Adopting the Ecological Contextual Model of Acculturation and Adjustment (Birman, 1994; Trickett, 1996) and the Stress and Coping paradigm (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984, 1986, 1991), the present thesis explored the psycho-social, work, and marital adjustment of 200 established older middle-aged refugees from the Former Yugoslavia living in the Ottawa area. More specifically, three studies were conducted to examine specific stressors and resources of relevance to the adjustment of Former Yugoslavian men and women, across the following three distinct life domains: psycho-social, work, and marital. Study I explored the potential buffering effects of interpersonal trust on the relational growth of Former Yugoslavian refugees. Results demonstrated that interpersonal trust moderated the negative effects of war-related trauma on the relational growth of Former Yugoslavian women. No such buffering effect was found for the men. Study II investigated Former Yugoslavians' work adjustment by exploring the influence of pre-migratory work-related expectations-outcome congruence, occupational mobility, work stress (general and discrimination), as well as personal (education, English language proficiency) and social resources (support at work) on their work satisfaction and distress. Results indicated that different factors emerged as significant predictors of work satisfaction and work distress for Former Yugoslavian men and women. Study III explored the potential moderating role of marital resilience on the relationship between marital stress (general and acculturative) and marital adjustment. Results showed that marital resilience moderated the negative effects of marital stress on the marital adjustment of Former Yugoslavian women. No protective effect of marital resilience was found for the men. Taken together, the results of the three studies provide support for the relevance and importance of studying the stress, resources, and adjustment of refugees across contexts and gender. Given that important gender differences were found in different adaptational domains, the need to study further the impact of gender in refugees is reinforced. The findings are discussed within the current gender and migration literatures as well as the multidimensional theories of cross-cultural adjustment. Theoretical, research, and clinical implications were presented, along with recommendations for future research.

Adopting the Ecological Contextual Model of Acculturation and Adjustment (Birman, 1994; Trickett, 1996) and the Stress and Coping paradigm (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984, 1986, 1991), the present thesis explored the psycho-social, work, and marital adjustment of 200 established older middle-aged refugees from the Former Yugoslavia living in the Ottawa area. More specifically, three studies were conducted to examine specific stressors and resources of relevance to the adjustment of Former Yugoslavian men and women, across the following three distinct life domains: psycho-social, work, and marital. Study I explored the potential buffering effects of interpersonal trust on the relational growth of Former Yugoslavian refugees. Results demonstrated that interpersonal trust moderated the negative effects of war-related trauma on the relational growth of Former Yugoslavian women. No such buffering effect was found for the men. Study II investigated Former Yugoslavians' work adjustment by exploring the influence of pre-migratory work-related expectations-outcome congruence, occupational mobility, work stress (general and discrimination), as well as personal (education, English language proficiency) and social resources (support at work) on their work satisfaction and distress. Results indicated that different factors emerged as significant predictors of work satisfaction and work distress for Former Yugoslavian men and women. Study III explored the potential moderating role of marital resilience on the relationship between marital stress (general and acculturative) and marital adjustment. Results showed that marital resilience moderated the negative effects of marital stress on the marital adjustment of Former Yugoslavian women. No protective effect of marital resilience was found for the men. Taken together, the results of the three studies provide support for the relevance and importance of studying the stress, resources, and adjustment of refugees across contexts and gender. Given that important gender differences were found in different adaptational domains, the need to study further the impact of gender in refugees is reinforced. The findings are discussed within the current gender and migration literatures as well as the multidimensional theories of cross-cultural adjustment. Theoretical, research, and clinical implications were presented, along with recommendations for future research.

Adopting the Ecological Contextual Model of Acculturation and Adjustment (Birman, 1994; Trickett, 1996) and the Stress and Coping paradigm (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984, 1986, 1991), the present thesis explored the psycho-social, work, and marital adjustment of 200 established older middle-aged refugees from the Former Yugoslavia living in the Ottawa area. More specifically, three studies were conducted to examine specific stressors and resources of relevance to the adjustment of Former Yugoslavian men and women, across the following three distinct life domains: psycho-social, work, and marital. Study I explored the potential buffering effects of interpersonal trust on the relational growth of Former Yugoslavian refugees. Results demonstrated that interpersonal trust moderated the negative effects of war-related trauma on the relational growth of Former Yugoslavian women. No such buffering effect was found for the men. Study II investigated Former Yugoslavians' work adjustment by exploring the influence of pre-migratory work-related expectations-outcome congruence, occupational mobility, work stress (general and discrimination), as well as personal (education, English language proficiency) and social resources (support at work) on their work satisfaction and distress. Results indicated that different factors emerged as significant predictors of work satisfaction and work distress for Former Yugoslavian men and women. Study III explored the potential moderating role of marital resilience on the relationship between marital stress (general and acculturative) and marital adjustment. Results showed that marital resilience moderated the negative effects of marital stress on the marital adjustment of Former Yugoslavian women. No protective effect of marital resilience was found for the men. Taken together, the results of the three studies provide support for the relevance and importance of studying the stress, resources, and adjustment of refugees across contexts and gender. Given that important gender differences were found in different adaptational domains, the need to study further the impact of gender in refugees is reinforced. The findings are discussed within the current gender and migration literatures as well as the multidimensional theories of cross-cultural adjustment. Theoretical, research, and clinical implications were presented, along with recommendations for future research.

For the first time, vertical water vapour profiles were measured in the Central Arctic North of 85°N during the MOSAiC campaign (Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate). Continuous measurements of the Raman lidar PollyXT are used to retrieve high-resolved vertical profiles of the water vapour mixing ratio (WVMR) during the polar night. The collected data are calibrated and evaluated by use of selected clear-sky profiles between 25 October 2019 and 29 February 2020. Three different calibration methods are applied using reference data from radiosonde launches or microwave radiometer (MWR) measurements, respectively. The calibration with the least error results from a linear fit between collocated radiosonde and lidar measurements and delivers a final calibration constant of 15.96 ± 0.37 g/kg for the period from 25 Oct 2019 to 29 Feb 2020. The calibrated WVMR profiles are analysed regarding the vertical distribution of water vapour in the Arctic, its impact on the downward thermal-infrared radiation (DTIR) at the surface, and its relation to the Arctic Oscillation (AO) index as a measure for the general atmospheric circulation. The Arctic atmosphere is very dry during the winter time with WVMR values below 2 g/kg. The vertical water vapour distribution is strongly related to the temperature profile. Layers with higher WVMR values are often capped by temperature inversions. Layers with higher integrated water vapour values (IWV) are located either close to the surface (coupled) or in an elevated layer (decoupled), related to local or advective processes, respectively. The impact of the vertical distributed water vapour on the clear-sky DTIR at the surface was investigated by evaluating the evolution of the air mass at the measurement location over several hours for seven clear-sky cases. The relation between the measured DTIR at the surface and the lidar IWV shows a linear correlation for each case, but with a shift in the radiation values depending on the temperature of the vertical distributed water vapour. The impact of the IWV on the DTIR is determined to be 9.33 − 15.03 W/kg from the example cases. Beside, a linear correlation is found between the temperature of the vertical distributed water vapour and the radiation temperature of the sky, which is derived from the Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law. Both results depict the high impact of the atmospheric water vapour profile on the surface energy budget during clear-sky winter conditions. The influence of the atmospheric circulation on the vertical water vapour distribution in the Arctic is investigated by use of the AO index. While very stable conditions with a weak exchange with lower latitudes are expected during the positive phase of the AO, a stronger meridional transport is related to the negative phase of the AO. The evaluation of 71 randomly selected clear-sky profiles shows differences in the amount and the vertical structure of each WVMR profile between the two phases. Higher WVMR values and layers with higher IWV are observed during the negative AO phase. Nonetheless, a high variability between dry and humid cases is seen during all phases of the AO due to synoptic events. Two main sources for water vapour in the Eastern Central Arctic are identified independent of the AO. These are cyclones on the one hand and the occurrence of a main wind direction from the seas north of Siberia namely Laptev, Kara and Barents Sea on the other hand. In summary, the thesis discusses different calibration methods for the derivation of WVMR profiles from Raman lidar measurements in its first part. In the second part, the thesis gives an overview over the vertical water vapour distribution in the Central Arctic winter and its complex relation to temperature profiles, radiation measurements at the surface and the atmospheric circulation.

No description available.

本研究從消費者的觀點出發，比較功能型或象徵型的母品牌，進行產品線向下延伸時，以母品牌直接推出或品牌傘兩種策略下，不同奢華態度消費者的購買意願是否有所差異。 本研究經由前測，選擇兩種產品類別進入正式實驗，並為兩產品類別進行品牌傘策略的產品線延伸，各創造一個副品牌，以及向下延伸的價格。數位相機類別中，以SONY為象徵型品牌，以Nikon為功能型品牌，並以Quanta為副品牌名稱，依7999元推出新款數位相機；手錶類別中，以Swatch為象徵型品牌，以Casio為功能型品牌，並以Axis為副品牌名稱，依899元推出新款手錶。本研究總共模擬8張彩色平面廣告，施測於320位政大學生，進行2 (產品線向下延伸策略：以母品推出、品牌傘策略) x 2 (品牌觀念：功能型、象徵型) x 2 (消費者奢華態度：高、低奢華態度群) 的實驗。 研究結果顯示：一、就品牌策略主效果而言，消費者對於以母品牌直接推出低價新產品的購買意願，高於品牌傘策略。二、在品牌觀念的調節作用下，象徵型品牌推出低價新產品時，以母品牌直接推出低價新產品的消費者購買意願，優於品牌傘策略的程度，大於功能型品牌。三、在高價品牌推出低價新產品時，高奢華態度的消費者，在以母品牌直接推出時的購買意願，優於品牌傘策略的幅度，大於低奢華態度的消費者。 當該品牌為功能品牌時，消費者在兩品牌策略下的購買意願間差距較小，此時企業可較為彈性運用此兩種策略推出低價新產品；而當品牌為象徵型品牌時，消費者對以母品牌推出的低價新產品之購買意願，較品牌傘策略下高出許多，因此企業以母品牌推出低價新產品，應能吸引較多的消費者。 該品牌的目標客群主要為低奢華態度群時，目標客群對兩品牌策略的購買意願間差距較小，企業可彈性使用兩種策略；當目標客群主要為高奢華態度群，兩品牌策略下的購買意願差距大，以母品牌推出低價新產品，能吸引較多的消費者。 / The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of two kinds of product downward line stretch’s branding strategies: original branding strategy and umbrella branding strategy. Based on the moderate effect of brand concept and consumer attitude toward luxury, the influence of these two strategies on the consumer purchase intention will be evaluated. Cameras and watches were selected as products for this study. When dividing brand concept into symbolic and functional concept, Sony and Nikon were selected as the camera brands by this order; Swatch and Casio were also chosen as the watch brands. A 2 (product downward line stretch’s branding strategies: original branding strategy and umbrella branding strategy) x 2 (brand concept: functional brand and symbolic brand) x 2 (consumer’s attitude toward luxury: positive and negative) experimental design collected data from 320 Cheng-chi university students through 8 color printed advertisements. The main effect of brand strategy suggested that the original branding strategy is prior to the umbrella branding strategy on consumer purchase intention. Under the moderate effect of brand concept, it is suggested that the gap between the original branding strategy prior to the umbrella branding strategy on the consumer purchase intention is wider for the symbolic brand than for the functional brand. Under the moderate effect of consumer’s attitude toward luxury, it is suggested that the gap between the original branding strategy prior to the umbrella branding strategy on the consumer purchase intention of consumers with positive attitude toward luxury is wider than consumers with negative attitude toward luxury. To sum up, firms must differentiate brand strategies between brand concepts of brand and attitudes toward luxury of consumers, when deciding which branding strategy to extend to low priced products.

Issues arising from climate change and long-term natural climate variability have become the focus of much recent research. In this study, we specifically explore the impacts of long-term climate variability and climate changes upon flood frequencies. The analyses of the flood frequencies are carried out in a comparative manner in catchments located in semiarid-temperate and tropical landscapes in Australia, namely Perth, Newcastle and Darwin, using a process-based derived flood frequency approach. The derived flood frequency analyses are carried out using deterministic rainfall-runoff models that capture the intrinsic water balance variability in the study catchments, and driven by temporal rainfall event sequences that are generated by a stochastic rainfall model that incorporates temporal variabilities over a multiplicity of time scales, ranging from within-event, between-event to seasonal, multi-annual and multi-decadal time scales. Six climate scenarios are considered for Newcastle, that combine the ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) and IPO (Inter-decadal Pacific Oscillation) modes of variability, and six different climate scenarios are considered for Perth and Darwin that combine these different ENSO modes and step changes in climate (upwards or downwards) that occurred in 1970 in both regions, which were identified through statistical analysis. The results of the analyses showed that La Niña years cause higher annual maximum floods compared to El Niño and Neutral years in all three catchments. The impact of ENSO on annual maximum floods in the Newcastle catchment is enhanced when the IPO is negative and for Perth, the impact of ENSO weakens in the post-1970 period, while it strengthens in Darwin in the same period. In addition, the results of sensitivity and scenario analyses with the derived flood frequency model explored the change of dominant runoff generation processes contributing to floods in each of the study catchments. These analyses highlighted a switch from subsurface stormflow to saturation excess runoff with a change of return period, which was much more pronounced in Perth and Darwin, and not so in Newcastle. In Perth and Darwin this switch was caused by the interactions between the out-of-phase seasonal variabilities of rainfall and potential evaporation, whereas the seasonality was much weaker in Newcastle. On the other hand, the combination of higher rainfall intensities and shallower soil depths led to saturation excess runoff being the dominant mechanism in Newcastle across the full range of return periods. Consequently, within-storm rainfall intensity patterns were important in Newcastle in all major flood producing events (all return periods), where they were only important in Perth and Darwin for floods of high return periods, which occur during wet months in wet years, when saturation excess runoff was the dominant mechanism. Additionally, due to the possibility of a change of process from subsurface stormflow to saturation excess when conditions suited this switch, the estimates of flood frequency are highly uncertain especially at high return periods (in Darwin and Perth) and much less in Newcastle (when no process change was involved).

Cette thèse traite des effets de la migration sur le statut professionnel et social des travailleuses domestiques et des nouveaux rapports de subordination qui en découlent, analysés à l'intersection des rapports de genre, de classe et de « race ». Le but de cette recherche est d'aborder l'ordre hiérarchique de ces différents rapports et d'analyser les causes structurelles de la subordination. Les travailleuses migrantes chaoxianzu appartenaient à la classe symboliquement au pouvoir dans la Chine socialiste, en tant qu’ouvrières industrielles et agricoles. En examinant leur expérience de travail dans cinq villes de trois pays - France, Corée du Sud et Chine - nous analysons comment les conditions de travail de chaque société d’immigration affectent leur statut en tant que travailleuses. Les participantes à notre recherche vivent et perçoivent leur expérience de travail à la lumière de l’habitus professionnel de la Chine socialiste, basé sur la fierté en tant que travailleuses. Selon leur perception, dans la migration, elles ne changent pas pour un niveau hiérarchique et professionnel inférieur, mais souffrent, collectivement, de la position subalterne des travailleurs domestiques sans-papiers dans le référentiel de l’ordre hiérarchique de la société capitaliste. Plutôt qu'un travail trivial, elles perçoivent leur métier comme une somme de tâches nobles, physiques et émotionnelles. Elles s’inscrivent dans la chaîne globalisée du care. Mais, en s'interrogeant sur leur statut subalterne, elles remettent en cause la logique de reproduction de la hiérarchie sociale. / This thesis deals with the effects of migration on the occupational and social status of domestic workers and the resulting new relationships of subordination that are analyzed at the intersection of gender, class and ‘race’ relations. The purpose of this research is to address the hierarchical order of these different relationships and to analyze the structural causes of subordination. The Chaoxianzu women migrant workers belonged to the class symbolically in power in socialist China, as industrial and agricultural workers. By examining their work experience in five cities in three countries - France, South Korea and China - we analyze how the working conditions of each immigration society affect their status as women workers. The participants in our research live and perceive their work experience in light of their professional habitus of socialist China, based on pride as women workers. According to their perception, in migrating they do not change for a lower hierarchical and professional level, but collectively suffer from the subordinate position of undocumented domestic workers typical for capitalist society’s hierarchical order. Rather than perceiving their job as trivial, they see it as a sum of noble, physical and emotional tasks. They are part of the global chain of care. But, in questioning their subordinate status, they undermine the logic inherent to the reproduction of social hierarchies.