Les fonds d'archives forment de grandes quantités de documents difficiles à interpréter automatiquement : les approches classiques imposent un lourd effort de conception, sans parvenir à empêcher la production d'erreurs qu'il faut corriger après les traitements.Face à ces limites, notre travail vise à améliorer la processus d'interprétation, en conservant un fonctionnement page par page, et en lui apportant des informations contextuelles extraites du fonds documentaire ou fournies par des opérateurs humains.Nous proposons une extension ciblée de la description d'une page qui permet la mise en place systématique d'échanges entre le processus d'interprétation et son environnement. Un mécanisme global itératif gère l'apport progressif d'informations contextuelles à ce processus, ce qui améliore l'interprétation.L'utilisation de ces nouveaux outils pour le traitement de documents du XVIIIe siècle a montré qu'il était facile d'intégrer nos propositions à un système existant, que sa conception restait simple, et que l'effort de correction pouvait être diminué. / Fonds, also called historical document collections, are important amounts of digitized documents which are difficult to interpret automatically: usual approaches require a lot of work during design, but do not manage to avoid producing many errors which have to be corrected after processing.To cope with those limitations, our work aimed at improving the interpretation process by making use of information extracted from the fond, or provided by human operators, while keeping a page by page processing.We proposed a simple extension of page description language which permits to automatically generate information exchange between the interpretation process and its environment. A global iterative mechanism progressively brings contextual information to the later process, and improves interpretation.Experiments and application of those new tools for the processing of documents from the 18th century showed that our propositions were easy to integrate in an existing system, that its design is still simple, and that required manual corrections were reduced.

The educational reform, current changes in society and closer cooperation with municipalities as the usual founders of schools allow schools to focuse on less common and specific themas and work with them in a new way. In these days, the school itself is not only a place of education, it is a very important element of cultural and social life of every municipality as well. Based on these changes, the possibility of schools and individual teachers to form territorial identity of pupils and local residents comes to the fore. That is why the aim of this diploma thesis is to analyse teachers' attitudes to teaching about the territorial identity and its forming "outside" the school. For our research three small schools with composite classes in the Tábor region are chosen. Subsequently we analyse their school education programmes in the cotext of territorial identity, by the in-depth interview with teachers we analyse the intended currirulum and by the observing of appropriate lesson we analyse thematically focused realised curriculum. Key words: territorial identity, elements of territorial identity, small school with composite classes, curricural documents

The thesis deals with the social position of the Jewish minority in Germany during the first decades of the Second Reich; it is intended as a contribution to the social history with an emphasis on the history of everyday life. It attemps to answer a question, why despite (what seemed to be) a highly successful assimilation, or more precisely acculturation, the Jews became a target of hateful attacks again in the late 1870's and 1880's. Various methods have been applied to determine, firstly, how the German-Jewish family life looked, whether and how its education approach and job structure differed from those of the majority; secondly, in which way the social-economic situation affected the minority position, its participation in public life and its attitude to the recently estabilished state; and last but not least, the way the German-Jews understood and perceived themselves, as well as the East European immigrants (so called Ostjuden) and the public's anti-Semitism. The result of the study shows that the German-Jewish values and customs were mainly identical to those of the bourgeoisie, probably with an endogamy being the only specific feature. At the time of rising Conservatism and in spite of experiencing bitter disappointment at the again appearing anti-Semitism, their optimism and trust in...

Thesis "Health Education in School Books and Educational Reality at Primary School" deals with the realization of Health Education at primary school. Theoretical part of diploma paper results from the content of Health Education in curricular documents, further there is stated up-to-date legislation which regulates this topic. Furthermore the most frequent school books with Health Education are described in this thesis. Practical part of the diploma paper includes the assessment of teachers' attitude on primary schools towards this topic. Thesis evaluates real use of school books by teachers in their effort to achieve the main objectives of Health Education. Further it analyses selected school books of general science considering the health support and protection. In conclusion the results of research work are sumarized in this thesis with the intention to reveal the curent situation in the application of school books and other school materials in the process of realization of Health Education in chosen schools.

The subject of this graduation thesis is to study internal electronic signatures in PDF documents. The thesis introduces general principles of electronic signatures, deals with the internal structure of PDF documents including the connection of electronic signatures and describes the process of verifying an electronic signature. An integral part of this thesis is an implementation of an application, which performs verification of electronic signatures in a PDF document. The aim of this application is to verify the digital signature embedded in a PDF document according to the current legislation of the Czech Republic, while allowing users to change extensively the rules for evaluating the validity of the signature. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Cette thèse présente une nouvelle méthodologie pour analyser des réseaux. Nous développons l'intrication d'un réseau multiplex, qui se matérialise sous forme d'une mesure d'intensité et d'homogénéité, et d'une abstraction, le réseau d'interaction des catalyseurs, auxquels sont associés des indices d'intrication. Nous présentons ensuite la mise en place d'outils spécifiques pour l'analyse visuelle des réseaux complexes qui tirent profit de cette méthodologie. Ces outils présente une vue double de deux réseaux,qui inclue une un algorithme de dessin, une interaction associant brossage d'une sélection et de multiples liens pré-attentifs. Nous terminons ce document par la présentation détaillée d'applications dans de multiples domaines. / When it comes to comprehension of complex phenomena, humans need to understand what interactions lie within them.These interactions are often captured with complex networks. However, the interaction pluralism is often shallowed by traditional network models. We propose a new way to look at these phenomena through the lens of multiplex networks, in which catalysts are drivers of the interaction through substrates. To study the entanglement of a multiplex network is to study how edges intertwine, in other words, how catalysts interact. Our entanglement analysis results in a full set of new objects which completes traditional network approaches: the entanglement homogeneity and intensity of the multiplex network, and the catalyst interaction network, with for each catalyst, an entanglement index. These objects are very suitable for embedment in a visual analytics framework, to enable comprehension of a complex structure. We thus propose of visual setting with coordinated multiple views. We take advantage of mental mapping and visual linking to present simultaneous information of a multiplex network at three different levels of abstraction. We complete brushing and linking with a leapfrog interaction that mimics the back-and-forth process involved in users' comprehension. The method is validated and enriched through multiple applications including assessing group cohesion in document collections, and identification of particular associations in social networks.

La segmentation de page est l'une des étapes les plus importantes de l'analyse d'images de documents. Idéalement, une méthode de segmentation doit être capable de reconstituer la structure complète de toute page de document, en distinguant les zones de textes, les parties graphiques, les photographies, les croquis, les figures, les tables, etc. En dépit de nombreuses méthodes proposées à ce jour pour produire une segmentation de page correcte, les difficultés sont toujours nombreuses. Le chef de file du projet qui a rendu possible le financement de ce travail de thèse (*) utilise une chaîne de traitement complète dans laquelle les erreurs de segmentation sont corrigées manuellement. Hormis les coûts que cela représente, le résultat est subordonné au réglage de nombreux paramètres. En outre, certaines erreurs échappent parfois à la vigilance des opérateurs humains. Les résultats des méthodes de segmentation de page sont généralement acceptables sur des documents propres et bien imprimés; mais l'échec est souvent à constater lorsqu'il s'agit de segmenter des documents manuscrits, lorsque la structure de ces derniers est vague, ou lorsqu'ils contiennent des notes de marge. En outre, les tables et les publicités présentent autant de défis supplémentaires à relever pour les algorithmes de segmentation. Notre méthode traite ces problèmes. La méthode est divisée en quatre parties : - A contrario de ce qui est fait dans la plupart des méthodes de segmentation de page classiques, nous commençons par séparer les parties textuelles et graphiques de la page en utilisant un arbre de décision boosté. - Les parties textuelles et graphiques sont utilisées, avec d'autres fonctions caractéristiques, par un champ conditionnel aléatoire bidimensionnel pour séparer les colonnes de texte. - Une méthode de détection de lignes, basée sur les profils partiels de projection, est alors lancée pour détecter les lignes de texte par rapport aux frontières des zones de texte. - Enfin, une nouvelle méthode de détection de paragraphes, entraînée sur les modèles de paragraphes les plus courants, est appliquée sur les lignes de texte pour extraire les paragraphes, en s'appuyant sur l'apparence géométrique des lignes de texte et leur indentation. Notre contribution sur l'existant réside essentiellement dans l'utilisation, ou l'adaptation, d'algorithmes empruntés aux méthodes d'apprentissage automatique de données, pour résoudre les cas les plus difficiles. Nous démontrons en effet un certain nombre d'améliorations : sur la séparation des colonnes de texte lorsqu'elles sont proches l'une de l'autre~; sur le risque de fusion d'au moins deux cellules adjacentes d'une même table~; sur le risque qu'une région encadrée fusionne avec d'autres régions textuelles, en particulier les notes de marge, même lorsque ces dernières sont écrites avec une fonte proche de celle du corps du texte. L'évaluation quantitative, et la comparaison des performances de notre méthode avec des algorithmes concurrents par des métriques et des méthodologies d'évaluation reconnues, sont également fournies dans une large mesure.(*) Cette thèse a été financée par le Conseil Général de Seine-Saint-Denis, par l'intermédiaire du projet Demat-Factory, initié et conduit par SAFIG SA / Document page segmentation is one of the most crucial steps in document image analysis. It ideally aims to explain the full structure of any document page, distinguishing text zones, graphics, photographs, halftones, figures, tables, etc. Although to date, there have been made several attempts of achieving correct page segmentation results, there are still many difficulties. The leader of the project in the framework of which this PhD work has been funded (*) uses a complete processing chain in which page segmentation mistakes are manually corrected by human operators. Aside of the costs it represents, this demands tuning of a large number of parameters; moreover, some segmentation mistakes sometimes escape the vigilance of the operators. Current automated page segmentation methods are well accepted for clean printed documents; but, they often fail to separate regions in handwritten documents when the document layout structure is loosely defined or when side notes are present inside the page. Moreover, tables and advertisements bring additional challenges for region segmentation algorithms. Our method addresses these problems. The method is divided into four parts:1. Unlike most of popular page segmentation methods, we first separate text and graphics components of the page using a boosted decision tree classifier.2. The separated text and graphics components are used among other features to separate columns of text in a two-dimensional conditional random fields framework.3. A text line detection method, based on piecewise projection profiles is then applied to detect text lines with respect to text region boundaries.4. Finally, a new paragraph detection method, which is trained on the common models of paragraphs, is applied on text lines to find paragraphs based on geometric appearance of text lines and their indentations. Our contribution over existing work lies in essence in the use, or adaptation, of algorithms borrowed from machine learning literature, to solve difficult cases. Indeed, we demonstrate a number of improvements : on separating text columns when one is situated very close to the other; on preventing the contents of a cell in a table to be merged with the contents of other adjacent cells; on preventing regions inside a frame to be merged with other text regions around, especially side notes, even when the latter are written using a font similar to that the text body. Quantitative assessment, and comparison of the performances of our method with competitive algorithms using widely acknowledged metrics and evaluation methodologies, is also provided to a large extend.(*) This PhD thesis has been funded by Conseil Général de Seine-Saint-Denis, through the FUI6 project Demat-Factory, lead by Safig SA

The subject of the thesis is the description of the planning process at the level of strategic management in public administration and analysis of current planning documents at the municipal level of the 3rd degree in the Vysočina region. The first part defines the basic concepts of strategic planning at the municipal level and also defines the methods and procedures applied in the development of strategic plans. The second part analyses the specific strategic documents of municipalities with extended powers in the Vysočina region. At the end of the thesis some recommendations are proposed that could help municipalities pursue the process of strategic planning and management.

I denna studie analyseras bilder i svenska religionsläroböcker för högstadiet. Syftet med denna studie är att granska och analysera hur ikoniska och anikoniska gudabilder inom hinduismen lyfts fram genom bilder i olika läroböcker sedan läroplanen (Lgr11) infördes. Analysen avser att undersöka om bilderna representerar ett inhemskt perspektiv (det vill säga hinduisk ikonografi) eller exempelvis ett orientalistiskt perspektiv. Resultaten jämförs sedan med hur styrdokumentens skrivningar uttrycker att ikoniska och anikoniska gudabilder inom hinduismen ska lyftas i religionsundervisning. Studien innefattar semiotiska bildanalyser och analys av tillhörande texter samt analys av styrdokument. Resultaten visar att bilderna i läroböckerna står i relation till ett inhemskt perspektiv, men att tillhörande texter och förklaringar till stor del står i relation till orientalistiska perspektiv. Resultaten visar att bilderna överensstämmer med styrdokumentens skrivningar men att det ändå är en brist i information och fakta. Det kan påverka elevernas förmåga att förstå hinduismen utifrån ett inhemskt perspektiv och istället fortsätta influeras av det orientalistiska perspektivet. / Images in swedish schoolbooks for religions studies in secondary school will be analysed in this essay. The purpose of the essay is to review and analyse how iconic and aniconic images of gods within hinduism are presented in images from textbooks that are produced since the new swedish policy documents (Lgr11) were introduced. The intent with the analyse is to find if the images represent a domestic perspective (hindu iconography) or an oriental perspective. The results from that will then be compared to how the swedish school policies about religion education present that iconic and aniconic images of gods within hinduism should be mediated in religious studies. The essay includes semiotic analyses of the images and analyse of the belonging texts, also an analyse of the policy documents. The results shows that the images in the schoolbooks meet the hindu iconography, while the text and explanations that comes with the images have an oriental perspective. The result also shows that the images meet the school documents guidelines but there is a lack of information and facts. This may affect the students ability to properly understand what hindusim is from a domestic perspective and will instead continue the be influenced with an oriental perspective.

This thesis project examines changes to building documents during the product development in the construction process, which is referred as revision memos in this report. The study is made in cooperation with Serneke and is therefore limited to project within this company. Furthermore, the information in this study is based on relevant literature as well as interviews, a poll and material from three of Serneke´s projects. The results show that the examined projects have exceeded the estimated design cost due to changes made during production. By investigating the revision memos, the conclusion was that performing construction, commercial projects and rebuilding projects generate more revision memos as well as the architect and constructor had the greatest number and most expensive revision memos. It also appears that the number of revision memos of other disciplines varies between projects. Furthermore, the design process seems to generate many mistakes that appear in the production, which means that an improved design process with experience feedback and collision control should detect mistakes at an earlier stage. Recommendation for future projects is to make use of the contractors knowledge of production early in the design stage, to use experience feedback and collision control, to introduce a date for last additions, to use Swedish standard when establishing revision memos and to not execute changes before a revision memo is published. In conclusion of this project follows a few recommendations for continued investigation of this field of study. / Detta arbete undersöker ändringar av handlingar som sker vid produktframtagningen i byggprocessen, vilket benämns ändrings-PM i denna rapport. Syftet är att kartlägga problematiken kring ändrings- och tilläggsarbeten i ett sent skede och målet är att öka medvetenheten gällande ändrings-PM och dess konsekvenser. Arbetet genomförs under 10 veckor och begränsas därför till att undersöka projekt inom Serneke. Vidare kommer olika entreprenadformer och olika projekttyper att jämföras detta då de olika förutsättningarna i projekten förväntas generera olika mängder ändrings-PM. Metoden för detta arbete är dels en litteraturstudie, som förklarar olika begrepp och tillvägagångssätt, samt intervjuer och enkät som kompletteras med underlag från tre av Sernekes projekt. I resultatet framgår det att de undersökta projektens bedömda projekterings-kostnad överstigits på grund av ändringar som skett under produktionen. Sammanställningen av ändrings-PM från projekten samt enkätsvaren visar också att arkitekten och konstruktören har flest antal samt dyrast ändrings-PM. Vidare framgår det att övriga discipliners ändrings-PM varierar i antal mellan projekt. Vad gäller entreprenadform och projekttyp framgick det av enkäten och intervjuerna att utförandeentreprenader, kommersiella projekt och ROT-projekt rimligtvis genererar mer ändrings-PM dock kunde detta inte stärkas av något ytterligare material. Däremot kunde kommunikationsverktyget Byggnet undersökas med slutsatsen att det är ett väl fungerande informationssystem vid korrekt användning. Vidare anses projekteringen generera många fel som dyker upp i produktionen, vilket medför att en förbättrad projektering med erfarenhetsåterföring och kollisionskontroll borde upptäcka misstag i ett tidigare skede. För framtida projekt rekommenderas att nyttja entreprenörens erfarenhet av produktionen i projekteringen, att använda sig av erfarenhetsåterföring och kollisionskontroll, att införa ett datum för sista tillägg, att använda svensk standard vid upprättande av ändrings-PM samt att utföra ändringar efter ett publicerat ändrings-PM. Genom att vidare undersöka flera projekt med olika entreprenadformer och projekttyper skulle en kartläggning kunde göras för antalet ändrings-PM och hur de påverkar projektets kostnad och tidplan.