Orientador: Sandra Aidar de Queiroz / Banca: Valter Udler Cromberg / Banca: Danísio Prado Munari / Resumo: O medo é uma característica comportamental importante em espécies domesticadas e pode ser incluído no programa de seleção, pois responde à seleção artificial e tem conseqüências importantes ao bem estar e desempenho das aves domésticas. A reação de medo pode ser avaliada pelo tempo de permanência em imobilidade tônica (IT), que é o período em que o animal fica em estado catatônico induzido manualmente pelo homem. Quanto menos tempo permanecer neste estado, menor é o medo do animal e mais adaptado este se mostra a viver em cativeiro. A característica IT é bem representativa do nível de medo do indivíduo e também pode estar relacionada com a relação heterófilo/linfócito (H/L). Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar efeitos de ambiente e estimar parâmetros genéticos da característica tempo de permanência em IT de perdiz (Rhynchotus rufescens) criada no ambiente de cativeiro. A análise realizada pelo método dos quadrados mínimos revelou a influência da época de nascimento dentro de geração e o peso corporal, sendo que animais mais pesados permaneceram maior tempo em IT (b = 0,32 ± 0,14g, p<0,05). O método de máxima verossimilhança restrita possibilitou a estimação do coeficiente de herdabilidade da característica IT, apresentando valor igual a 0,29 evidenciando influência do ambiente sobre o tempo de permanência em IT. Contudo, a seleção pode ser eficiente para alterar as médias desta característica / Abstract: Fear is an important behavior trait in domesticated species and can be included in the selection program, and have important consequences to the welfare and performance of poultry. The fear reaction can be measured by the time spend in tonic immobility (TI), which is the period where the animal stays in catatonic state induced by human hand. The less time remaining in this state, smaller is the fear of the animal and it shows more adapted to living in captivity. The trait IT is well representative of the level of fear of the individual and may also be related to the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (H/L). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of environment and estimate the genetic characteristic of tonic immobility time in Red-winged Tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens) hosed in captivity environment. The method of least squares analysis resulted the influence of season within generation and body weight, whose heavier animals showed longer period in IT (b = 0.32 ± 0.14 g, p <0.05). The restricted maximum likelihood method was applied to estimate heritability of TI with value of 0.29 indicating environmental influence However, the selection can be effective to change the means of this trit / Mestre

Orientador: Norberto da Silva / Banca: Lin Chau Ming / Banca: Eduardo Pagani / Banca: Joaquim Adelino de Azevedo Filho / Banca: Walter José Siqueira / Resumo: Este trabalho avaliou agronômica e quimicamente 37 progênies de meios irmãos de Cordia verbenacea DC., espécie nativa de importância medicinal por causa de sua ação antiinflamatória. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de identificar progênies e indivíduos de C. verbenacea com boas características agrícolas e químicas, iniciando assim o processo de domesticação da espécie, visando promover seu cultivo, de modo a oferecer uma nova opção agrícola aos produtores rurais, contribuindo para a preservação da espécie e para utilização dos seus benefícios terapêuticos. Através de um ensaio agrícola em blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições, foram avaliadas o comportamento de progênies de meios irmãos em três colheitas. As características analisadas foram: a produção de biomassa verde, de folhas secas, o índice de colheita, a produção de óleo essencial e a produção de alfa humuleno. A partir dos dados obtidos foi estimada a variabilidade disponível para o melhoramento, a herdabilidade das características analisadas, o progresso esperado com a seleção, a eficiência do método de seleção empregado e as correlações genéticas, ambientais e fenotípicas entre as características analisadas. Concluiu-se que as progênies possuíam ampla variação genética e que esta variação poderia ser explorada para fins de melhoramento. As herdabilidades calculadas para massa de folhas secas, porcentagem de óleo essencial e massa de óleo essencial foram de 0,52, 0,69 e 0,78 respectivamente, considerando-se as três colheitas. Calculando-se os ganhos por seleção, concluiu-se que podem ser esperados ganhos expressivos selecionando-se as melhores plantas dentro das melhores progênies. O método de seleção entre e dentro de progênies de meios irmãos empregado neste trabalho mostrou-se significantemente mais eficiente que os métodos de seleção entre progênies... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This dissertation evaluated agronomically and chemically 37 progenies of half-sib families of Cordia verbenacea DC., a native medicinal species important for its anti-inflammatory action. The objective of this research was to identify C. verbenacea individuals with good agricultural and chemical characteristics to start a domestication process, aiming at promoting cultivation and offering a new agricultural option to rural producers, thus contributing to preserve the species and to the use of its therapeutic properties. An agricultural experimental design of randomized blocks with four repetitions evaluated the behavior of half-sib families in three harvests. The characteristics analyzed were: fresh biomass and dry leaves production, harvest index, essential oil production, and alpha humulene production. The available variability for breeding, the heritability of the analyzed characteristics, the progress expected from selection, the efficiency of the chosen selection method, and the genetic, environmental, and phenotypic correlations between the characteristics analyzed were estimated from the collected data. It was concluded that the progenies had a broad genetic variability that could be explored for breeding. The heritabilities calculated for dried leaf biomass, essential oil percentage, mass of essential oil were, respectively, 52%, 0,69% and 0,78%, considering the three harvests. On estimating the gain from selection, the conclusion was that significant gain can be expected from the selection of the best plants between and within the best progenies. The selection method between and within half-sib families employed in this research proved to be considerably more efficient than methods such as selection between progenies, and mass and stratified mass selection. The correlations study shows that oil and alpha humulene production is closely related to biomass production, demonstrating... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:36:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilviaBFM.pdf: 183510 bytes, checksum: 25d17456b26e665dea3d1b33500465c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-07 / The cats (Felis catus) were domesticated about 9,500 years ago due to the advent of agriculture, being used to control the pests that devastated the food harvested. These animals went through an artificial selection and over generations and millennia had their behavior and morphology changed by humans. This process of domestication by man gave rise to a special ability, the understanding of human pointing gestures, clearly noticed while we feed our pets. Our goal in this study was to assess the comprehension of pointing gestures by cats and also verify the influence that social interactions exerts on the development of this ability. We found that experimental subjects from both groups, solitary animals and social animals, were able to follow human indication in order to find hidden food. However, social interaction had no effect on cats performances. The ability tested here probably evolved during the process of domestication of this species, and social interaction seems to exert little or no influence upon its expression / AOs gatos (Felis catus) foram domesticados h? cerca de 9.500 anos devido ? agricultura, onde eram utilizados no combate ?s pragas que assolavam os alimentos colhidos. Esses animais passaram por uma sele??o artificial e ao longo das gera??es e mil?nios tiveram seus comportamentos e morfologia modificadas pelos humanos. O processo de domestica??o pelo homem fez surgir uma habilidade em especial, a compreens?o de sinais gestuais humanos, que ? bem observada nos momentos em que alimentamos nossos animais. Nosso objetivo neste estudo foi testar a resposta ? sinaliza??o gestual (comportamento de apontar) em gatos, emitida por humanos e tamb?m verificar a influ?ncia do conv?vio social sobre o desenvolvimento desta habilidade. Observamos que os sujeitos experimentais de ambos os grupos, animais solit?rios e de conv?vio em grupo, foram capazes de seguir os sinais de indica??o humana para localizar o alimento escondido. Por?m, a forma de conv?vio social n?o influenciou no desempenho dos gatos. A habilidade aqui testada, possivelmente evoluiu durante o processo de domestica??o dessa esp?cie, e a intera??o social parece exercer pouca ou nenhuma influ?ncia sobre a sua express?o

Prehispanic Camelid Utilization PatternsIn the present study evidence concerning both the origin of camelid domestication and the subsequent development of herding economies is evaluated through the analysis of camelid survivorship/mortality curves. Because the bone fusion age stages proposed by Elizabeth Wing in 1972 have been used by archaeozoologists working in the Andes, it is possible to compare data from several sites. None the less, in the present study we have corrected errors in Wing's age attribution for the fusion of certain bones and recalculated the survivorship curves published for the sites of Tulan 52, Puripica 1, Telarmachay, Kotosh, Galindo, Huacaloma and Layzón. The resultant curves reveal clear differences between hunting and herding economies, as well as distinct levels of herding efficiency or strategies, which support previous hypotheses concerning the origins of domestication. / En el presente trabajo, se evalúa la evidencia relacionada con el origen de la domesticación de los camélidos sudamericanos y el subsecuente desarrollo de las economías de pastoreo a través del análisis de los perfiles de sobrevivencia/mortalidad de estos animales. Debido a que la tabla de grupos etarios en los camélidos sudamericanos (basados en el estado de fusión de ciertos huesos) utilizada por Elizabeth Wing en su estudio de la fauna de Kotosh (1972) ha sido utilizada por arqueozoólogos que trabajan en los Andes, es posible hacer una comparacion entre los datos provenientes de varios sitios. En el presente trabajo, sin embargo, se han corregido algunos errores en la atribución de edad propuesta por Wing para la fusión de ciertos huesos y recalculado los perfiles de sobrevivencia/mortalidad publicadas para los sitios de Tulan 52, Puripica 1, Telarmachay, Kotosh, Galindo, Huacaloma y Layzón. Los perfiles resultantes revelan claramente diferencias entre las economías de caza y pastoreo, así como distintos niveles de eficiencia o estrategias de pastoreo, que sustentan hipótesis previas concernientes a los orígenes de la domesticación.

This contribution treats some of the basic problems related to the origins of social complexity in ancient Perú and to such crucial definitions as domestication and sedentism. The necessity of including the concept of simplicity in discussions of complexity is stressed, as well as that of discerning the relevance and interrelation between simple and complex institutions. Further, the corresponding chronology of Perú also is in need of standardization and more precise definitions. Lastly, the papers included in this volume are discussed briefly. / Este aporte aborda algunos problemas básicos relacionados con el origen de la complejidad social en el Perú antiguo y la complejidad inherente de definiciones centrales como domesticación y sedentarización. Asimismo, enfatiza la necesidad de incluir lo ‘no complejo’ en la discusión de la complejidad, y de enfocar la relevancia respectiva y la interrelación entre ‘lo simple’ y ‘lo complejo’. Más aún, la cronología pertinente usada en el Perú requiere de una uniformización y definiciones más precisas. Por último, se presentan los trabajos incluidos en este número.

The purpose of this paper is to examine translation norms, strategies and solutions in chapter XIII Westbottom and Lapland in The Further Adventures of Nils (Lagerlöf, 1911). In the foreword to the English translation of the novel, the translator writes that some of the purely geographical matter has been eliminated in the translation, and that cuts have been made where the descriptive matter is only of local interest. This statement raised questions about the intended readerships and the purposes of the original novel and the translation, respectively. Are these the same in the two texts, or are they different? Further questions were raised regarding the initial norm of the translator. Has she aimed for domestication or foreignization in the text? In this paper, two domains were chosen as fields of study: proper nouns and the lexical fields of water, heights and flat land. Through an analysis of coupled pairs from the chosen domains, it was concluded that the translator’s initial norm was foreignization, but that there are also many examples of domestication in the text. It was also shown that while the original novel has two clearly stated purposes, namely of being a geography book for Swedish school children as well as a novel with high literary standards, the educational purpose is not as pronounced in the translation. However, the inclusion of a Table of Pronunciation displayed an educational addition to the translation, which is not part of the original novel. Keywords: translation, Lagerlöf, English, Swedish, initial norm, domestication, foreignization.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-09T13:30:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrocostafernandes.pdf: 2564986 bytes, checksum: e19dee0b92fa76c2344ef1e417d0f6ff (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-08-09T14:41:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrocostafernandes.pdf: 2564986 bytes, checksum: e19dee0b92fa76c2344ef1e417d0f6ff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T14:41:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrocostafernandes.pdf: 2564986 bytes, checksum: e19dee0b92fa76c2344ef1e417d0f6ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O Lobo-Guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus, Illiger, 1815) é o maior representante dos canídeos da América do Sul, ocupando áreas da Argentina, Bolívia, Paraguai e Brasil, com ampla distribuição por biomas variados, tais como o Cerrado, Pampas, regiões do Pantanal, da Floresta Atlântica e áreas de transição entre Cerrado e Caatinga, mas vem sofrendo grandes reduções na porção sul de sua distribuição, ameaçado pelo avanço de áreas antropizadas que o colocam em risco, constando pela IUCN como quase ameaçado, e na classificação nacional como ameaçado de extinção na categoria vulnerável. A região do Santuário do Caraça abriga uma população de lobos-guará apresentando uma peculiaridade comportamental no contato com seres humanos, a habituação à presença antrópica, especialmente em se comparando com o trabalho de James Dietz, que registra as reações típicas da espécie em relação ao ser humano. Também Bekoff e Biben categorizam funcionalmente o desenvolvimento ontogenético do comportamento do C. brachyurus, criando uma base que serve de parâmetro de comparação para estudos posteriores. Para levantamento e notação de comportamentos, bem como levantamento de hipóteses, foi utilizado o método de notação de Fagundes, que se apoia no modelo de comportamento como entendido por Skinner, para compreender a aprendizagem e habituação de espécimes por meio de análise de seu repertório comportamental. Com base nesses autores, fez-se o registro audiovisual do comportamento dos espécimes que se encontram na Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Santuário do Caraça, criando uma base de dados passível de análise tanto em termos quantitativos quanto qualitativos, observando o comportamento apresentado pelos indivíduos locais e comparando-o com os dados produzidos sobre a espécie tanto no meio selvagem quanto em cativeiro. / The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus, Illiger, 1815) is the biggest representative of Canidae in South America, occupying areas of Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil, with large distribution through many different biomes such as Cerrado (hilly savannah), Pampas (southern plains), some regions of Pantanal floodlands, Atlantic Forest and transition areas between Cerrado and Caatinga (semi-arid landscape), but has suffered great reductions in the southern portion of its distribution through the advance of anthropized areas that puts the species in risk, being classified by IUCN as near threatened, and by local environmental authorities as vulnerable. The region of Santuário do Caraça encompasses a maned wolf population that presents a behavioral peculiarity in its contact with humans, habituation to anthropic presence, especially when compared with James Dietz’s work, which registers the animal’s typical reactions towards human beings. Bekoff and Biben also categorize C. Brachyurus’s ontogenetic behavior development functionally, creating a database that serves as means of comparison for further research. For indexing and writing detailed behavior, as well as proposing hypotheses, we have used Fagundes' notation method, which uses Skinner's understanding of behavior and habituation as basis, as means of understanding specimen learning through the analysis of behavioral repertoire. With these authors as a standpoint, an audiovisual register of local specimens’ behavior was made in Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Santuário do Caraça, creating a database that can be analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively, observing said behavior and comparing it with literature available of specimens both in the wild as well as in captivity.

The aim of this study is to analyse the problems met when translating culture-specific items in a text about Australian and New Zealand colonial and post-colonial children’s literature into Swedish. The analysis quantifies and describes the different translation procedures used, and contrasts different strategies when there was more than one possible choice. It also outlines the reasons for the choices made when creating a text adapted for a Swedish audience. The translation methods applied are dynamic equivalence and domestication. As for the categorization of the material, the theories of Newmark (1988) have primarily been followed. The study shows that the frequency of each translation procedure depends on the type of culture-specific item, and the chosen translation method. It is argued that transference is the most commonly used procedure, and recognized translations are not as frequent as could have been expected with the choice of domestication. This is the case for proper nouns and references to literary works, where transference and dynamic equivalence has been given priority over domestication whenever the factual content was considered to be the most important aspect to follow. As for culture-specific items of the category social culture, neutralisation is the most commonly used procedure. In such cases the domestication method was more influential than dynamic equivalence as the consideration of ethics as well as avoidance of cultural taboos in the target culture were considered to be more important than content.

Abstract Hosts and pathogens are involved in a continuous evolutionary arms race, where pathogens attack and hosts defend themselves. The main tools for winning the race are natural selection and the genetic diversity that selection acts on. However, in small populations natural selection may be ineffective. Therefore, the genes taking part in immune defense may lack adaptability to new or changing pathogens. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is an important genomic region that includes highly polymorphic immune defense genes. In this doctoral thesis, I studied the natural selection and genetic diversity of MHC class II genes in dogs and Finnish wolves. I also used dog MHC diversity to estimate the number of founding wolves in dog domestication. The Finnish wolf population declined rapidly in size due to excessive hunting from the late 19th century until the early 20th century. After decades of a very small population size, the population started recovering in the mid-1990s. This study shows that, despite the fluctuations in population size, the diversity of the MHC loci in the Finnish wolf has remained high and comparable to the larger neighboring Russian Karelian wolf population. Unlike the neutral genetic markers, the MHC loci of the Finnish and Russian Karelian populations have not differentiated. These results indicate similar balancing selection acting on the MHC loci of the two wolf populations. In dogs, the strength of natural selection is likely weakened by artificial selection and veterinary care. The potential phases of natural selection would be during embryogenesis and fetal development. However, no strong signs of prenatal selection were found in this study. MHC diversity was estimated to be higher in Asian dogs than in dogs from Europe. A simulation study indicated a minimum of 500 founding wolves for the modern dog population. Dog MHC diversity implies an Asian origin for domestication from a large and diverse wolf population. Both natural selection and demography have an influence on the genetic diversity of a species. In small populations, random genetic drift is enforced. However, in loci with important fitness impacts, selection may be particularly strong and outweigh drift, as demonstrated in the MHC loci of a small wolf population in this study. / Tiivistelmä Isäntä ja taudinaiheuttajat käyvät jatkuvaa kaksinkamppailua, jossa taudinaiheuttajat hyökkäävät ja isäntä puolustautuu. Kamppailussa menestymiseen tarvitaan geneettistä monimuotoisuutta sekä sen pohjalta toimivaa luonnonvalintaa. Pienissä populaatioissa luonnonvalinnan teho voi kuitenkin heikentyä, jolloin immuunipuolustukseen osallistuvat geenit eivät kykene sopeutumaan uusiin tai muuttuneisiin taudinaiheuttajiin. MHC-alueella (major histocompatibility complex) sijaitsee suuri joukko monimuotoisia immuunipuolustukseen osallistuvia geenejä. Väitöskirjassani tutkin luokan II MHC-geeneihin kohdistuvaa luonnonvalintaa ja niiden geneettistä monimuotoisuutta koirilla ja Suomen susilla. Arvioin myös koiran kesyttämisprosessiin osallistuneiden susien määrää nykykoiran MHC-monimuotoisuuden pohjalta. Suomen susipopulaation koko pieneni nopeasti voimakkaan metsästyksen vuoksi 1800-luvun lopulta 1900-luvun alkuun. Populaatio pysyi hyvin pienenä useita vuosikymmeniä, kunnes se alkoi elpyä 1990-luvun puolivälissä. Tutkimus osoitti, että populaatiokoon vaihteluista huolimatta Suomen susien MHC-geenien monimuotoisuus on säilynyt korkeana ja on vastaavalla tasolla kuin Venäjän Karjalan susipopulaatiossa. Suomen ja Venäjän Karjalan susipopulaatioiden MHC-geenit eivät ole erilaistuneet, vaikka populaatiot poikkeavat toisistaan neutraalien geenimerkkien suhteen. Samanlainen tasapainottava valinta näyttäisi kohdistuvan näiden susipopulaatioiden MHC-geeneihin. Keinotekoinen valinta ja eläinlääketieteellinen hoito todennäköisesti heikentävät koirien MHC-geeneihin kohdistuvaa luonnonvalintaa. Luonnonvalinta voisi yhä vaikuttaa alkion- ja sikiönkehityksen aikana, mutta tästä ei tutkimuksessa löytynyt todisteita. MHC-muuntelun määrän arvioitiin olevan suurempaa aasialaisissa kuin eurooppalaisissa koirissa. Simulaatiotutkimuksen mukaan nykyisen koirapopulaation perustamiseen olisi tarvittu vähintään 500 sutta. Tulokset viittaavat koiran kesyttämisen tapahtuneen Aasiassa suuresta ja monimuotoisesta susipopulaatiosta. Sekä luonnonvalinta että demografia vaikuttavat lajien geneettiseen monimuotoisuuteen. Pienissä populaatioissa satunnaisajautuminen voimistuu. Valinta voi kuitenkin olla erityisen voimakasta ja voittaa satunnaisajautumisen geeneissä, joilla on erityisen tärkeä vaikutus yksilön kelpoisuuteen, kuten tutkimuksessa osoitettiin pienen susipopulaation MHC-geenien kohdalla.

Abstract Animal domestication is a complex evolutionary process. Multiple forces influence the genetic variation of the species under domestication and leave their mark on the genome of the species. The European domestic goose is an economically and culturally important species, but knowledge about the domestication history of the species has been lacking. My doctoral thesis has focused on elucidating the genetic background of goose domestication using mitochondrial control region sequences and nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). By comparing the patterns of genetic diversity observed in the greylag goose (Anser anser) and its descendant European domestic geese, I was able to conclude that genetic diversity has decreased in domestic geese following the domestication albeit being still relatively high. In addition, admixture of populations increased the genetic diversity in both greylag geese and domestic geese. The results also confirmed that greylag geese and domestic geese hybridise in certain locations. What is more, many breeds of European domestic geese shared a substantial amount of ancestry with Chinese domestic geese, domesticated from the swan goose (Anser cygnoid). While the timing and location of goose domestication remains unresolved, the results do not disagree with the suggested origin of domestication in the Eastern Mediterranean. More sampling in this region would be needed to further investigate the matter. Lastly, multiple regions in the goose genome have been targeted by selection which is likely to have contributed to phenotypic divergence of greylag and domestic geese, but the functional basis of these differences needs further investigation. / Tiivistelmä Eläinlajin kesyttäminen on monimutkainen evolutiivinen prosessi. Useat geneettiset tekijät vaikuttavat kesytettävän lajin perinnöllisen monimuotoisuuden määrään ja jättävät lajin perimään jälkensä. Eurooppalainen kesyhanhi on kulttuurillisesti ja taloudellisesti merkittävä laji, mutta tieto sen kesytyshistoriasta on puutteellista. Väitöskirjassani olen keskittynyt tutkimaan hanhen kesytyksen perinnöllistä taustaa käyttäen apuna mitokondrio-DNA:n kontrollialueen sekvenssejä ja yhden emäksen polymorfismeja. Kun vertailin perinnöllisen monimuotoisuuden jakautumista merihanhissa (Anser anser) ja eurooppalaisissa kesyhanhissa, pystyin toteamaan, että perinnöllinen monimuotoisuus on kesytyksen seurauksena vähentynyt kesyhanhissa, mutta se on edelleen suhteellisen korkeaa. Lisäksi risteytyminen muiden populaatioiden kanssa lisäsi perinnöllistä monimuotoisuutta sekä meri- että kesyhanhissa. Tulokset myös vahvistivat, että meri- ja kesyhanhet risteytyvät paikoitellen keskenään. Tämän lisäksi moniin eurooppalaisiin kesyhanhirotuihin on kohdistunut geenivirtaa kiinalaisesta kesyhanhesta, joka on kesytetty joutsenhanhesta (Anser cygnoid). Saadut tulokset vastaavat aiempia näkemyksiä, joiden mukaan hanhi kesytettiin Välimeren idänpuoleisilla alueilla, kanssa, mutta kesytyksen ajankohdan ja paikan tarkempi selvittäminen vaatii vielä lisätutkimuksia ja lisää näytteitä tältä alueelta. Lopuksi voidaan todeta, että useat alueet hanhen perimässä osoittivat merkkejä valinnasta, joka on todennäköisesti vaikuttanut meri- ja kesyhanhien välisiin fenotyyppisiin eroihin, mutta erojen funktionaalinen tausta vaatii lisätutkimuksia.