Kandidatuppsatsens syfte är främst att besvara huruvida mor-dotterrelationens litterära uttryck varieras genom romanerna: hur förhållandet framställs, vilka likheter och olikheter det finns i temats gestaltning samt hur det eventuellt skulle kunna förklaras.

Självmord är idag en vanlig dödsorsak bland människor runt om i världen. I den här uppsatsen har begreppet suicid valts istället för självmord då det inte är ett lika negativt laddat ord. Eftersom suicid är så vanligt förekommande är det viktigt att sjuksköterskor får kunskap och information om de efterlevandes sorg. Kunskapen behövs för att kunna lindra lidandet som uppstår efter dödsfallet. Syftet med den här studien är att studera familjens upplevelser när deras son, dotter eller syskon har begått suicid. Författarna valde att göra en litteraturstudie där kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar analyserades med hjälp av en innehållsanalys som utgick ifrån Fribergs modell. Resultatet visar att de efterlevande drabbas av en lång sorgeprocess med många olika känslor och upplevelser som innebär ett lidande för individen. Det framkom att syskon och föräldrar reagerade på liknande sätt genom chock, misstro och förvirring. Det fanns också olikheter såsom att syskon många gånger sett varningstecken, till skillnad från föräldrarna. Relationerna i familjen och till omgivningen förändras många gånger. Många familjer kände sig isolerade då de upplevde att de inte fick lov av omgivningen att prata om vad som hänt deras familjemedlem. Både syskon och föräldrar upplevde en känsla av skuld efter dödsfallet. De frågade sig själva om de kunde ha gjort mer för att hjälpa familjemedlemmen. Författarna diskuterar resultatet utifrån behovet av stöd hos de efterlevande och hur familjen kan få hjälp att försöka gå vidare med det dagliga livet. Diskussionen avslutas med att belysa sjuksköterskans roll i familjers lidande. För att försöka lindra individernas lidande är det av stor vikt att stöd från omgivning och från vården finns tillgänglig. När det handlar om suicid identifierades att stödgrupper främjade individens hälsa och lindrade lidandet. I slutsatsen har författarna kommit fram till att familjen försätts i en sorgeprocess och drabbas därmed av ett lidande som påverkar varje familjemedlems livsvärld.

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss.--Berlin, 2000.

Syftet med uppstasen är att analysera Skämmerskans dotter av Lene Kaaberbøl utifrån ett svenskämnesdidaktiskt perspektiv. Berättartekniken analyseras utifrån Lindhés teroi om empatins paradox medan perspektivet på ondska utgår från Svendsens teori om fyra typologier för ondska. Avslutningsvis diskuteras skönlitteraturens potential att öka elevers kunskaper om den litterära texten.

Syftet med min uppsats är att granska Tove Janssons stilistiska drag i hennes sätt att skriva ur ett barns perspektiv. Utifrån mitt undersökningsmaterial vill jag belysa en stor förändring mot vuxenförfattarskapet i Tove Janssons sätt att skriva. Jag vill med med min analys utröna hur Tove Jansson gestaltar barnets upplevelse av tillvaron: det mytiska och magiska mitt i vardagen, spänningen mellan trygghet, skräck och den gränslösa fantasin. Min uppsats är uppdelad i två delar. I den empiriska analysen förklarar jag begrepp och termer ur kunskapsmässigt etablerade teorier, som är relevanta för min senare analys. I den andra delen, den analytiska undersökningen, förenar jag de teoretiska delarna med min analys kring Tove Janssons språkanvändning och termer som föder hennes stilgrepp.

During gastrulation, a set of highly coordinated morphogenetic movements creates the shape and internal organization of the embryo. In teleostean fishes, these morphogenetic movements involve not only the embryonic progenitor cells (deep cells) but also two extra-embryonic tissues: an outer sheet of epithelial cells (EVL) and a yolk syncytial layer (YSL). Epiboly is characterized by the spreading of the blastoderm (deep cells and EVL) to cover the large yolk cell, whereas convergence and extension leads, respectively, to mediolateral narrowing and anteroposterior elongation of the embryo. Recent studies have shown that the nuclei of the YSL undergo epiboly and convergence and extension movements similarly to the overlying deep cells, suggesting that these tissues interact during gastrulation. However, it is so far not clear whether and how the movements of YSL nuclei and deep cells influence each other. In the first part of this thesis, the convergence and extension movement of YSL nuclei was quantitatively compared to the movement of the overlying mesendodermal progenitor (or “hypoblast)” cells. This revealed that, besides the similarity in the overall direction of movement, YSL nuclei and hypoblast cell movements display differences in speed and directionality. Next, the interaction between YSL and hypoblast was addressed. The movement of the blastoderm was analyzed when YSL nuclei movement was impaired by interfering with the YSL microtubule cytoskeleton. We found that YSL and blastoderm epiboly were strongly reduced, while convergence and extension were only mildly affected, suggesting that YSL microtubules and YSL nuclei movement are required for epiboly, but not essential for convergence and extension of the blastoderm. We also addressed whether blastodermal cells can influence YSL nuclei movement. In maternal-zygotic one-eyed pinhead (MZoep) mutant embryos, which lack hypoblast cells, YSL nuclei do not undergo proper convergence movement. Moreover, transplantation of wild type hypoblast cells into these mutants locally rescued the YSL nuclei convergence phenotype, indicating that hypoblast cells can control the movement of YSL nuclei. Finally, we propose that the hypoblast influences YSL nuclei movement as a result of shape changes caused by the collective movement of cells, and that this process requires the adhesion molecule E-cadherin.

Studiens syfte är att visa hur sociala förhållanden tematiseras i Birgitta Trotzigs roman Dykungens dotter, med fokus på uteslutningsförhållanden. Med hjälp av en strukturalistisk metod hämtad från Michel Serres avtäcker analysen närvaron av en särskild operation av grundande uteslutning inom olika samhälleliga sfärer som presenteras i romanen. Operationen betraktas i analogi med den syndabocksmekanism som René Girard teoretiserat. Det blir därmed möjligt att i det samhälle som Trotzigs roman presenterar se en hierarkisk ordning byggd på ett uteslutet element, ett som förkroppsligas i bland annat den växande kroppen, den trängtande sexualiteten, den kringdrivande befolkningen och dylandets levande oordning.

<p>Anna Maria Lenngren (1754-1817) is known as one of <em>Stockholms Posten’s</em> sharpest satirists. Over the years many literature researchers have based their analysis and interpretations on biographical facts. This means that we miss important parts of her authorship, as she almost exceptionally has been writing role-poems. In a role-poem, the author takes a role as a fictitious narrative subject and/or another poem character. This means that the narrator's, or other subject’s opinion does not have to coincide with the real author’s. At the same time, it is important to be open to the possibility that a text in addition to a narrator, may be under the influence of an implied author. This becomes particularly clear in texts that seem to express an opinion that goes against the narrator's own. In this thesis I will show, that in order to understand Lenngren’s poems it is crucial to be aware of various narrative techniques.</p><p>I have tried to bring some of Lenngren’s poems into dialogue with each other, which is rewarding, since many themes, narrative subjects and characters are recurrent. This, combined with the awareness of diverse narrative techniques, makes it possible to see Lenngren’s works in a new light. I have mainly focused on the poems concerning young women, and those involving female writers. My analysis shows that the young girl’s reality seems to be in a cage – a cage that sometimes protects her from losing her innocence, and sometimes causes the opposite.  By drawing parallels between Lenngren's different poems, we can also imagine her way of thinking when it comes to women’s writing.  In some poems the narrative subject defends women's right to write, while other poems describe the reality that female writers in Lenngren's contemporaries had to face.</p>

Anna Maria Lenngren (1754-1817) is known as one of Stockholms Posten’s sharpest satirists. Over the years many literature researchers have based their analysis and interpretations on biographical facts. This means that we miss important parts of her authorship, as she almost exceptionally has been writing role-poems. In a role-poem, the author takes a role as a fictitious narrative subject and/or another poem character. This means that the narrator's, or other subject’s opinion does not have to coincide with the real author’s. At the same time, it is important to be open to the possibility that a text in addition to a narrator, may be under the influence of an implied author. This becomes particularly clear in texts that seem to express an opinion that goes against the narrator's own. In this thesis I will show, that in order to understand Lenngren’s poems it is crucial to be aware of various narrative techniques. I have tried to bring some of Lenngren’s poems into dialogue with each other, which is rewarding, since many themes, narrative subjects and characters are recurrent. This, combined with the awareness of diverse narrative techniques, makes it possible to see Lenngren’s works in a new light. I have mainly focused on the poems concerning young women, and those involving female writers. My analysis shows that the young girl’s reality seems to be in a cage – a cage that sometimes protects her from losing her innocence, and sometimes causes the opposite.  By drawing parallels between Lenngren's different poems, we can also imagine her way of thinking when it comes to women’s writing.  In some poems the narrative subject defends women's right to write, while other poems describe the reality that female writers in Lenngren's contemporaries had to face.

During gastrulation, a set of highly coordinated morphogenetic movements creates the shape and internal organization of the embryo. In teleostean fishes, these morphogenetic movements involve not only the embryonic progenitor cells (deep cells) but also two extra-embryonic tissues: an outer sheet of epithelial cells (EVL) and a yolk syncytial layer (YSL). Epiboly is characterized by the spreading of the blastoderm (deep cells and EVL) to cover the large yolk cell, whereas convergence and extension leads, respectively, to mediolateral narrowing and anteroposterior elongation of the embryo. Recent studies have shown that the nuclei of the YSL undergo epiboly and convergence and extension movements similarly to the overlying deep cells, suggesting that these tissues interact during gastrulation. However, it is so far not clear whether and how the movements of YSL nuclei and deep cells influence each other. In the first part of this thesis, the convergence and extension movement of YSL nuclei was quantitatively compared to the movement of the overlying mesendodermal progenitor (or “hypoblast)” cells. This revealed that, besides the similarity in the overall direction of movement, YSL nuclei and hypoblast cell movements display differences in speed and directionality. Next, the interaction between YSL and hypoblast was addressed. The movement of the blastoderm was analyzed when YSL nuclei movement was impaired by interfering with the YSL microtubule cytoskeleton. We found that YSL and blastoderm epiboly were strongly reduced, while convergence and extension were only mildly affected, suggesting that YSL microtubules and YSL nuclei movement are required for epiboly, but not essential for convergence and extension of the blastoderm. We also addressed whether blastodermal cells can influence YSL nuclei movement. In maternal-zygotic one-eyed pinhead (MZoep) mutant embryos, which lack hypoblast cells, YSL nuclei do not undergo proper convergence movement. Moreover, transplantation of wild type hypoblast cells into these mutants locally rescued the YSL nuclei convergence phenotype, indicating that hypoblast cells can control the movement of YSL nuclei. Finally, we propose that the hypoblast influences YSL nuclei movement as a result of shape changes caused by the collective movement of cells, and that this process requires the adhesion molecule E-cadherin.