Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-12-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:02:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelino_fa_dr_botfca.pdf: 1108555 bytes, checksum: 954f5bc6b7506cad69a496a783189e2d (MD5) / A rede viária é fundamental para o desenvolvimento das atividades florestais. As estradas florestais são importantes vias de acesso às florestas, servindo para viabilizar o tráfego de mão-de-obra e dos meios de produção necessários para implantação, proteção, colheita e transporte dos produtos florestais. A construção inapropriada e a manutenção inadequada das estradas são as principais causas da erosão, logo, os sedimentos das estradas florestais carreados para os cursos d’água representam impactos ambientais negativos aos recursos naturais. Desta forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar diferentes sistemas de redes viárias florestais em função dos custos e do risco de erosão. Para a identificação das redes viárias e quantidade de camalhões no sistema de drenagem, utilizou-se o programa computacional SIG-GRASS. O camalhão pode ser um recurso de controle de erosão em estradas florestais, por isso foi estudado uma classificação de distância entre camalhões para manter o fator topográfico LS igual a 1. A aplicação do modelo teórico de distância entre camalhões desenvolvido neste trabalho possibilita dimensionar corretamente o número de camalhões necessários para controlar o risco de erosão em estradas florestais não pavimentadas. Foram estimados os custos anuais de estradas para diferentes sistemas de redes viárias florestais (Ortogonal 1, Ortogonal 2, Readequada 1, Readequada 2 e Nível). Os custos anuais de estradas são compostos pela depreciação, custos de manutenção, custos de oportunidade do capital e custos de oportunidade da terra. O principal custo de estrada da rede viária Ortogonal 1 e 2 foi a manutenção. Entretanto, nas redes viárias Readequada 1 e 2, e Nível o principal custo de estrada foi o custo de oportunidade de capital. Conseqüentemente, com um planejamento adequado da rede viária florestal,... / A roadway system is essential for forest activities development. Road forests are important access ways to the forest areas, being a useful tool to facilitate workers and vehicles traffic to implementation, protection, harvesting and transport of forest products. Roads inappropriate building and maintenance are the main causes of erosion; therefore, road forest sediments carried by water courses represent negative environmental impact to natural resources. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate different roadway forest systems in function of costs and erosion risk. The software SIG-GRASS was used for road system identification and cross drains quantification in drainage system. Cross drains could be a resource used to control erosion in forest roads network. Thus, it was studied a classification of distances between cross drains to maintain a LS topographic factor equal 1. Theoretical model application for distance between cross drains may help correctly measurement of cross drain numbers necessary to control erosion risk in unpaved forest roads. Annual costs of roads in different roadway forest networks were estimated (Orthogonal 1, Orthogonal 2, Readequacy 1, Readequacy 2 and Level). Annual costs of roads are composed by depreciation, maintenance costs, capital opportunity costs and land opportunity costs. The main cost of Orthogonal roadway system 1 and 2 was the maintenance. Otherwise, in Readequacy 1 and 2, and Level roadway system the main road cost was with capital opportunity. Consequently, with an adequate forest roadway network planning the costs with maintenance could be reduced, roads life span could be increased and reduce negative impacts caused by roads, mainly erosion and sediments accumulation in rivers.

abstract: This dissertation explores Brain Drain and Brain Circulation phenomena at Taos Pueblo, an Indigenous community located in northern New Mexico, USA. The study examines the push and pull factors that influence the migration of educated Taos Pueblo tribal members. The information contained in this dissertation was derived from a study that was completed from 2016-2017 in Taos Pueblo. It has become evident that Indigenous communities worldwide are currently experiencing massive migration away from reservations, rural, and communities of origin and towards urbanized centers. The research conducted in this dissertation was focused on both patterns and trends and possible distinct reasons for intellectual migration, especially in Indigenous communities. This dissertation is separated into three sections. The first part is a journal article that focused on Taos Pueblo intellectual migration patterns. The article draws from studies literature review, fieldwork methodology, methods, data and findings. The second part is a book chapter that centers on a literature review and theory development. The book chapter includes a discussion on the study findings and contains broad recommendations for addressing brain drain and promoting brain circulation in Taos Pueblo. The third and final section is a Policy Paper is aimed at two audiences, the first is Indigenous Leadership and secondly, college age students who are interested in working with Indigenous Communities. The policy brief provides solutions and recommendations that were gathered from secondary literature and from the data gathered during the various interviews that were conducted during the research period. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Social Justice and Human Rights 2018

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:47:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mega_eaf_me_ilha.pdf: 5562341 bytes, checksum: b4568a8bd3a6a082c99afbb870a6bc28 (MD5) / Neste trabalho, um estudo experimental do escoamento em cavidades abertas, para diferentes razões de aspecto e números de Reynolds, foi realizado. Para a condução da campanha de ensaios, um canal de superfície livre em circuito fechado foi projetado e construído. Testes de qualificação foram conduzidos, com o propósito de verificar as características vibratórias do aparato e a qualidade do escoamento na seção de testes. A partir dos dados coletados nessa etapa, modificações foram introduzidas no projeto, melhorando significativamente as condições de funcionamento do dispositivo. Em seguida, os ensaios das cavidades abertas, propriamente ditos, foram executados. Para a determinação qualitativa dos padrões de escoamento encontrados em cavidades rasas e profundas, visualizações de escoamento foram realizadas, utilizando-se, como traçadores, corante líquido e partículas sólidas em suspensão. Com uma iluminação adequada, as duas técnicas foram capazes de fornecer elementos importantes para a identificação topológica deste tipo de escoamento. Além disso, medições de velocidade local e instantânea foram realizadas, dentro e fora das cavidades, com o auxílio de uma sonda ADV (acoustic Doppler velocimetry). Os resultados obtidos foram analisados fisicamente e comparados com dados experimentais e numéricos da literatura, apresentando excelente concordância / In this work, an experimental study of the flow inside open cavities, for different aspect ratios and Reynolds numbers, was performed. To carry out the experimental runs, a closed-circuit free-surface water channel has been designed and built. Qualification tests have been conducted to verify the vibrating characteristics of the device and the quality of the flow in the test section. From the data collected in this stage, constructive changes have been proposed and executed in the apparatus, improving significantly its operational conditions. Soon after the open cavities tests have been performed. For qualitative determination of the fluid motion inside deep and shallow cavities, flow visualizations techniques have been implemented using as tracers liquid dye and solid micro-particles in suspension. With the help of an adequate illumination system, both techniques were able to provide important information about the topological structure of the flow. Measurements of local instantaneous speed have also been performed within and outside the cavities by means of an ADV probe (acoustic Doppler velocimetry). The results have been physically analyzed and compared with available experimental and numerical data. An excellent agreement has been reached

Submitted by Morgana Silva (morgana_linhares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-29T19:10:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2082907 bytes, checksum: a81c1f83d3e3d8e8f088037786dfa4c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-29T19:10:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2082907 bytes, checksum: a81c1f83d3e3d8e8f088037786dfa4c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Since the 60s, when the migration of highly qualified individuals towards developed countries has intensified, the term brain drain has gained widespread use. Although there is a consensus in the literature on the beneficial effect of brain drain to the economy of recipient regions of manpower, skilled labor, the effects for broadcasters regions are a controversial subject. Especially in Brazil, this topic is still little explored. Thus, the main objective of this dissertation was to analyze the effects of migration of workers with higher education on productivity and the accumulation of human capital in the migrant origin cities. The dissertation was written in two trials. Chapter 1 investigated the existence of brain drain Brazilian intermunicipal and its impact on labor productivity in issuing municipalities of labor-skilled workers. To achieve the research objectives, the methodology developed by Becker Andrea Ichino (2004) was adapted, assuming non-linear returns of education on income, correction of sample selection bias and disaggregated analysis by municipality. The data used were obtained from the Demographic Census of 2010. The productivity indicators showed that, overall, there seems to be more losers than winners municipalities when assessing the productivity gap if the emigrants had remained in the departure city. By combining lost productivity indicators with the rate of graduates residents were identified municipalities where there may be brain drain with negative effects, which are predominantly located in the states of the Northeast. Already chapter 2 aimed to identify the effects of migration of brains on the accumulation of human capital in issuing municipalities of highly skilled workers. Therefore, the empirical strategy used was the same developed by Beine, Docquier e Rapoport (2008), which was based on the estimation of a conditional convergence model. Additionally, a counterfactual exercise was conducted in order to identify losses and net earnings by municipality groups, based on Demographic Census 2000 and 2010. The work has found that skilled emigration rate is related inversely to the variation in the stock of capital human, which may be related to the presence of barriers to access to education in Brazil. It was found that the small cities had higher losses in terms of human capital, especially Aliança do Tocantins, Viçosa and Damolândia. In relation to the cities listed with the largest gains were identified four capitals: Vitoria, Aracaju, Palmas and Santos. The other winners were mostly cities of São Paulo, although all small, with the exception of Santos. The results of this trial suggest that in Brazil the presence of barriers to higher education seem to block a possible investment in education stimulus from the migration of brains, especially in smaller towns. / Desde os anos 60, quando a migração de indivíduos altamente qualificados em direção aos países desenvolvidos foi intensificada, o termo “fuga de cérebros” ganhou amplo uso. Embora haja um consenso na literatura sobre o efeito benéfico do brain drain para a economia de regiões receptoras de mão-de-obra qualificada, os efeitos para as regiões emissoras são um assunto controverso. Especialmente no Brasil, esse tema ainda é pouco explorado. Assim, o objetivo principal dessa dissertação foi analisar os efeitos da migração de trabalhadores com elevada instrução sobre a produtividade e o acúmulo de capital humano nos municípios de origem do migrante. A dissertação foi escrita em 2 ensaios. O capítulo 1 investigou a existência da “fuga de cérebros” intermunicipal brasileira e seu impacto sobre a produtividade do trabalho nos municípios emissores de mão-de-obra qualificada. Para alcançar os objetivos da pesquisa, a metodologia desenvolvida por Becker Andrea Ichino (2004) foi adaptada, admitindo-se retornos nãolineares da escolaridade sobre os rendimentos, correção do viés de seleção amostral e análise desagregada por município. Os dados utilizados foram obtidos junto ao Censo Demográfico de 2010. Os indicadores de produtividade apontaram que, no geral, parece haver mais municípios perdedores do que ganhadores quando se avalia o diferencial de produtividade caso os emigrantes tivessem permanecido no município de partida. Ao se combinar indicadores de perda de produtividade com a taxa de residentes graduados foi possível identificar municípios onde pode haver “fuga de cérebros” com efeitos perversos, sendo estes predominantemente localizados nos estados da região Nordeste. Já o capítulo 2 teve como objetivo identificar os efeitos da migração de cérebros sobre a acumulação de capital humano nos municípios brasileiros emissores de trabalhadores altamente qualificados. Para tanto, a estratégia empírica utilizada foi a mesma desenvolvida por Beine, Docquier e Rapoport (2008), que baseou-se na estimação de um modelo de modelo de convergência condicionada. Adicionalmente, um exercício contrafatual foi realizado no intuito de identificar perdas e ganhos líquidos por grupos de município, com base nos Censos Demográficos de 2000 e 2010. O estudo permitiu constatar que a taxa de emigração qualificada se relaciona inversamente com a variação no estoque de capital humano, fato que pode estar relacionado à presença de barreiras no acesso à educação no Brasil. Verificou-se que os municípios de pequeno porte apresentaram maiores perdas em termos de capital humano, especialmente, Aliança do Tocantins, Viçosa e Damolândia. Já em relação aos municípios listados com maiores ganhos, foram identificadas quatro capitais: Vitória, Aracaju, Palmas e Santos. Os demais ganhadores foram em sua maioria municípios do estado de São Paulo, embora todos de pequeno porte, com exceção de Santos. Os resultados deste ensaio sugerem que no Brasil a presença de barreiras ao ensino superior parecem bloquear um possível estímulo de investimento em educação a partir da migração de cérebros, sobretudo em municípios menores.

Resumo: A rede viária é fundamental para o desenvolvimento das atividades florestais. As estradas florestais são importantes vias de acesso às florestas, servindo para viabilizar o tráfego de mão-de-obra e dos meios de produção necessários para implantação, proteção, colheita e transporte dos produtos florestais. A construção inapropriada e a manutenção inadequada das estradas são as principais causas da erosão, logo, os sedimentos das estradas florestais carreados para os cursos d'água representam impactos ambientais negativos aos recursos naturais. Desta forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar diferentes sistemas de redes viárias florestais em função dos custos e do risco de erosão. Para a identificação das redes viárias e quantidade de camalhões no sistema de drenagem, utilizou-se o programa computacional SIG-GRASS. O camalhão pode ser um recurso de controle de erosão em estradas florestais, por isso foi estudado uma classificação de distância entre camalhões para manter o fator topográfico LS igual a 1. A aplicação do modelo teórico de distância entre camalhões desenvolvido neste trabalho possibilita dimensionar corretamente o número de camalhões necessários para controlar o risco de erosão em estradas florestais não pavimentadas. Foram estimados os custos anuais de estradas para diferentes sistemas de redes viárias florestais (Ortogonal 1, Ortogonal 2, Readequada 1, Readequada 2 e Nível). Os custos anuais de estradas são compostos pela depreciação, custos de manutenção, custos de oportunidade do capital e custos de oportunidade da terra. O principal custo de estrada da rede viária Ortogonal 1 e 2 foi a manutenção. Entretanto, nas redes viárias Readequada 1 e 2, e Nível o principal custo de estrada foi o custo de oportunidade de capital. Conseqüentemente, com um planejamento adequado da rede viária florestal,...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: A roadway system is essential for forest activities development. Road forests are important access ways to the forest areas, being a useful tool to facilitate workers and vehicles traffic to implementation, protection, harvesting and transport of forest products. Roads inappropriate building and maintenance are the main causes of erosion; therefore, road forest sediments carried by water courses represent negative environmental impact to natural resources. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate different roadway forest systems in function of costs and erosion risk. The software SIG-GRASS was used for road system identification and cross drains quantification in drainage system. Cross drains could be a resource used to control erosion in forest roads network. Thus, it was studied a classification of distances between cross drains to maintain a LS topographic factor equal 1. Theoretical model application for distance between cross drains may help correctly measurement of cross drain numbers necessary to control erosion risk in unpaved forest roads. Annual costs of roads in different roadway forest networks were estimated (Orthogonal 1, Orthogonal 2, Readequacy 1, Readequacy 2 and Level). Annual costs of roads are composed by depreciation, maintenance costs, capital opportunity costs and land opportunity costs. The main cost of Orthogonal roadway system 1 and 2 was the maintenance. Otherwise, in Readequacy 1 and 2, and Level roadway system the main road cost was with capital opportunity. Consequently, with an adequate forest roadway network planning the costs with maintenance could be reduced, roads life span could be increased and reduce negative impacts caused by roads, mainly erosion and sediments accumulation in rivers. / Orientador: Paulo Torres Fenner / Coorientador: Helmer Schack-Kirchner / Coorientador: Maura Seiko Tsutsui Esperancini / Banca: Carlos Cardoso Machado / Banca: Elias José Simon / Banca: Alessandro Antonangelo / Banca: Jair Rosas da Silva / Doutor

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O lodo da fossa sÃptica deve ser removido periodicamente. Esse material sedimentado e jà isento de material graxo à produto de digestÃes anaerÃbias transformados em compostos mais simples. Geralmente sÃo removidos por caminhÃo limpa fossa e dispostos nas estaÃÃes de tratamento de esgoto, quando estas existem. O lodo, apesar de ser extremamente rico em sÃlidos, possui teor de Ãgua considerÃvel que pode ser removido por tÃcnicas de desÃgÃe. De um modo geral, o desaguamento à utilizado para aumentar o teor de sÃlidos do lodo reduzindo seu volume. Esse material depois de estabilizado, por exemplo, atravÃs da compostagem, poderà ser aplicado no solo como adubo agrÃcola apÃs tratamento e avaliaÃÃo por meio de ensaios de caracterizaÃÃo e toxicidade. Dessa forma, o lodo de fossa sÃptica pode ter uma destinaÃÃo ambientalmente mais nobre, inclusive, diminui a quantidade de material sÃlido nas estaÃÃes de tratamento de esgoto e aumenta a vida Ãtil das lagoas devido a menor freqÃÃncia de dragagem. A proposta do trabalho à desenvolver uma metodologia de desÃgÃe do lodo atravÃs de geotÃxtil para avaliar a aplicaÃÃo de polÃmeros orgÃnicos e poliacrilamidas por meio de teste de jarro e ensaios de turbidez com a finalidade de estabelecer o tipo do polÃmero e suas concentraÃÃes que apresentem melhor eficiÃncia na reduÃÃo do teor de sÃlidos. A funÃÃo do polÃmero à favorecer a agregaÃÃo das partÃculas de sÃlidos e formaÃÃo de flocos atravÃs da desestabilizaÃÃo das forÃas quÃmicas ou fÃsicas atuantes nas partÃculas coloidais e no material particulado em suspensÃo imerso em meio lÃquido. Para avaliaÃÃo do geotÃxtil foram realizados ensaios de cone e saco suspenso. Nos testes de jarro foi verificado que os polÃmeros estudados apresentaram Ãtimos Ãndices de remoÃÃo de turbidez (82,0% - 99,8%) com aplicaÃÃes variando as concentraÃÃes de polÃmero de 14 a 275mg/L. Nos ensaios de cone as remoÃÃes variaram de 46,3% - 56,0%. Finalmente nos ensaios de saco suspenso as remoÃÃes variaram de 98,0% - 99,0%. Estas concentraÃÃes podem sofrer alteraÃÃes de acordo com as caracterÃsticas do lodo amostrado. / The sludge from the septic tank must be removed periodically. This material has been consolidated and free fatty material is the product of anaerobic digestion transformed into simpler compounds. Are usually removed by truck clean sump and disposed in sewage treatment plants, where these exist. The sludge, despite being extremely rich in solids, has a considerable content of water which can be removed by techniques outflow. In general, it is used for dewatering to increase the solids content of the slurry reducing its volume. This material is stabilized after, for example, by composting can be applied to agricultural land as a fertilizer after treatment and assessment by testing for characterization and toxicity. Thus, the septic tank sludge disposal can have a more environmentally noble even decreases the amount of solid material in sewage treatment plants and increases the life of the ponds due to lower frequency of dredging. The purpose of this study is to develop a sludge outflow through the geotextile to evaluate the application of organic polymers and polyacrylamides through jar test and turbidity tests in order to establish the type of polymer and their concentrations which have improved efficiency reducing the solids content. The function of the polymer is to promote the aggregation of solid particles and flocculation destabilization by chemical or physical forces acting on the particles in the colloidal and suspended particulate material immersed in a liquid medium. For evaluation of geotextile tests were performed cone and bag drop. In jar tests it was found that the polymers studied have optimum turbidity removal rates (82.0% - 99.8%) applications with varying concentrations of polymer from 14 to 275mg / L. In tests of the cone removals ranged from 46.3% - 56.0%. Finally assays bag suspended removals ranged from 98.0% - 99.0%. These concentrations may change according to the characteristics of the sludge sampled.

Magister Public Health - MPH / This secondary data study, framed in social constructionism theory, descibes and analyses the "pull" factors influencing migration of health professionals developing to developed countries. The literature review sets the context withing which international migration takes place and explores relevant aspects of the G8, globalisation, and the General Agreement on Trade in Services. The research demonstrates that temporary or permanent international migration occurs for employment or study purposes. It further confirms that, despite the lack of accurate data from African counties, the number of health professionals leaving the continent has increased significantly during the 1990's. / South Africa

It is a topic of discussion that finds its way into almost every setting in the South African context. Is leaving South Africa not the best option available to us? From old to young it seems many South Africans, are contemplating leaving the shores of South Africa in search of opportunity elsewhere. The purported reasons behind this exodus, or even just the thought going into the possibilities, are repetitive in the literature. Crime, affirmative action, standards of living, concerns regarding political and economic security for the future are all referred to. What is undeniable is the great loss of skills that is occurring as most of these people leaving are graduates. I wished to try and understand the experiences of some young adults who are currently contemplating, or in the process of emigrating. The focal question in this research is: “what experiences are fuelling the ‘brain drain phenomenon amongst our young adults?” The intention of this study is not in any way to find extrapolative answers, but instead to understand and describe the personal experiences of a select few. Therefore a Phenomenological approach was used in order to describe these participants’ experiences as closely as possible. The respondents were asked to write a ‘full’ response to the open ended question. This technique of data capture falls within the semi-structured interview framework, but allowed for the participants to provide a description of their experiences with the least possible opportunity for influence. It was of great importance that their descriptions be their own in order for the researcher to gain a proper understanding of their experiences. These descriptions were then analysed through thematic analysis. The themes that were identified seem to describe the ‘experienced meaning’ that the participants have formed rather than the physical experiences of such ‘reasons’ as discussed in the literature. Themes such as victimization, regret, insecurity, crime, fear, the need for freedom and job security were identified. For South Africa to turn this brain drain around it will be necessary for policy makers to take into consideration and act upon the physical experiences but also the experienced meaning that people form. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Psychology / unrestricted

In Canada, the non-recognition of foreign credentials remains a considerable policy issue as well as a challenge for skilled immigrants. Many studies have shed light on the difficulties that foreign professionals face when seeking a placement in the Canadian job market. This thesis focused on the experiences of professional women from Morocco on the basis of the premise that every racialized group’s immigration experience deserves a space in the literature to voice their realities and inspire policy considerations. As a result, this study focused on examining the experiences of Moroccan women in the Canadian job market and the impact thereof, on their socio-economic status, and as such, health and well-being. In order to effectively capture the experiences of this particular community, a fieldwork study was conducted in the form of semi-structured individual interviews with twelve women who immigrated to Canada from Morocco with professional qualifications. Based on the participants’ accounts, I described that systemic discrimination as manifested in Othering and racialization remain major obstacles to the realization of equal access in the Canadian labour market. All in all, this research provides valuable insight into the plight of skilled immigrants in Canada and thus, offers strong policy recommendations to facilitate a more effective integration process for this group into the Canadian Job market.

Migration is generally considered a problem or at least a negative phenomenon. However, it is considered rather positively in this thesis. I attempt to answer a question whether migration contributes to the development of the countries of origin. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the positive and the negative impacts of migration and remittances on selected countries and to evaluate measures that contribute to a maximization of the positive impacts and a minimization of the negative impacts of migration on development.The first chapter presents the theoretical concept of the impacts of migration and remittances on development. In the second chapter I examine the specific effects of migration and the third chapter summarizes the measures maximizing the positive impacts and minimizing the negative effects of migration on development in the "optimization model of the impacts of migration and remittances on development."