Communication is a fundamental process for organizations with meetings as the most important arena. The nonverbal language affects the transfer and the rendering of what is communicated. Digitization has changed the opportunities to communicate, where the possibility of nonverbal communication is limited. The aim of the study is to describe and analyze the technical domestication in meetings at two selected workplaces. The purpose is to contribute to research on digitizing organizations in general and workplace meetings in particular. We intend to achieve the goal and purpose of the survey by examining how the technology is handled and what it is attributed to it by the employees. This survey research the questions from a user perspective.   Data has been gathered through a qualitative research method. 15 interviews have been conducted with public sector employees. The result has been analyzed based on the theoretical framework by Gidden’s structuring theory. Further the theoretical concepts nonverbal communication, digital trust and paralinguistic and expressive linguistic have been used. The results from the study indicates that physical meetings is to prefer before digital meetings. The conclusion is that digital meetings cannot replace physical meetings. However, digital meetings are able to provide a new way of working with meetings in working life. Another conclusion is that the employee's technical domestication is a consequence of a normative approach at the workplace.

El presente trabajo examina las estrategias traductoras utilizadas en la traslación al español de los topónimos y los conceptos referentes al patrimonio cultural y la naturaleza, es decir, los culturemas del relato sueco El maravilloso viaje de Nils Holgersson a través de Suecia escrito por Selma Lagerlöf. Dos traducciones surgidas en diferentes contextos sociohistóricos en España son contrastadas con el objetivo de determinar de qué manera divergen. Los resultados muestran que la primera traducción en gran medida adapta los conceptos específicos para Suecia al ambiente sociohistórico y natural reconocibles para el lector español. La segunda traducción, al contrario, lleva al lector hispanohablante conceptos que le podrían resultar exóticos. Los topónimos son adoptados sin grandes modificaciones. Aun así, ninguno de los traductores se ajusta a seguir una línea coherente de traducción, el hecho que se puede explicar por la pertenencia del relato al género de la literatura juvenil cuyos objetivos son tanto educar como entretener. / The present study examines the patterns used in the translation into Spanish of some Swedish place names and cultural and natural characteristics in Selma Lagerlöf’s novel The wonderful adventures of Nils. Two translations that emerged in different socio-historical contexts in Spain are compared in order to determine how they diverge. The results show that the first translation largely adapts the Sweden-specific concepts to the notions that are recognizable by the Spanish reader. The second translation, on the contrary, offers to a greater extent culture-specific phenomena to its readers. Place names are mainly adopted without modifications. Despite this, both translators rather use a strategy mix in order to adjust the text to its juvenile audience and to preserve both the didactic and the entertaining values of the Swedish text.

The purpose of the present essay is to study the difficulties of translating, into French, Swedish proper names with a connection to the socio-political organisation of the country, i.e. names of Swedish national institutions and governemental bodies, unions and political parties as well as national and local non-profit organisations, and to discuss, in context, the validity of the various possible translation methods. The source texts used as primary material are excerpts from the book Porr, horor och feminister by Swedish author Petra Östergren (2006) in which she intends to offer a historical and at the same time critical insight into the debate about pornography and prostitution in Sweden. Drawing on both the skopos theory of Vermeer and Reiss and the theories about the translation of cultural elements developed by Swedish scholar Brynja Svane, the author of this essay will, as a first step, analyse the text type, skopos and target audience of both the source texts and the target texts, and, as a second step, sort out all instances of the chosen proper nouns according to the translation method used to render them. The motivations behind each translation choice, above all in accordance with the skopos of the texts but also with the stylistic requirements of the target language, will then be discussed and evaluated in details.

The aim of this paper is to carry out a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the semantic and pragmatic aspects of a translation from Spanish into Swedish. Taking advantage our extensive knowledge of the local area we selected a book about the cultural heritage of Seville. Owing to the differences in the two cultures we expected to find numerous foreign cultural words – that we call culturemes – throughout the book that have no direct equivalence in Swedish. Our intention was to detect them and describe by means of several examples the translation techniques we used in order to adapt the target text to the Swedish reader. At the end we also carried out a quantitative analysis of the 252 culturemes we found, with a table showing which translation techniques dominate, and the frequency of occurrence of other techniques. We aimed to transfer as many culturemes as possible in order to give the target text some local color. This is the strategy called foreignization, recommended by Venuti. Throughout the translation and analysis process we concluded that the translator must have a sound linguistic and cultural knowledge of both the source and target languages in order to successfully resolve cultural differences and create an idiomatic and pragmatic translation.

While many high school English instructors in the United States teach world literature in translation, few of them explicitly present the literature as translated. High school English students would benefit from learning more about the linguistic origins of the world literature they read. This awareness would increase student understanding of the source culture and benefit their language skills. Various translation theorists have suggested methods to teach translational awareness, but few have offered advice on the type of translation to select. In my research, I examined the question of whether students would derive more cultural knowledge, and specifically language-related knowledge, by reading domesticated or foreignized translations. To explore this question, I created two different English translations of the same French literary texts and presented them to several classes of U.S. American high school students. One translation (Version A) was intended to be a domesticated version and the other (Version B) was deliberately foreignized. Classes read two versions of either Anna Gavalda’s short story “Happy Meal” or of a selection from Joseph Zobel’s novel La Rue Cases-Nègres. Following the reading, they completed a series of multiple-choice and free-response questions. Responses to the readings indicated that students found the foreignized translations more “sophisticated” but did not consistently demonstrate a greater cultural understanding as a result. The results failed to prove one translation method more effective than the other, but they did suggest limitations to Lawrence Venuti’s foreignization approach.

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Denna uppsats utgörs av en kommenterad svensk översättning av den japanska novellen Wasureenu hitobito (1898) av Kunikida Doppo (1871–1908) genom en osedvanligt källtextnära översättningsprincip. I medföljande översättningskommentar redogörs för metoderna som använts för att återge vissa kulturella och stilistiska egenheter från källtexten både i den svenska måltexten och i en tidigare engelsk av Jay Rubin, samtidigt som graden av förfrämligande och domesticering i respektive översättning uppskattas. Resultaten visar tydligt på en högre grad av förfrämligande metoder i den svenska måltexten och av domesticerande metoder i den engelska. I den avslutande diskussionen om den svenska måltextens förmodade läsbarhet uppskattas att denna i viss mån har påverkats negativt som en direkt följd av den osedvanliga källtextnärheten. / This paper consists of a commented Swedish translation of the Japanese short story Wasureenu hitobito (1898) by Kunikida Doppo (1871–1908) using a translation principle unusually close to the source text. In the accompanying commentary, the methods used in conveying certain cultural and stylistic features from the source text, both in the Swedish target text and in an earlier English one by Jay Rubin, are presented, while the level of foreignisation and domestication in the respective target text is evaluated. The results clearly show a higher degree of foreignising methods in the Swedish target text, and of domesticating methods in the English one. In the final discussion concerning the assumed readability of the Swedish target text, it is estimated that this has been affected somewhat negatively as a direct consequence of the unusual closeness to the source text.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La domesticación de los cítricos es un proceso en gran parte desconocido. Las investigaciones llevadas a cabo hasta la fecha indican que las variedades de cítricos que se comercializan en la actualidad son, en general, el producto de introgresiones ancestrales intraespecíficas e interespecíficas. Las introgresiones de tipo intraespecífico tuvieron lugar entre las poblaciones de dos subespecies antiguas de mandarinas y aportaron el comportamiento apomíctico que la mayoría de las mandarinas actuales y otros cítricos relacionados conservan todavía hoy. Una vez dichas mezclas genéticas o admixtures quedaron establecidas, otras introgresiones interespecíficas de pummelo establecieron nuevas características en el genoma de mandarina. Durante el proceso de domesticación, la variabilidad genética de estos cítricos se adquirió fundamentalmente a través de mutación espontánea, y mediante la práctica del injerto los genotipos carentes de semillas se extendieron rápidamente, acentuándose el papel de las mutaciones en la selección de cítricos como las naranjas y las mandarinas modernas. En este trabajo, mostramos que las mutaciones somáticas en cítricos se propagan siguiendo un patrón iterativo determinado por un modelo de ramificación simpodial y, en consecuencia, se agrupan en sectores a lo largo del árbol, donde algunas mutaciones quedan permanentemente fijadas. En este escenario, un árbol puede considerarse un mosaico genéticamente compuesto de diferentes genomas, en el que las ramas más jóvenes acumulan un número mayor de mutaciones. En promedio, nuestro árbol experimental de Clementina de 36 años muestra una tasa de mutación de 4.4 × 10-10 bp-1 yr-1, pudiendo contener en total entre 1500 y 5000 variantes y producir 1 mutación somática en cada meristemo axilar. Este número relativamente alto de mutaciones está en línea con el gran número de variedades derivadas de mutaciones espontáneas que se comercializan en cítricos. Para identificar caracteres esenciales adquiridos durante la domesticación, se han analizado los transcriptomas de la pulpa de frutos en desarrollo de la variedad silvestre e incomestible papeda de Ichang, la mandarina ácida Sun Chu Sha Kat y tres segregantes comestibles derivados de un cruce entre mandarinas comerciales. Basándonos en los resultados obtenidos, se propone que durante la transición de las papedas incomestibles a las mandarinas ácidas, la domesticación se caracterizó por una primera fase de cambios radicales en la expresión de los genes que regulan rutas fundamentales tanto del metabolismo primario como del secundario. Esta fase estuvo determinada principalmente por la estimulación de los procesos de crecimiento y la reducción de las defensas químicas, constituidas por compuestos de sabores desagradables. También se sugiere que en una segunda fase los atributos asociados a la palatabilidad de las mandarinas, especialmente la acidez, se mejoraron progresivamente a través de modificaciones específicas. Otros cambios de relevancia se relacionaron con la regulación de genes involucrados tanto en la síntesis de sustancias básicas de agradable aroma y sabor, como en la modulación de transportadores de azúcares. Por lo tanto, la transición entre las papedas incomestibles y las mandarinas de tipo ácido se caracterizó esencialmente por una drástica reprogramación de la expresión génica de rutas metabólicas fundamentales, mientras que las mandarinas modernas evolucionaron posteriormente mediante un refinamiento progresivo de las propiedades relacionadas con la palatabilidad. En su conjunto, estas observaciones sugieren que en cítricos, las tasas de mutación de los tejidos somáticos son consistentes con la idea de que las mutaciones desempeñaron un papel importante en las últimas fases de la domesticación. / [CAT] La domesticació dels cítrics és un procés en gran part desconegut. Les investigacions poratades a terme fins al moment indiquen que les varietats de cítrics comercialitzades hui en dia són, en general, el producte de introgressions ancestrals intraespecífiques i interespecífiques. Les introgressions de tipus intraespecífic van tindre lloc entre les poblacions de dues subespècies antigues de mandarina tot aportant el comportament apomíctic que la majoria de les mandarines actuals i altres cítrics relacionats encara conserven. Una vegada que aquestes barreges genètiques o admixtures es consolidaren, diferents introgressions interespecífiques de pummelo establiren noves característiques en el genoma de mandarina. Durant el procés de domesticació, la variabilitat genètica dels cítrics va ser assolida mitjançant mutació espontània i, per mitjà de la pràctica de l'empelt, genotips sense llavors es van estendre ràpidamente, accentuant el paper de les mutacions en la selecció de cítrics com les taronges i les mandarines modernes. En aquest treball, mostrem com les mutacions somàtiques en cítrics es propaguen seguint un patró iteratiu determinat per un model de ramificació simpodial i, en conseqüència, queden agrupades al llarg de l'arbre, on algunes d'aquestes mutacions romanen fixades. En aquest escenari, un arbre pot ser considerat un mosaic genèticament format per diferents genomes, en el qual les branques més joves acumulen un nombre major de mutacions. De mitjana, el nostre arbre experimental de Clementina mostra una ràtio de mutació de 4.4 × 10−10 bp−1 yr−1, arribant a incloure en total entre 1500 i 5000 variants i produint-hi 1 mutació somática en cada meristem axil·lar. Aquest nombre relativament elevat de mutacions està en línia amb el gran nombre de varietats provinents de mutacions espontànies que es comercialitzen en cítrics. Per tal d'abordar la identificació de trets essencials adquirits durant la domesticació, s'ha analitzat el transcriptoma de fruits en desenvolupament de la varietat silvestre i incomestible papeda d'Ichang, la mandarina àcida Sun Chu Sha Kat i tres segregants comestibles derivats d'un creuament entre mandarines comercials. Basant-nos en els resultats obtinguts, s'ha proposat que durant la transició de les papedes incomestibles a les mandariens àcides, la domesticació es va caracteritzar per una primera fase de canvis radicals en l'expressió dels gens que regulen rutes fonamentals del metabolisme primari i secundari. Aquesta fase va estar determinada principalment per l'estimulació dels processos de creixement i la reducció de les defenses químiques de gust desplaent. També es suggereix que en una segona fase atributs associats a la palatabilitat de les mandarines, especialment l'acidesa, van ser millorats progressivament mitjançant modificacions específiques. Altres canvis de rellevància van estar relacionats amb l'estimulació de gens involucrats tant en la síntesi de substàncies bàsiques d'agradable aroma i sabor, com en la modulació de transportadors de sucres. Per tant, la transició entre les papedes incomestibles i les mandarines àcides va estar caracteritzada essencialment per una dràstica reprogramació de l'expressió gènica de rutes metabòliques fonamentals mentre que les mandarines modernes evolucionaren posteriorment mitjançant un refinament progressiu de propietats relacionades amb la palatabilitat. En conjunt, aquestes observacions suggereixen que, en els cítrics, les ràtios de mutació dels teixits somàtics són consistents amb la idea que les mutacions tingueren un paper important en les últimes fases de la domesticació. / [EN] Citrus domestication is a largely unknown process. Research carried out to date indicates that current commercial citrus varieties are, in general, the product of ancestral intraspecific and interspecific introgressions. Intraspecific introgressions took place between the populations of two antique subspecies of mandarins and contributed to the apomictic behavior that most current mandarins and other related citrus still retain today. Once these genetic admixtures were established, interspecific pummelo introgression brought new traits to the admixtured mandarin genome. During domestication, genetic variability of these citrus occurred mainly through spontaneous mutations and with the practice of grafting, seedless genotypes expanded rapidly, emphasizing the role of mutations in the selection of citrus such as oranges and modern mandarins. In this work, we provide evidence that somatic mutations in citrus propagate following an iterative pattern determined by the sympodial branching model and consequently are grouped in sectors along the tree, where some of them remain fixed. In this scenario, a tree can be considered a mosaic genetically composed of different genomes, in which younger branches accumulate greater number of mutations. On average, our 36-yr-old experimental Clementine tree shows a mutation rate of 4.4 × 10-10 bp-1 yr-1, may carry a total of 1,500 to 5,000 variants and produces 1 somatic mutation per axillary meristem. This relatively high number of mutations is in line with the large number of varieties derived from spontaneous mutations that are commercialized in citrus. To identify key traits elicited by citrus domestication, we analyzed transcriptomes from developing fruit pulp of wild inedible Ichang papeda, Sun Chu Sha Kat sour mandarin and three palatable segregants derived from a cross between commercial mandarins. Based on these results, we propose that during the transition from inedible papedas to sour mandarins, domestication involved a first phase of major changes in the expression of genes regulating central pathways of primary and secondary metabolism. This stage was mainly characterized by both the stimulation of growth processes and the reduction of distasteful chemicals defenses. It is also suggested that in a second phase, edible attributes of mandarins, especially acidity, were progressively improved through specific modifications. Other relevant changes included upregulation of genes involved in the synthesis of key substances of pleasant aroma and flavor, and the modulation of sugar transporters. Thus, the transition from inedible papeda to sour mandarin was essentially defined by a drastic reprogramming of gene expression of fundamental metabolic pathways, while modern mandarins evolved later through progressive refinement of palatability properties. Taken together, these observations suggest that the rates of mutations occurring in citrus somatic tissues are consistent with the idea that they have played an important role during the later steps of citrus domestication. / This research is co-funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (Spain) through grant RTI2018-097790-R-100 and by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) of the Generalitat Valenciana 2014- 2020, through grants IVIA 51915 and 52002 / Pérez Román, E. (2022). Mutation Rate and Gene Expression in Genetic Admixtures of Domesticated Citrus [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/191452 / Compendio

Il y a deux millions d’années, les ancêtres d’Homo sapiens ont consommé de façon plus soutenue des protéines d’origine animale, ce qui leur a permis d’intégrer la guilde des carnivores, et ainsi marquer durablement le cours de leur histoire évolutive. L'ancienneté du phénomène étant associée à des limites matérielles, le contexte de la dispersion humaine dans l’ouest de la steppe à mammouth européenne, ainsi que la disponibilité des preuves archéologiques qui lui sont reliées, offre une occasion unique de se pencher sur cette étape importante de l’évolution des membres de la guilde des carnivores et des humains. La dispersion humaine, en tant qu’invasions biologiques, semble avoir mené à des impacts de nature maligne avec des conséquences qui ont affecté la diversité trophique, la compétition et les comportements des membres de la guilde, à la période culturelle associée au techno-complexe gravettien. Les méthodes d’analyses isotopiques ont aussi permis de mettre en lumière des informations permettant de participer à une meilleure compréhension du processus de transition Paléolithique moyen et supérieur et de mesurer l’influence des relations coévolutives intraguildes qui ont pu mener aux processus de domestication. / Two million years ago, the ancestors of Homo sapiens have increased their protein animal consumption, what it allowed them to join the guild of carnivores, and shaping a lasting way their evolution history. The antiquity of the phenomenon being associated with material limits, the context of human dispersal in the western European mammoth steppe, and the availability of archaeological evidence related to it, offers a unique opportunity to examine the evolution of carnivore guild members and humans. Human dispersal, as biological invasions, appears to have led to the impacts of a malignant nature with consequences that affected trophic diversity, competition, and behaviours of guild members, in the cultural period associated with the techno-complex Gravettian. The isotopic analysis methods have also used to highlight information allowing a better understanding of the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic transition process and to estimate the influence of intraguild coevolutionary relations which may have led to the domestication process.

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