Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from the wild are able to exhibit multicellular social behaviour and to form complex structured colonies resembling in many properties highly resistant biofilms of pathogenic yeasts. The capability of phenotypic variability, i.e. high frequency transition between two or more different phenotypes, is another feature typical for the wild yeast strains. Such phenotypic changes are in case of pathogenic yeast often connected with changes in virulence and resistance to stress and antifungal treatment. Long-term cultivation of the wild yeast strains under laboratory conditions leads to their domestication, i.e. transition to smooth colonies and loss of some features typical for structured colonies. This process is, similarly to phenotypic switching, accompanied by significant changes in gene expression and global change of colony lifestyle. Mechanisms underlying yeast phenotypic transitions are ascribed to epigenetic regulation of gene expression via transcriptional silencing conferred by histone deacetylases. This work deals with the study of such mechanisms using knock-outs of selected genes with putative function in formation of structured colonies in wild and domesticated strains. The achieved results show, that NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase Sir2p influences...

This study investigates indirect translations translated from Bengali source texts to Swedish target texts via English intermediary texts by comparing Pedersen’s (2011) Extralinguistic Cultural References in coupled pairs from all three languages. The purpose of this study is to examine how indirect translations differ from direct translations and to discern whether there are specific translation strategies that translators use when transferring Extralinguistic Cultural References (ECRs) from a third language. The results were analyzed with a perspective based on translation norms, previous research into indirect translation, and the concept of foreignization/domestication in mind. The results show that an indirect translation can be closer to the original source text than the intermediary text it was based on in the first place. This was demonstrated with the Swedish TTs displaying more source-oriented transfer strategies compared to the English ITs, which displayed a higher amount of target-oriented strategies used by the translators. An unexpected finding was noted in the analysis material, namely that misunderstandings or deviations present in the ITs were not necessarily transferred to the TTs, which goes against previous research into indirect translations (cf. Dollerup 2000; Tegelberg 2011; Ringmar 2016). This supports similar results as found in Adler (2016) and Hekkanen (2014). In conclusion, the results suggest that the tendency of high-prestige literature resulting in adequate translations would be stronger than the tendency of indirect translations resulting in acceptable translations in the context of the Swedish target system. The source-oriented strategies in the TTs could also be seen as resistancy to target norms by the translators to create foreignizing translations.

The distinguishing traits of characters in novels may appear to change in translation. One of the main means of conveying the individualities, personalities and moral qualities of characters is through dialogue, using the possibilities opened by, for example, the selection of register and use of gendered language. In order to gain insight on how apparent changes to characteristics can arise, this case study investigates whether, why and how the character Midori in Murakami Haruki's Norwegian Wood appears to change in translation, based on her dialogue. The study demonstrates how linguistic differences between the source and target languages and the adoption of an overall approach to translation, such as a foreignising or domesticating strategy, are major factors in determining the nature and magnitude of any observed change. Two of the most influential speech elements identified and studied are gendered language and casual language. Both terms represent similar but not identical concepts in the source and target languages and are manifested differently in the two languages, giving rise to wide-ranging translation problems. The study further suggests that a domestication approach, as well as modifying the fluency and cultural flavour of the text in general, can affect the characterisation of novels both indirectly and directly. The influence of a domesticating approach to translation focusing on its application specifically to dialogue or influence on characterisation may be a fruitful area for further research.

O feijão-fava (Phaseolus lunatus L.) é uma importante espécie da família Fabaceae, que possui ampla distribuição mundial. A origem e a domesticação da espécie são apontadas no continente americano, no entanto, os locais exatos ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidos, devido à ampla distribuição e a escassez de populações silvestres. Além disso, a perda de germoplasma de feijão-fava em muitas áreas de distribuição natural, o que mostra a importância dos Bancos de Germoplasma, da caracterização da diversidade e dos estudos de domesticação da espécie. O estudo da diversidade genética a nível molecular vem sendo bastante realizado, os marcadores moleculares de microssatélites (SSR), se destacam. O feijão-fava conta com poucos estudos usando como ferramentas os SSRs, não possuindo locos específicos para a espécie, o que limita o conhecimento sobre sua genética. Assim, objetivou-se desenvolver locos microssatélites nucleares (ncSSR) específicos a espécie para estudar a diversidade genética, bem como, o processo de domesticação entre acessos silvestres e domesticados em diferentes países (Brasil, México, Peru, Colômbia e Argentina), por marcadores SSR cloroplastidiais (cpSSR), além de estudar a plasticidade fenotípica de acessos brasileiros. Estimou-se a plasticidade fenotípica de 12 acessos do Brasil em quatro ambientes com diferentes adubos (1 - controle sem adubação; 2 - adubação mineral NPK; 3 - adubação orgânica de esterco bovino; 4 - adubação mineral e orgânica). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Os caracteres avaliados foram: Número de Dias para Floração (NDF), Número de Dias para Maturação (NDM), Número de Vagens por Planta (NVP), Número de Sementes por Planta (NSP), Comprimento de vagem (CV), Largura da Vagem (LV), Número de Lóculos por Vagem (NLV), e Peso de Cem Sementes (P100S). Realizou-se a análise de variância e estimou-se o índice de Plasticidade Fenotípica (IPF) e a Correlação de Pearson entre os caracteres. Para a determinação da diversidade e estrutura genética foram usados marcadores microssatélites, sendo cinco locos cloroplastidiais (cpSSR) e três locos nucleares (ncSSR), em 44 acessos de feijão-fava. Foi possível detectar-se plasticidade fenotípica nos acessos de feijão-fava. Todos os caracteres, com exceção de NDF e NSV, apresentaram interação genótipo × ambiente significativa para os quatro ambientes avaliados. NVP e NSP tiveram os maiores IPF (0,82) e NDF o menor (0,06), sendo assim o mais e o menos plástico, respectivamente, nos quatro ambientes. A maior correlação positiva foi observada entre NVP x NSP, de modo que seus valores variam na mesma direção. NVP x P100S apresentaram a maior correlação negativa. A diversidade genética observada com marcadores microssatélites nucleares e cloroplastidiais mostrou-se maior em acessos do México (cpSSR = 0,163; ncSSR = 0,15), seguido do Brasil (cpSSR = 0,111; ncSSR = 0,00). Em nível de variedades, os acessos silvestres tiveram menor diversidade em cpSSR (0,16) e maior em ncSSR (0,14) do que os domesticados (cpSSR = 0,119; ncSSR = 0,02). Altos níveis de variação e diferenciação genética foram observadas entre países, com 94% da variação e Fst = 0,874 e entre variedades, com 87% e Fst = 0,944 em cpSSR. Já em ncSSR, variação e diferenciação maiores ocorreram entre acessos (61%; Fst = 0,771) e dentro de variedades (80%; Fst = 0,778). Essas diferenças podem estar relacionadas a diferenças no padrão de herança dos marcadores. Os SSR cloroplastidiais são mais conservados e tem herança maternal. Assim, os acessos de mesmo país conservam os mesmos haplótipos, apresentando baixa diferenciação entre eles. O contrário ocorre com os SSR nucleares, que possuem herança biparental e maior porcentagem de mutação. Apresentando assim, maior diferenciação entre os acessos, que é favorecida pelo sistema reprodutivo predominantemente autógamo. Os acessos domesticados brasileiros estão mais próximos geneticamente dos acessos silvestres mexicanos, podendo ter sido resultantes da domesticação de indivíduos silvestres do México. / Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) is an important species of the Fabaceae family, which is distributed worldwide. The origin and domestication of the species is not fully understood due to the wide distribution and lack of wild accessions, as well as the loss of germplasm in many areas of its natural distribution, which indicates the importance of germplasm banks and the characterization of diversity and of domestication studies. The study of genetic diversity at the molecular level has been quite accomplished, the molecular markers od microsatellites (SSR), stand out. The lima bean has few studies using as tools the SSRs, not having specific loci for the species, which limits the knowledge about its genetics. Thus, the objective was to develop specific nuclear microsatellite loci (ncSSR) to study the genetic diversity, as well as the domestication process involving wild and domesticated accessions in different countries (Brazil, Mexico, Peru, Colombia and Argentina), by chloroplastids SSR markers (cpSSR), besides to study the phenotypic plasticity of Brazilian accessions. The phenotypic plasticity of 12 accessions from Brazil was estimated in four environments with different fertilizers (1 - control without fertilization, 2 - mineral fertilization with NPK, 3 - organic fertilization with bovine manure, 4 - mineral [NPK] and organic fertilization [manure]). The design was completely randomized with three replicates. The evaluated traits were: Number of Days for Flowering (NDF), Number of Days for Maturation (NDM), Number of Pods per Plant (NVP), Number of Seeds per Plant (NSP), Pod Length (CV), Pod Width (LV), Number of Locules per Pod (NLV), and Weight of One Hundred Seeds (P100S). The analysis of variance was performed, the index of Phenotypic Plasticity (IPF) and the Pearson Correlation between the characters were estimated. Microsatellite markers were used for the determination of genetic diversity and structure, with five chloroplastid (cpSSR) and three nuclear loci (ncSSR) in 44 accessions of lima bean. There was phenotypic plasticity in the accessions of lima bean. All characters except for NDF and NSV presentated genotype x environment interaction significant for the four environments evaluated. NVP and NSP had the highest (0.82) and NDF the lowest (0.06) IPF, thus being the most and the least plastic, respectively, in the four environments. The highest positive correlation was observed between NVP x NSP, so that their values vary in the same direction. NVP and P100S had the highest negative correlation. The genetic diversity observed with nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers was greater in accessions from Mexico (cpSSR = 0.163; ncSSR = 0.15), followed by Brazil (cpSSR = 0.111; ncSSR = 0.00). At the variety level, wild accessions had lower diversity with cpSSR (0.16) and higher diversity with ncSSR (0.14) than domestic (cpSSR = 0.119; ncSSR = 0.02). High levels of variation and genetic differentiation were observed among countries, with 94% of the variation and Fst = 0.874, and between varieties, with 87% and Fst = 0.944 with cpSSR. With ncSSR, greater variation and differentiation occurred between accessions (61%, Fst = 0.771) and within varieties (80%, Fst = 0.788). These differences may be related to differences in the inheritance pattern of the markers. Chloroplast SSRs are more conserved and have maternal inheritance. Thus, accessions from the same country retain the same haplotypes, presenting low differentiation between them. The opposite occurs with nuclear SSR, which has a biparental inheritance and a higher percentage of mutation. Thus, a greater differentiation exists between the accessions, which is favored by the predominantly autogamous reproductive system. Brazilian domesticated accessions are genetically closest to the Mexican wild accessions, and may have resulted from the domestication of wild individuals from Mexico.

O preá Cavia aperea é tido como um dos representantes atuais da espécie ancestral a partir da qual se originou a cobaia Cavia porcellus por meio de um processo de domesticação iniciado há cerca de 6000 anos. A comparação entre estas espécies constitui um modelo interessante para o estudo dos efeitos comportamentais da domesticação, além de ter implicações para a compreensão da taxonomia destas espécies. Nosso objetivo foi descrever e comparar o comportamento de corte em cobaias e preás em pares intraespecíficos e verificar, através de pareamentos interespecíficos, eventuais barreiras reprodutivas provenientes da domesticação. Pares intra e interespecíficos foram submetidos a dois experimentos, um a curto prazo em ambiente de sala-teste e outro a longo prazo em ambiente semi-natural, nos quais registrou-se os episódios de interação e as categorias comportamentais exibidas na interação entre os sujeitos. Encontrou-se diferenças significativas entre os pares intra e interespecíficos (taxa e duração da interação), assim como entre cobaias e preás (cobaias interagiram, cortejaram-se e exploraram-se mais do que preás, estes se mostraram mais ativos e exploradores do meio). As diferenças revelam possíveis efeitos do processo de domesticação. Os pares interespecíficos também diferiram significativamente entre si, de forma assimétrica: enquanto machos preás cortejaram fêmeas cobaias e copularam com estas (menos, contudo, do que no caso das fêmeas coespecíficas), machos cobaias praticamente não cortejaram fêmeas preás provavelmente por causa dos altos níveis de agressão destas. Nossos resultados demonstram a existência de barreiras comportamentais entre as duas espécies, devidas provavelmente à domesticação, capazes de gerar um isolamento reprodutivo parcial. / The wild cavy (Cavia aperea) is considered as one of the current exemplars of an ancestor species which through domestication processes starting six thousands years ago originated Cavia porcellus, the guinea pig. A formal comparison between the two species (Cavia aperea and Cavia porcellus), constitutes not only an interesting model for an investigation of the effects of domestication on behaviour, but also it may contribute to a taxonomic understanding of the two species. The aim of the study was to describe and compare the courtship behaviour exhibited by wild cavies and guinea pigs within intraspecific couples. In addition, arranging interspecific couples, we aimed to verify possible reproductive barriers which could be a consequence of the domestication processes. Intraspecific and interspecific couples took part in two experiments: the first was a short term experiment undertaken in a non-natural testing environment; the second was long term and conducted in a semi-natural environment. Interactive episodes were observed and a range of behavioural categories demonstrated by the individuals during interactions were registered. Significant differences were found between intra and interspecific couples (frequency and duration of the interactions) as well as between wild cavies and guinea pigs. Whilst the latter interacted and explored themselves more as well as showing more courtship behaviour, the former instead were more active towards exploring their environment. These differences suggest possible effects of the domestication processes. Furthermore, there were also significant asymmetrical differences among the interspecific couples themselves: whilst male wild cavy showed courtship behaviour towards the female guinea pigs and even mated with them. However, less than when compared to their behaviour towards female wild cavies. Male guinea pigs mostly did not court female wild cavies; this was mainly attributed to the female wild cavies showing high levels of aggression. The results account for the existence of behavioural barriers between the two species, which are probably due to the domestication process and can well generate partial reproductive isolation.

O preá Cavia aperea é tido como um dos representantes atuais da espécie ancestral a partir da qual se originou a cobaia Cavia porcellus por meio de um processo de domesticação iniciado há cerca de 6000 anos. A comparação entre estas espécies constitui um modelo interessante para o estudo dos efeitos comportamentais da domesticação, além de ter implicações para a compreensão da taxonomia destas espécies. Nosso objetivo foi descrever e comparar o comportamento de corte em cobaias e preás em pares intraespecíficos e verificar, através de pareamentos interespecíficos, eventuais barreiras reprodutivas provenientes da domesticação. Pares intra e interespecíficos foram submetidos a dois experimentos, um a curto prazo em ambiente de sala-teste e outro a longo prazo em ambiente semi-natural, nos quais registrou-se os episódios de interação e as categorias comportamentais exibidas na interação entre os sujeitos. Encontrou-se diferenças significativas entre os pares intra e interespecíficos (taxa e duração da interação), assim como entre cobaias e preás (cobaias interagiram, cortejaram-se e exploraram-se mais do que preás, estes se mostraram mais ativos e exploradores do meio). As diferenças revelam possíveis efeitos do processo de domesticação. Os pares interespecíficos também diferiram significativamente entre si, de forma assimétrica: enquanto machos preás cortejaram fêmeas cobaias e copularam com estas (menos, contudo, do que no caso das fêmeas coespecíficas), machos cobaias praticamente não cortejaram fêmeas preás provavelmente por causa dos altos níveis de agressão destas. Nossos resultados demonstram a existência de barreiras comportamentais entre as duas espécies, devidas provavelmente à domesticação, capazes de gerar um isolamento reprodutivo parcial. / The wild cavy (Cavia aperea) is considered as one of the current exemplars of an ancestor species which through domestication processes starting six thousands years ago originated Cavia porcellus, the guinea pig. A formal comparison between the two species (Cavia aperea and Cavia porcellus), constitutes not only an interesting model for an investigation of the effects of domestication on behaviour, but also it may contribute to a taxonomic understanding of the two species. The aim of the study was to describe and compare the courtship behaviour exhibited by wild cavies and guinea pigs within intraspecific couples. In addition, arranging interspecific couples, we aimed to verify possible reproductive barriers which could be a consequence of the domestication processes. Intraspecific and interspecific couples took part in two experiments: the first was a short term experiment undertaken in a non-natural testing environment; the second was long term and conducted in a semi-natural environment. Interactive episodes were observed and a range of behavioural categories demonstrated by the individuals during interactions were registered. Significant differences were found between intra and interspecific couples (frequency and duration of the interactions) as well as between wild cavies and guinea pigs. Whilst the latter interacted and explored themselves more as well as showing more courtship behaviour, the former instead were more active towards exploring their environment. These differences suggest possible effects of the domestication processes. Furthermore, there were also significant asymmetrical differences among the interspecific couples themselves: whilst male wild cavy showed courtship behaviour towards the female guinea pigs and even mated with them. However, less than when compared to their behaviour towards female wild cavies. Male guinea pigs mostly did not court female wild cavies; this was mainly attributed to the female wild cavies showing high levels of aggression. The results account for the existence of behavioural barriers between the two species, which are probably due to the domestication process and can well generate partial reproductive isolation.

Este é um estudo comparativo do comportamento e da comunicação acústica de cobaias – Cavia porcellus - e de preás – C. aperea - duas espécies muito próximas, uma com uma história recente de domesticação (há 6.000 anos nos Andes) e a outra selvagem. Inclui três etapas: (1) a elaboração de um etograma e a comparação entre cobaias e preás quanto à freqüência e duração dos comportamentos exibidos em contextos sociais particulares (encontros entre fêmeas, entre machos e entre macho e fêmea); (2) a categorização e análise sonográfica comparativa da estrutura dos sinais sonoros; e (3) a comparação entre espécies quanto ao uso dos chamados através de um estudo do comportamento do emissor e de um receptor, no momento anterior e subseqüente à emissão. Encontramos diferenças entre as espécies nas três etapas. (1) Cobaias exibiram mais comportamentos de contatos e sexuais; preás exibiram mais comportamentos de exploração. (2) Das emissões registradas, uma não foi exibida por cobaias. Analisamos 4 delas estatisticamente e todas revelaram diferenças estruturais entre espécies. (3) Houve diferença no uso do sinal de alerta e no nível de resposta eliciado por alguns sinais. Os resultados são discutidos principalmente como efeitos da domesticação. A seleção de animais maiores pode ter alterado a morfologia do trato vocal das cobaias, produzindo as mudanças na estrutura dos chamados. Ainda, com o relaxamento de seleção natural, por conta da proteção oferecida pelo cativeiro, características menos favoráveis podem ter sido mantidas e ganhado proporção na população. Como resultado, a espécie domesticada produz e reage menos aos sinais de alerta, gasta menos tempo com comportamentos de atenção ao meio e ganha tempo para os comportamentos socais e reprodutivos. / This is a comparative study of behavior and acoustic communication of wild (Cavia aperea) and domestic (C. porcellus) cavies. Animals were observed in the laboratory in three social situations (female-female, male-male and female-male pairings) and the following steps were performed: (1) comparison of the frequency and duration of behaviors, in both species; (2) description and comparison of the sonografic parameters of acoustic signals emitted by individuals of both species; and (3) identification of antecedent and subsequent behavioral contexts of such signals as an approach to the understanding of their social function. C. porcellus exhibited more contact and sexual categories of behaviors than C. aperea; C. aperea explored more than C. porcellus. Signal repertoire was almost the same (one, out of 7 calls was exclusively emitted by C. aperea). Statistical analysis revealed significant structural differences between species in four of the calls. Differences were also found in the context of use of alert vocalization and in the level of response elicited by some signals. Interspecific differences found may be partially attributed to domestication. Selection for meet production may have altered guinea pigs’ vocal tract and may have brought changes in acoustic signals structure. The absence of predatory pressure and the less demanding conditions of captivity may have favored the expression of some traits, such as the performance of long courtship bouts. The domestic cavies C. porcellus are less prone than the wild ones to emit and to respond to alert signals, spend less time with exploratory and patrolling and spend more time with social and reproductive interactions.

Este é um estudo comparativo do comportamento e da comunicação acústica de cobaias – Cavia porcellus - e de preás – C. aperea - duas espécies muito próximas, uma com uma história recente de domesticação (há 6.000 anos nos Andes) e a outra selvagem. Inclui três etapas: (1) a elaboração de um etograma e a comparação entre cobaias e preás quanto à freqüência e duração dos comportamentos exibidos em contextos sociais particulares (encontros entre fêmeas, entre machos e entre macho e fêmea); (2) a categorização e análise sonográfica comparativa da estrutura dos sinais sonoros; e (3) a comparação entre espécies quanto ao uso dos chamados através de um estudo do comportamento do emissor e de um receptor, no momento anterior e subseqüente à emissão. Encontramos diferenças entre as espécies nas três etapas. (1) Cobaias exibiram mais comportamentos de contatos e sexuais; preás exibiram mais comportamentos de exploração. (2) Das emissões registradas, uma não foi exibida por cobaias. Analisamos 4 delas estatisticamente e todas revelaram diferenças estruturais entre espécies. (3) Houve diferença no uso do sinal de alerta e no nível de resposta eliciado por alguns sinais. Os resultados são discutidos principalmente como efeitos da domesticação. A seleção de animais maiores pode ter alterado a morfologia do trato vocal das cobaias, produzindo as mudanças na estrutura dos chamados. Ainda, com o relaxamento de seleção natural, por conta da proteção oferecida pelo cativeiro, características menos favoráveis podem ter sido mantidas e ganhado proporção na população. Como resultado, a espécie domesticada produz e reage menos aos sinais de alerta, gasta menos tempo com comportamentos de atenção ao meio e ganha tempo para os comportamentos socais e reprodutivos. / This is a comparative study of behavior and acoustic communication of wild (Cavia aperea) and domestic (C. porcellus) cavies. Animals were observed in the laboratory in three social situations (female-female, male-male and female-male pairings) and the following steps were performed: (1) comparison of the frequency and duration of behaviors, in both species; (2) description and comparison of the sonografic parameters of acoustic signals emitted by individuals of both species; and (3) identification of antecedent and subsequent behavioral contexts of such signals as an approach to the understanding of their social function. C. porcellus exhibited more contact and sexual categories of behaviors than C. aperea; C. aperea explored more than C. porcellus. Signal repertoire was almost the same (one, out of 7 calls was exclusively emitted by C. aperea). Statistical analysis revealed significant structural differences between species in four of the calls. Differences were also found in the context of use of alert vocalization and in the level of response elicited by some signals. Interspecific differences found may be partially attributed to domestication. Selection for meet production may have altered guinea pigs’ vocal tract and may have brought changes in acoustic signals structure. The absence of predatory pressure and the less demanding conditions of captivity may have favored the expression of some traits, such as the performance of long courtship bouts. The domestic cavies C. porcellus are less prone than the wild ones to emit and to respond to alert signals, spend less time with exploratory and patrolling and spend more time with social and reproductive interactions.

The aim of this essay is to identify and find solutions to some of the difficulties occurring when translating into Swedish a French non-fiction book for children. Solid research has already been done about translating children’s literature. However, these studies often focus on novels and picture books and rarely non-fiction books. The source text used as primary material for our translation and the essay is an extract from the non-fiction book Petites et grandes histoires des animaux disparus, written and illustrated by Damien Laverdunt and Hélène Rajcak and published in 2010 by the French publishing house Actes Sud. The book presents 27 extinct animals and the history about them and their extinction. Basing this essay on research about translating for children, we will begin with an analysis of the skopos – Reiss and Vermeer’s skopos theory about aim and function – of the source and target text, to be able to conceive the translation for our target reader and the socio-cultural and linguistic context in which the reader is living. Monica Reichenberg’s study about different versions of text-books, and their effect on a Swedish child reader’s comprehension including strategies to create a dynamic and intelligible text, will then help us to find the correct translation strategy for our target text. Finally, cultural references and their translation will be discussed considering Venuti’s studies about “domestication” and “foreignization” and Oittinen’s theories about children’s literature and “domestication”. During the essay, the translator’s choices and the motivations behind them will all be discussed taking into consideration the skopos and the linguistic and socio-cultural context of the target reader.

La chèvre (Capra hircus) est l'un des premiers ongulés domestiqués il y a plus de 10 000 ans dans le croissant fertile. L'histoire de la domestication a été abordée par l'analyse comparée de la diversité génétique des chèvres domestiques et de celle de son ancêtre sauvage (Capra aegagrus). Nous avons tout d'abord mis au point une méthode standard permettant d'établir une nomenclature claire des haplogroupes mitochondriaux, et aussi de définir de nouveaux haplogroupes lorsque cela s'avère pertinent. Cette méthode a été utilisée pour analyser 2430 séquences d'ADN mitochondrial (fragment HV1 de la région de contrôle), incluant 946 nouveaux échantillons issus de régions très peu étudiées jusqu'ici (notamment le Croissant Fertile). Les haplogroupes mitochondriaux présentent une forte diversité génétique qui est essentiellement distribuée entre haplogroupes au sein des régions géographiques. Même avec un jeu de donnée aussi important que celui-ci, il est très difficile de comprendre l'histoire de la domestication en se basant uniquement sur l'analyse des animaux domestiques. L'étude conjointe de la diversité des chèvres et de leurs ancêtres sauvages (les aegagres) ont apporté les informations permettant de reconstituer l'histoire de la domestication. Ces données ont été acquises à partir de 487 aegagres issus de 43 localités recouvrant l'ensemble de l'aire de répartition de l'espèce. Chez les 308 aegagres génétiquement proches des chèvres, nous avons trouvé la signature d'une croissance démographique plus forte que chez les autres aegagres. Cela suggère un nouveau scénario de domestication de la chèvre en deux étapes. La domestication sensu stricto aurait été précédée d'une phase de gestion des troupeaux sauvages par l'homme (la pré-domestication). Ces processus se sont déroulés sur une vaste zone comprenant l'Est de l'Anatolie, l'ensemble du Zagros, le Plateau Iranien Central et le Nord Est de l'Iran, où les aegagres génétiquement proches des chèvres sont toujours présents. L'analyse comparée de la diversité nucléaire et mitochondriale chez les chèvres et les aegagres démontre qu'une grande partie de la diversité génétique sauvage a été capturée par les domestiques. Il n'y a donc pas eu de goulot d'étranglement au moment de la domestication de la chèvre. Ce scénario est très différent des modèles précédents qui mettaient en avant des processus à échelle réduite, avec des centres de domestication très localisés et une forte réduction de diversité génétique.