Maîtriser l'impact des modifications liées à l'activité humaine sur les populations de pathogènes des cultures est un des grands enjeux actuels pour la mise en place d'une agriculture durable. L'objectif de cette thèse était d'évaluer l'impact de la domestication du pommier et de l'utilisation de résistances quantitatives dans les variétés en cours de sélection, sur le pouvoir pathogène du champignon Venturia inaequalis, responsable de la tavelure. Par des inoculations croisées sur pommiers sauvages et domestiques, nous avons comparé le pouvoir pathogène de souches isolées de milieux naturels et cultivés. Puis nous avons comparé le pouvoir pathogène de ces souches sur des génotypes de pommier domestique cumulant plusieurs facteurs de résistances quantitatives (QTL) afin d'évaluer si les pommiers sauvages pouvaient héberger des souches plus agressives que les pommiers domestiques. Enfin, nous avons évalué les pressions de sélection exercées par ces QTL de résistance sur un mélange de souches par pyroséquençage quantitatif. Nos résultats montrent que la domestication du pommier se serait accompagnée d'une modification importante du pouvoir pathogène de V. inaequalis. Les souches issues de pommiers sauvages sont capables d'infecter des génotypes cumulant un grand nombre de facteurs de résistance mais elles ne sont pas plus agressives que les souches issues de pommiers domestiques ; elles ne représenteraient donc pas une menace supplémentaire pour les vergers. Enfin nous différencions nettement l'impact de QTL à spectre d'action étroit et large ; ces derniers, n'exerçant pas de pression de sélection différentielle entre souches co-inoculées, seraient plus durables.

<p>The purpose of this paper is to examine translation norms, strategies and solutions in chapter <em>XIII Westbottom and Lapland</em> in <em>The Further Adventures of Nils</em> (Lagerlöf, 1911). In the foreword to the English translation of the novel, the translator writes that some of the purely geographical matter has been eliminated in the translation, and that cuts have been made where the descriptive matter is only of local interest. This statement raised questions about the intended readerships and the purposes of the original novel and the translation, respectively. Are these the same in the two texts, or are they different? Further questions were raised regarding the initial norm of the translator. Has she aimed for domestication or foreignization in the text?</p><p>In this paper, two domains were chosen as fields of study: proper nouns and the lexical fields of water, heights and flat land. Through an analysis of coupled pairs from the chosen domains, it was concluded that the translator’s initial norm was foreignization, but that there are also many examples of domestication in the text. It was also shown that while the original novel has two clearly stated purposes, namely of being a geography book for Swedish school children as well as a novel with high literary standards, the educational purpose is not as pronounced in the translation. However, the inclusion of a <em>Table of Pronunciation</em> displayed an educational addition to the translation, which is not part of the original novel.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong><em>:</em> translation, Lagerlöf, English, Swedish, initial norm, domestication, foreignization.</p>

<p><p>We have inquired into how the amount of foreign news has changed over the last 30 years in two major Swedish newspapers, which subjects and regions has dominated the content of the foreign news and what subjects dominate the reporting from certain regions. This was done with a quantitative analysis of subjects and regions written about in 1100 news texts during a week in each year of 1978, 1988, 1998 and 2008. To further broaden our study, we also charted with the analysis how the newspapers domesticate foreign news and how they use international news agencies. As a basis for our discussion we use Van Ginnekens theories of world news centres, Westerståhl & Johanssons and Galtung & Ruges theories of foreign news selection as well as the theories of Hjarvard and Biltereyst about the domestication of foreign news due to commercial pressures and objectives on the newspapers. Our result of the amount of foreign news in the two newspapers is also compared to several similar empirical studies by different researchers. The study shows that the amount of foreign news is dropping in swedish media, although not as fast-paced as many researchers claim they do in other countries. In Dagens Nyheter there is just marginal difference while the decreasing amount of news can be seen more clearly in Aftonbladet. The amount of news texts is not reducing, more the size of them shrinks. The study also shows that news about Europe and the USA dominates the foreign news in the newspapers and averagely less than a half of the foreign news is left for the rest of the world. Africa, the Middle East and places that are more culturally and geographically distant are more often presented with tragic, hard news, often about war and conflict. While the happy and soft news is more likely to be about the western culturally similar regions. The purpose of our study was to find out which subjects and places in the world are most written about in the newspapers and with what subjects the papers present certain places in the world. The study can be used as necessary data for further study into why the amount of foreign news is shrinking and why certain places and subjects occur more often in the newspapers.</p></p>

The study examines the European coverage in four leading Nordic newspapers during two periods in 1993 and in 1996. During the first period, three countries were negotiating for membership in the European Union. During the second period, work on a new European Constitution was ongoing, to be negotiated by the Intergovernmental Conference at the end of the period. Two of the applicant countries, Finland and Sweden, were then members of the union since Jan 1, 1995. Voters in the third country, Norway, opted to stay outside the union. Norway is, however closely linked to the union by the previous EEA agreement. Finally, the fourth country, Denmark, had limited its longstanding membership in four important areas. Results of the main study in 1993 indicate a great difference in the degree of Europeanness of the coverage of European affairs, as indicated by the share of European issues, sources, players, institutions etc. The Danish paper, the Politiken, was on all counts genuinely European in its coverage. This could, to begin with, be understood in terms of a relational context - Denmark was a member of the European Community, the other countries were not. In 1996, as could be expected, the Norwegian paper, the Aftenposten, reduced its coverage of European affairs to about half the previous volume, the Finnish and Swedish papers, the Hufvudstadsbladet and the Dagens Nyheter, increased their volumes to new highs. The Danish paper maintained its previously comparatively high volume of European coverage, and was still distinctly more European in its outlook on transnational politics. This could be understood in terms of a new Maturity proposition - it may take a long time for the national media to come to terms with a new political environment. The study also puts forward the proposition that Danish political culture requires a different coverage of European affairs, and also requires an opportunity to discuss and evaluate European politics. On a theoretical level, the study supports the idea that national experience, historical and relational contexts influence media content. National agendas powerfully determine the orientation of transnational political communication . Three in-depth studies by and large confirm results from the content analysis. A separate exercise inspired by Grounded Theory gives rise to three theoretical concepts that seem to be fundamental dimensions of European political communication: Legitimacy (media coverage contributes to status conferral and encourages deliberation of cooperation as an idea), Participation (media coverage as expressions of intrinsical and instrumental motives for joining and taking responsibility towards European cooperation), and Mondialization/Universalism (media coverage of Europe's efforts in the global arena) / digitalisering@umu

We have inquired into how the amount of foreign news has changed over the last 30 years in two major Swedish newspapers, which subjects and regions has dominated the content of the foreign news and what subjects dominate the reporting from certain regions. This was done with a quantitative analysis of subjects and regions written about in 1100 news texts during a week in each year of 1978, 1988, 1998 and 2008. To further broaden our study, we also charted with the analysis how the newspapers domesticate foreign news and how they use international news agencies. As a basis for our discussion we use Van Ginnekens theories of world news centres, Westerståhl &amp; Johanssons and Galtung &amp; Ruges theories of foreign news selection as well as the theories of Hjarvard and Biltereyst about the domestication of foreign news due to commercial pressures and objectives on the newspapers. Our result of the amount of foreign news in the two newspapers is also compared to several similar empirical studies by different researchers. The study shows that the amount of foreign news is dropping in swedish media, although not as fast-paced as many researchers claim they do in other countries. In Dagens Nyheter there is just marginal difference while the decreasing amount of news can be seen more clearly in Aftonbladet. The amount of news texts is not reducing, more the size of them shrinks. The study also shows that news about Europe and the USA dominates the foreign news in the newspapers and averagely less than a half of the foreign news is left for the rest of the world. Africa, the Middle East and places that are more culturally and geographically distant are more often presented with tragic, hard news, often about war and conflict. While the happy and soft news is more likely to be about the western culturally similar regions. The purpose of our study was to find out which subjects and places in the world are most written about in the newspapers and with what subjects the papers present certain places in the world. The study can be used as necessary data for further study into why the amount of foreign news is shrinking and why certain places and subjects occur more often in the newspapers.

This study is an attempt for providing a socio-historical perspective to the smart home concept that is a proposal for the future domestic sphere by the application of intelligent technologies. For achieving this attempt, the smart home is investigated with its roots within the social history of domestic technology, by posing the question of a relation between the machine house idea of modern architecture and the smart home concept as the main question of the research. After an inquiry on the smart home concept and on the future private sphere that is envisaged within it, the emergence of modern private sphere, the transformation of private sphere under the impacts of industrialization, the appearance and the social consequences of the machine house idea, the introduction of mass produced appliances to the home and the impacts of it on private sphere, the development of communication and information technologies and their domestication processes are investigated. The coconstructive relationship of technology with the private sphere is pursued throughout this investigation. The research questions of the study are answered in the light of the gained knowledge and critical perspective throughout the investigations. At the end, it is revealed that the smart home has conceptual, technical, and ideological constructive roots within the histories of the modern private sphere, modern architecture and design, and domestic communication and information technologies. It is discussed that these roots constitute the smart home as a domain of social reproduction, which also provides the ground for its conceptualization and promotion as the future domestic sphere.

Endophytes are organisms that live inside plants without causing disease and include microbes that benefit their hosts by aiding in nutrient acquisition and pathogen control. This thesis concerns the endophytes of the genus Zea which includes modern maize (Zea mays L.). Beginning 9,000 years ago, maize was domesticated from wild grasses in Mexico (teosintes), bred into diverse varieties and moved to new soils throughout the Americas. The impact of these long-term changes on the associated endophytic communities has not been examined. Furthermore, today, maize is routinely transplanted around the world to facilitate breeding, but the short-term impact of switching soils on endophyte composition is not known. I attempted to answer the first question by surveying the bacterial endophytes that inhabit 14 diverse ancestral, ancient and modern Zea genotypes. To answer the second question, three extreme Zea genotypes, ancestral, intermediate and modern, were grown side by side on two extreme soils that span the tropical-to-temperate migration route of maize. Endophyte populations from seeds, roots and shoots were DNA fingerprinted using terminal restriction length polymorphism (TRFLP) of 16S rDNA. To understand microbial functions, bacteria were cultured and tested for >13 in vitro traits including nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, plant hormone production and antibiosis. Relationships between endophyte communities were analyzed using principle component analysis (PCA) and Sᴓrensen’s similarity index. The results show that different Zea tissues and genotypes have diverse endophytic communities. The community composition of seed endophytes correlates with host phylogeny suggesting that as humans bred maize, they inadvertently impacted its microbial inhabitants, though the change was gradual. Soil swapping and growth on sterile sand confirm that shoot and root endophyte communities in juvenile plants are primarily inherited. However, a given maize genotype can also select and take up the same microbes (based on TRFLP) from geographically diverse soils. These latter results show that the endophyte communities of Zea plants are significantly buffered from the short-term effects of migration. A few microbes and microbial traits are conserved across all Zea genotypes and soil treatments, suggestive of a core taxonomic and functional microbiota for this agriculturally important genus. / OMAFRA New Directions, Ontario Research Fund, Canadian Foundation for Innovation

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-08-03T19:38:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAVZ.pdf: 5521409 bytes, checksum: e62a510e1bd9f4e618086a9f9ceb407c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T18:30:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAVZ.pdf: 5521409 bytes, checksum: e62a510e1bd9f4e618086a9f9ceb407c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T18:30:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAVZ.pdf: 5521409 bytes, checksum: e62a510e1bd9f4e618086a9f9ceb407c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T18:36:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAVZ.pdf: 5521409 bytes, checksum: e62a510e1bd9f4e618086a9f9ceb407c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-11 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / The goal on this dissertation performs both a description and an analysis on human and nonhuman relation based on Floresta's countryside, a town located in Pernambuco State. I have described this relation from some different point of view, yet their particular way of breeding (criação na solta) has been the main focus on my analysis. The intensive field research gave rise to the sketching of interspecies relations in that area. It had occurred in the period of three months when took place conversations and interviews with local husbandman who breeds both in the countryside (no mato) and the streets (na rua). In particular, the issue draws upon a description about how five families from the riparian zone (Cachoeira, Pocinhos, Quebra-Unha, Capim e Riacho do Meio) deal with and understand their relations with goats. At first, my analysis looks forward to the contrast between laboro as a husbandman daily activity and both the concept of work and and the extensive production method. The laboro is a set of very specific procedure and skill – a part of what is called criação na solta – and they are a condition of possibility for what I intend to describe and understand. Signs belong to the set of skills: they are a knife cutting made at the goat's ear which concurrently symbolize and identify the animal's owner and its family. The laboro and the signs are ways of realization and accomplishment of family affiliation. The laboro relies upon the animal's intense acquaintance with the caatinga which brings together a particular husbandry expertise; just a few men knows the terrain and how to breed goats. The concept of domestication can be drawn from the nexus relating breeder, livestock and caatinga in the manner of their mutual relation. Hence, from the standpoint of breeders and their families I describe how this practical way of breeding give rise to an understanding on interspecies relation in a given region. Those who knows the veredas, the goat-tracks traced as daily over the years, knows as well the ground pattern and footprint which deliver a way of being which is proper to husbandman, caatinga and the goat. / O propósito desta dissertação é descrever e analisar relações tramadas entre humanos e não humanos na zona rural de Floresta, município localizado no sertão de Pernambuco. Essas relações são caracterizadas por mim a partir de distintas perspectivas, mas admitem como eixo condutor da análise a prática da criação na solta. A pesquisa de campo intensiva, com duração de três meses, somada aos diálogos e entrevistas com moradores da região, criadores do mato e da rua, permitiram que relações interespecíficas daquele local pudessem ser delineadas. Mais especificamente, trata-se de descrever como famílias residentes em cinco ribeiras (Cachoeira, Pocinhos, Quebra-Unha, Capim e Riacho do Meio) lidam e compreendem suas relações com cabras e bodes. A princípio, por meio de uma análise contrastiva demonstro como o laboro, atividade diária dos criadores, pode ser pensada em contraposição à noção de trabalho e a um modo de produção extensivo. O laboro é um conjunto de técnicas e procedimentos muito específicos que fazem parte desse modo de criação na solta, ambos condição de possibilidade para a compreensão das relações que pretendo descrever. Parte dessas técnicas são os sinais, recortes feitos a faca nas orelhas da criação, que, ao mesmo tempo, simbolizam e identificam o proprietário do animal e a família a que pertence. O laboro e os sinais são meios de efetivação e visualização de relações de parentesco. O laboro, que pressupõe um convívio intenso entre animais e caatinga, permite que os criadores produzam e conservem um conhecimento particular, uma expertise. Apenas alguns conhecem o mato e sabem criar cabras e bodes. É por meio do nexo constituído entre criadores, criação e caatingas, dos seus afetos e das afecções de seus corpos que foi possível pensar a ambivalência da noção de domesticação. Portanto, partindo do ponto de vista dos criadores e de suas famílias, descrevo como um modo de criação e suas práticas, possibilitam compreender as relações interespecíficas em uma determinada região. Aqueles que conhecem as veredas, traçadas diariamente e ao longo de anos por cabras e bodes, conhecem as impressões e marcas na terra de um modo de existência de sertanejos, caatinga e bodes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:24:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1632.pdf: 1816366 bytes, checksum: 70fdaaebe1eee0f7c3355a410f8520c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-13 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The social inclusion projects of President Lula s first term accordingly proceeded through the market, as for instance: the Microcredit project, Banco Popular do Brasil (Brazil s Popular Bank) and especially the pension funds. Social inclusion by way of market is part of PT s political policies, which surveys have provisionally considered as moralization and/or domestication of capitalism, seeing that it strives to apply the money from speculation into productive activities that are capable of generating employment and income for workers. The moralization and/or domestication of capitalism is perceptible in the creation and management guidelines of the pension funds, which became consolidated as a great concern in the Federal Government s program, the three central unions of the country (especially CUT) and the labor unions, especially in the banking and electricity federations. The interaction among the syndicalists and former syndicalists in the Lula Government, businessmen from the pension funds sector and the Federal Government, bespeaks the complicity of interests and the convergence of the elite around the precise configuration of the pension funds. Thus, supported by the discourse of social responsibility, ethical investment, democratic management of the funds, protection of workers savings and the fight against capitalism, by means of their own instruments (domestication of capitalism), the Brazilian syndicalists have expanded accumulated legitimacy to the financial area in the workers scope. Therefore, their argument on management/protection of workers savings is justified as morally legitimate. Taking into account the aforementioned context, the present doctorate thesis set out to understand the social convention changes that the Brazilian syndicalism undergoes, the ambiguities and contradictions of such syndicate actions and the factual role and power our syndicates command. By the same token, it sought to comprehend the social inclusion policies by means of the market of the Lula Government. Lastly, it placed emphasis on the international ideas regarding the pension funds project, as well as the new institutionalizations created by the market s consolidation of pension funds in Brazil. The present work was theoretically influenced by Bourdieu, Mary Douglas, Marcel Mauss, Robert Castel, among renowned professionals of the Brazilian and international Social Sciences. Empirically, interviews were conducted with syndicalists, members of the Lula Government and those who oppose the pension funds project, in addition to observation participation in the events of this sector. Moreover, field work was carried out in central unions in France / Os projetos de inclusão social do primeiro Governo Lula passaram necessariamente pelo mercado: projeto microcrédito, Banco Popular do Brasil e especialmente fundos de pensão, são alguns exemplos. A inclusão social via mercado faz parte de uma política do PT que estamos denominando provisoriamente como moralização e/ou domesticação do capitalismo, já que busca aplicar o dinheiro oriundo da especulação em atividade produtiva, capaz de gerar emprego e renda para o trabalhador. A domesticação e/ou moralização do capitalismo fica evidente na política de criação e gestão de fundos de pensão, que se cristalizou enquanto tema de grande interesse na agenda do Governo Federal, das três centrais sindicais do país (sobretudo da CUT) e junto aos sindicatos, especialmente do setor bancário e eletricitário. A interação entre sindicalistas, ex-sindicalistas presentes no Governo Lula, empresários do setor de fundos de pensão e Governo Federal, coloca em evidência a cumplicidade de interesses e a convergência de elite , em torno da configuração precisa dos fundos de pensão. Nesse sentido, apoiados no discurso de responsabilidade social, investimento ético, gestão democrática dos fundos, proteção da poupança dos trabalhadores e na luta contra o capitalismo usando suas próprias armas (domesticação do capitalismo), os sindicalistas brasileiros têm ampliado para o espaço financeiro, a legitimidade acumulada no espaço trabalhista. Para tanto, argumentam ser moralmente legítimos na gestão/proteção da poupança dos trabalhadores. Considerando o contexto exposto acima, essa tese de doutoramento buscou compreender as mudanças de convenções sociais pelas quais passam o sindicalismo brasileiro, as ambiguidades e contradições dessa ação sindical e o real papel e poder do qual dispõem nossos sindicatos. Da mesma forma, buscou entender a política de inclusão social, via mercado do Governo Lula. Finalmente, buscou pontuar as inspirações internacionais para o projeto de fundos de pensão, e as novas institucionalidades criadas pela consolidação do mercado de fundos de pensão. Têm como inspiração teórica Bourdieu, Mary Douglas, Marcel Mauss, Robert Castel, dentre grandes nomes das Ciências Sociais do país e do exterior. Empiricamente, foram realizadas entrevistas com sindicalistas, membros do Governo Federal e opositores ao projeto de fundos de pensão, bem como observação participante em eventos do setor. Da mesma forma, foi realizada pesquisa de campo em centrais sindicais na França.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-06-14T18:45:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGAO.pdf: 2694531 bytes, checksum: 5a6ae41e5754d53d9fb2b7a3bc00ea15 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-26T19:26:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGAO.pdf: 2694531 bytes, checksum: 5a6ae41e5754d53d9fb2b7a3bc00ea15 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-26T19:27:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGAO.pdf: 2694531 bytes, checksum: 5a6ae41e5754d53d9fb2b7a3bc00ea15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-26T20:13:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGAO.pdf: 2694531 bytes, checksum: 5a6ae41e5754d53d9fb2b7a3bc00ea15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-30 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / As an ethnography about interspecific relationships – between humans and animals – in urban contexts, this dissertation aims to reflect about the actions related to the management and protection of animal life within institutional and domestic scopes. From the contact with activist groups in two cities in the state of São Paulo it was possible to observe situations that alternate between containment and propitiation measures and their consequent interferences in a conviviality supported by the principle of animal protection. Government and activism – as well as the perceptions and conceptions of the domestic animal resulting from their respective actions – allow a theoretical and methodological reflection on the binomial established between culture and nature, when they reveal conflicts and possible ambivalences of animal protection, situated between control and hosting measures that, consequently, are linked to affectivities and legal issues. Ethical arguments, contained in laws and public policies, as well as the appeal to the sensitive dimension, eventually triggered by activism, also provide subsidies to understanding other concepts - such as welfare and animal rights – and these interspecific relationships mediated by emotions and reason, both tangents to the moral condition of the animal as part of a predominantly human socius. / Como uma etnografia acerca de relações interespecíficas – entre humanos e animais – em contextos urbanos, este trabalho visa refletir sobre as ações envolvidas na gestão e tutela da vida animal no âmbito institucional e doméstico. A partir do contato com grupos ativistas em dois municípios paulistas, foram observadas situações que se alternam entre medidas de contenção e de propiciação e suas consequentes interferências num convívio amparado pelo princípio da proteção aos animais. Tanto o poder público como o ativismo – bem como as percepções e concepções sobre o animal doméstico resultantes de suas respectivas ações – possibilitam uma reflexão de ordem teórico-metodológica do binômio estabelecido entre cultura e natureza, ao apresentarem os conflitos e as possíveis ambivalências da proteção animal, situados entre medidas de controle e de acolhimento e, por conseguinte, imbricados a afetividades e juridicidades. Argumentos éticos, presentes em legislações e em políticas públicas, e o apelo à dimensão do sensível, eventualmente acionado pelas atividades militantes, também fornecem subsídios à compreensão de outros conceitos – como bem-estar animal e direitos animais – e dessas relações interespecíficas mediadas por emoções e razões, ambas tangentes à condição moral do animal enquanto parte de um socius predominantemente humano.