p>The taxation authority has provided a proposition on new legislation with tougher documentation requirements where it also wants to give itself part of the power by through directions exactly define what the documentation shall include. Yet again the question is raised whether or not this is against the rule of legal certainty or not.</p> / <p>I takt med att globaliseringen av företag ökar, ökar också behovet av en klar och tydlig lagstiftning för att överkomma problemen med internprissättningstransaktioner. Vid oriktig prissättning vid transaktioner mellan företag i ekonomisk intressegemen-skap riskerar länder att gå miste om delar av sin skattebas.</p><p>Svensk lagstiftning använder sig av den internationellt accepterade armlängdsprincipen för att reglera internprissättningstransaktioner. Genom korrigeringsregeln regleras att prissättningen mellan två företag i ekonomisk intressegemenskap måste ske under samma förutsättningar som skulle ha gällt mellan två företag utan ekonomisk intressegemenskap.</p><p>För att få underlag till huruvida korrigeringsregeln har följts eller inte finns ett antal lagrum i svensk rätt som reglerar dokumentationskrav. Denna lagstiftning är spridd och anses vara svårtolkad. Frågan uppstår om detta strider mot rättsäkerheten.</p><p>Skatteverket har kommit med ett förslag på ny lagstiftning med skärpta dokumentationskrav där man dessutom vill ge sig själv delar av makten att genom föreskrifter exakt bestämma vad dokumentationen skall innehålla. Återigen väcks frågan om det-ta är förenligt med rättssäkerheten.</p>

Am 4. April 2008 konnte in der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB) mit einem Festakt die Übergabe einer zeitgeschichtlichen Quelle von Rang begangen werden. Die Rede ist von der Videodokumentation des Regie-Kameramannes Ernst Hirsch vom Wiederaufbau der Frauenkirche in Dresden. Sie entstand in den Jahren von 1992-2005 im Auftrag der Gesellschaft zur Förderung des Wiederaufbaus der Frauenkirche e. V. und dokumentiert durch beinahe 400 Stunden Videomaterial das Baugeschehen und die Ereignisse rund um den neu errichteten Sakralbau.

<p>Understanding technical documentation is of vital importance, since instructions and descriptions are given about how technical products are used, maintained and repaired. Because of the increased economic globalization, more and more documentation is both written in English by non-native English writers, and delivered to non-native English readers. More and more documentation is also translated by means of computerized aids. In order to improve comprehension and translatability of technical documentation, controlled languages are created. Controlled languages are subsets of ordinary languages, but with restricted vocabularies and writing rules.</p><p>The aim of this report is to discuss the advantages and disadvantages for Swedish export companies to use Simplified Technical English (STE), which is a controlled language, for their technical documentation. In this work technical writers are asked about their opinions of STE. Additionally, technical texts written in traditional English are compared with versions written in STE, in order to find out whether texts written in a controlled language are easier to read or not. Within the comparison, the differences between the versions are discussed and a readability measurement is done. The measurement showed that readability in technical documentation is improved by using STE. The writers’ opinions are illuminated in three areas, which are: higher documentation quality, reduced translation costs and reduced production costs.</p>

Dans une première partie, nous étudions les bibliothèques académiques dont les principes fondateurs sont aujourd'hui interrogés par la société de l'information. Le gestionnaire d'une bibliothèque recherche la voie d'avancement la meilleure possible pour l'unité qu'il conduit. Les outils d'évaluation et de management utilisés en bibliothèque suscitente des insatisfactions car ils sont parfois inaptes à rendre compte de la nécessité d'une vision holistique de la bibliothèque. L'appproche constructiviste du management semble alors une alternative plausible pour aider les gestionnaires de biblithèques académiques à construire une vision stratégique de ces organisations. Nous bâtissons alors, dans une deuxième partie, un projet de modélisation basé sur la modélisation des systèmes complexes préconisée par Jean-Louis Le Moigne et sur la méthodologie des systèmes souples de Peter Checkland. Notre terrain de recherche est constitué de bibliothèques académiques françaises dans lesquelles nous effectuons interviews et observations participantes. Nous construisons un diagnostic en trois phases. La première phase permt au gestionnaire de visualiser l'offre de service dont nous montrons qu'elle est en évolution selon les trois axes des technologies, des moyens et des savoir-faire mise en oeuvre. La deuxième phase interroge le système informationnel de la bibliothèque, par une étude des environnements dans lequel l'organisation évolue et des flux qui la traversent. La troisième phase étudie le système décisionnel, s'intéressant à son organisation, à la circulation de l'information interne et aux processus de décision mis en oeuvre. Ce diagnostic en construction permanente est entendu dans la continuité du management de la bibliothèque et non comme une première étape d'une stratégie. Il est mis en oeuvre dans cinq bibliothèques. Les résultats montrent la richesse de l'apport de la modélisation, qui permet de proposer des modèles évolutifs, transposables et permettant l'apprentissage.

Texte remanié de: Habilitationschrift--Philosophische Fakultät--Aachen--Technische Hochschule, 1998. / Bibliogr. p. 477-511.

Projet professionnel personnel de bibliothécaire : dossier d'aide à la décision : Bibliothéconomie : Villeurbanne, ENSSIB : 2006. / Texte intégral.