Der Übergang Europas in die Wissensgesellschaft ist durch die massive Ausbreitung wissenschaftlichen Wissens und dessen Eindringen in den ökonomischen Produktionsprozess gekennzeichnet. Für die Teilnahme von Regionen an der Wissensgesellschaft ist die Ausbildung junger Akademiker und deren Integration in den regionalen Arbeitsmarkt von entscheidender Bedeutung. In dieser Perspektive wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Erwerbssituation und die regionale Mobilität italienischer Hochschulabsolventen aus dem Mezzogiorno betrachtet. Die Untersuchung erfolgt anhand von zwei methodischen Ansätzen. Im ersten empirischen Teil wird umfangreiches Datenmaterial, u.a. die Hochschulabsolventenbefragung des italienischen Statistikamts, ausgewertet. Hierbei zeigt sich, dass der italienische Mezzogiorno trotz vergleichsweise niedriger Absolventenzahlen von einer extremen Jungakademikerarbeitslosigkeit gekennzeichnet ist: Zudem verlassen viele junge Süditaliener vor Studienbeginn oder nach Studienende ihre Heimat, um in Nord- oder Mittelitalien eine Arbeit zu finden, so dass von einem regelrechten Brain drain gesprochen werden kann. Im zweiten empirischen Teil der Arbeit werden in einer hermeneutischen Perspektive sowohl die Erwerbssituation als auch die Mobilitätsbereitschaft von Hochschulabsolventen in Sizilien untersucht. Mit Hilfe von biographisch orientierten, themenzentrierten qualitativen Interviews wird der Versuch unternommen, die Handlungsrationalitäten zu verstehen, die sich hinter den hohen Arbeitslosenzahlen verbergen. Es wird gezeigt, dass die sozialen, kulturellen und institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen die Entstehung komplexer Aktivitätsnetze begünstigen, die den Verbleib in Sizilien auch bei einer unbefriedigenden Erwerbssituation ermöglichen und zu einem permanenten Hinausschieben der Wanderungsentscheidung beitragen. Für die regionale Entwicklung Siziliens, wie auch der übrigen Regionen des Mezzogiorno, kann sich aber gerade der Verbleib junger Hochschulabsolventen in der Unterbeschäftigung als Standortvorteil für wissensorientierte Unternehmen und somit als Entwicklungspotential erweisen. / Europe''s transition towards the Knowledge Society is characterised by major advances in scientific knowledge and its infiltration of the economic production process. To fulfil their role in the Knowledge Society, regions must ensure that young academics can be educated and integrated into the regional labour market. In this perspective the book analyses the employment situation and the regional mobility of young academics in the Italian Mezzogiorno using two different empirical approaches. The first part of this paper investigates the employment situation and regional mobility of young Italian academics using data sources provided by the Italian statistical office, Istat. Despite its comparatively small academic population, the Italian Mezzogiorno is marked by extremely high unemployment levels among young academics. Furthermore, a large number of young Italians from the South leave their home region before starting university or after graduation in order to find jobs in Northern or Central Italy. The second section of this paper draws on empirical evidence to analyse the employment outlook and high level of emigration among young Sicilian graduates from a hermeneutic perspective. With the help of biographical, problem-oriented qualitative interviews, the author attempts to understand the culturally embedded rationalities that inform statistical evidence. Sicily''s social, cultural and institutional framework is shown to promote the growth of highly complex networks of activity that encourage young unemployed graduates to remain in unsatisfactory work environments and constantly postpone their decision to migrate. On a more positive note, the continued presence of young underemployed university graduates may be considered beneficial to the regional development of Sicily, as well as other parts of the Mezzogiorno, if interpreted as a regional advantage for knowledge-intensive industries in their search for new locations.

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

The thesis aimed at explaining why some Zimbabwean teachers have migrated to South Africa while others have not despite experiencing the same economic and political crisis. The focus was on external secondary brain drain, which is the movement of human resources from one country to another within the Southern African Development Community region (SIRDIC, 2008). It was premised on the theoretical argument that uneven development in the SADC region sustains the movement of human resources from the poorer countries to the richer or ‘core’ countries in the region particularly South Africa. The thesis reviewed literature on the Zimbabwean crisis and conducted a quantitative field survey, which was supplemented by a qualitative aspect, in order to analyse the determinants of teacher migration to South Africa. The field survey involved the self-administration of questionnaires by 200 Zimbabwean teachers, half of them teaching in South Africa and the other half in Zimbabwe, as well as collected life stories from five migrant teachers, interviewed four school heads, and perused circulars. The research found that Zimbabwe’s reversed economic growth and social development constituted the background on which teacher migration occurred. This brain drain, which mainly involved highly qualified and specialised mathematics and science teachers, coincided with the peak of the Zimbabwean crisis around 2008 indicating its survival significance. Teacher migration continued after 2008 due networks and teachers’ salaries that remained inadequate as they were close to the poverty line. Several recommendations were made including strategies for reducing the brain drain. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development studies)

Zimbabwe is suffering from an acute shortage of teachers mainly as a result of teacher emigration to South Africa and abroad. The southern migration of Zimbabwean teachers has received little research attention which has mainly focused on the migration of medical personnel. The purpose of this study is to uncover the factors that drive the migration of teachers from Zimbabwe to South Africa and to explain how these factors function within a grounded theory approach to teacher migration. To achieve this, a review of literature and an empirical study of a small sample of migrant Zimbabwean teachers resident in South Africa were undertaken. A constructivist grounded theory design was used. A theoretical sampling method generated a sample group of thirteen participants who were all qualified Zimbabwean teachers who had migrated to South Africa and been in the country for between one and five years. Data generation and collection consisted of two phases: in the first phase the participants were asked to write a life history narrative or provide a verbal narrative of their life history focussing on their migration. In the second phase they participated in individual interviews to clarify or expand on issues raised in the first phase. Three stages of coding were used in the analysis of the data, namely initial, intermediate and advanced coding. This led to the generation of a grounded theory on teacher migration. The grounded theory indicated that Zimbabwean teachers see migration as the best way to attain an ideal status. An ideal status is conceived to be the ideal interplay between the work conditions, standard of living and social esteem which teachers believe befits members of their profession. Depending on various criteria, teachers fall into one of the following status categories: further diminished status, diminished status, ideal status or ideal status surpassed. Migration is a drastic and demanding way to improve one’s status and it is adopted by teachers only after other strategies to this end have been exhausted. Weighed against existing theories of migration, the grounded theory contributes to understanding teacher migration and retention through the innovative use of the core category status. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Socio-Education)

Mixing of backfill of the pipe drain construction with sub-ballast layer material through using enclosed drainage systems (mostly by pipe drains) has to be prevented. In order to do so, regulation SŽDC S4 Železniční spodek provides a filtration criterion which needs to be fulfilled or a geotextile with filtration function has to be used. This master thesis verifies if filtration criteria are fulfilled in between different backfilling of the pipe drains and sub-ballast layers in compliance with TNŽ 73 6949. Furthermore a verification of filtration function of different geotextiles including propositions of their suitable placement within construction of the pipe drain system is included.

Die vorliegende Arbeit diente vor allem der Untersuchung, ob es im Gehirn vergleichbare Lymphabflusswege wie im übrigen Körper gibt und falls dies zutrifft, wo diese Abflusswege des Gehirns verlaufen. Denn für größere Proteine und Moleküle müsste es eine geeignete Route geben, um das ZNS verlassen zu können, da diese zum Passieren der Bluthirnschranke (BHS) zu groß sind. In dieser Arbeit konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, dass es auch eine Art lymphatischen Drainageweg aus der Hypophyse (HVL = Adenohypophyse) zu den tiefen und superfizialen, zervikalen Lymphknoten gibt. Daneben konnten auch die Abflussrouten des CSF und über die Nase bestätigt werden. Darüber hinaus wurde versucht zu ermitteln, wie schnell über die jeweiligen Drainagemöglichkeiten extrazelluläre Substanzen und Flüssigkeiten (Liquor) aus dem Gehirn gelangen und weiter in die peripheren Lymphknoten des Halses abtransportiert werden können. Hierbei sollte auch dargestellt werden, ob diese Mechanismen nur passiven Vorgängen zuzuordnen sind, oder ob es auch Hinweise auf aktive, zellulär gesteuerte Prozesse gibt. Wahrscheinlich spielen hier Makrophagen, die hirneigene Proteine und Antigene aufnehmen und in Lymphknoten transportieren und präsentieren, eine wesentliche Rolle. Obwohl es die BHS gibt, die als eine physiologische Barriere- und Filterfunktion zwischen dem Blutkreislauf und dem ZNS fungiert, existieren dennoch autoimmun bedingte Krankheitsbilder des ZNS wie die Autoimmun-Hypophysitis oder die MS. Es ist daher wahrscheinlich, dass es möglicherweise auch mehrere Mechanismen (passiv und aktiv) geben könnte, über die hirneigene Proteine und Substanzen aus dem Gehirn zu den Lymphknotenstationen gelangen können. Über das Lymphsystem wäre wiederum eine Aktivierung des Immunsystems naheliegend, sodass die aus dem ZNS entstammenden Proteine eine Immunantwort initiieren und so autoimmune Krankheitsprozesse einleiten könnten. Für das Verständnis von Erkrankungen wie der MS, der Autoimmunhypophysitis oder aber auch des Morbus Alzheimer wären genauere Kenntnisse über die funktionellen Hintergründe eines „hirneigenen lymphatischen Systems“ von großer klinischer und therapeutischer Relevanz. Auf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit könnte das Entstehen von Autoimmunerkrankungen des ZNS und eben auch der Hypophyse eine Erklärung finden, da auch Antigene dem Immunsystem über die beschriebenen Abflusswege zu den peripheren Lymphknotenstatioen des Halses gelangen und präsentiert werden können. Weiterhin besteht die Vermutung, dass zusätzlich auch Makrophagen aktiv durch ihre antigenpräsentierenden Eigenschaften an solchen Immunreaktionen beteiligt sind, jedoch sehr wahrscheinlich in verzögerter Weise im Vergleich zu den schnelleren passiven Drainagerouten des ZNS.

Thesis (MPhil (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Human resources are one of the most valuable assets of any country’s economy. Countries invest millions in the education and development of their citizens to improve knowledge, skills and productivity that will sustain and enhance their economic growth. Previously governments regarded money spent on education and training of its current and potential workforce as a ‘safe’ investment, but the situation has changed drastically in the past 50 years. Today, many highly skilled professionals are leaving their native country to work and live in another.

<p>This secondary daa study, framed in social constructinism theory, descibes and analyses the &quot / pull&quot / factors influencing migration of health professionals developing to developed countries.&nbsp / The literature review sets the context withing which international migration takes place and explores relevant aspects of the G8, globalisation, and the gGeneral Agreement on Trade in Services.&nbsp / The research demonstrates that temprary or permanent internationsl migration occurs for employment or study purposes.&nbsp / It further confirms that, despite the lack of accurate data from African counties, the number of health professionals leaving th continent has increased significantly during the 1990's.</p>

More than 1.2 million students have left China to study abroad during the past three decades of economic reform in China. In 2007 alone, China sent around 144,000 students abroad, 167 times of the number of students in 1978. This large scale of student migration has often raised debate on brain drain , because many of these student migrants do not return to China upon graduation. However, there has been a reverse trend in the past decade as China witnessed a growing wave of return migration. More and more Chinese students are coming back to China after their studies and work abroad due to the strong economic situation and promising career opportunities at home. These returnees are given the nick-name Haigui or, in English, sea-turtles. This doctoral research is therefore an academic inquiry to this emerging social phenomenon. While international migration is mainly researched on the national level, this innovative doctoral research seeks to understand the relationship between migration and global city formation. To do so, it analyses inter-city migration flow by applying a relational case study of circular student migration between Shanghai and Paris and examines the rationale behind return migration and the role of management/business student returnees from French business schools on Shanghai s pathway to become China s premier global city. This research reveals that global cities have become the strategic points for Chinese talents (students and skilled professionals) acting the role as sending, transiting and receiving sites, which are interconnected in the dynamic process of knowledge accumulation, contact making and network creation. Chinese student returnees contribute to the development of Shanghai by actively engaging in transnational activities including developing and maintaining cross-border organisation/corporate ties and personal networks, knowledge transfer, acting as global-local business and cultural interface, as well as enriching cosmopolitan and multicultural business and cultural spaces in Shanghai.

Tese aborda, inicialmente, a mobilidade de médicos pelo mundo a partir de levantamento bibliográfico em base de dados. Identifica a escassez de informações referentes aos médicos brasileiros, apesar de existirem algumas evidências a respeito da emigração destes profissionais para exercerem sua profissão em outros países. OBJETIVO: analisar aspectos que determinam a emigração de médicos brasileiros para os EUA. METODOLOGIA: a principio foi realizada uma etapa exploratória, seguida de levantamento de dados em conselhos de classe brasileiros e sites norte-americanos. Utilizou-se uma amostra por conveniência através da técnica \"bola de neve\"; identificou-se a existência de médicos que emigraram; foi enviado, via e-mail, questionário elaborado pela autora com questões fechadas e abertas a respeito dos motivos pelos quais escolheram os EUA para emigrar, por que foram, por que ficaram, por que voltariam e por que não voltariam a morar no Brasil. Realizadas algumas entrevistas por Skype. Foi realizada a tabulação dos dados quanti e qualitativos. RESULTADOS: inicialmente os médicos escolhem emigrar por motivos pessoais (família, oportunidades profissionais, oportunidades em geral, facilidade do idioma); ao se estabelecerem nos EUA vivenciam uma nova forma de vida, o que os faz escolher permanecer (melhores condições de trabalho, qualidade de vida, família e oportunidades gerais); as causas do não retorno ao Brasil passam a ter motivos externos (insegurança, cenários profissional, politico e econômico). CONCLUSÃO: existe um processo emigratório de médicos brasileiros para os EUA; a principio a vontade de emigrar não está bem definida; o salário não é citado como questão primordial para emigrar; a presença da família facilita a permanência no país; fluência na língua inglesa é fundamental e é necessário recomeçar a vida profissional como um recém-formado em medicina pois não existe processo de validação de diploma ou de especialidades / OBJECTIVE: to analyze aspects that determine the emigration of Brazilian doctors to the United States of America. METHODOLOGY: at first there was an exploratory stage, followed by a data collection in Brazilian professional associations and North American websites. A sample by convenience was used through the \"snowball\" technique; the existence of doctors that emigrated was identified; a questionnaire, elaborated by the author with closed and open questions, was sent by e-mail, regarding their motives to choose the USA to emigrate, why they have gone, why they stayed and why they would or wouldn\'t come back to live in Brazil. A few interviews were made by Skype. A tabulation of the quantitative and qualitative data was made. RESULTS: initially the doctors choose to emigrate for personal motives (family, professional opportunities, general opportunities, no language barriers); when established in the USA, they experience a new way of life that makes them stay (better work condition, quality of life, family and general opportunities); external motives become the cause not to come back to Brazil (the lack of security, professional, political and economic scenarios). CONCLUSION: there is an emigrational process of Brazilian doctors to the USA; at first the will to emigrate is not well defined; the salary is not mentioned as a primal reason to emigrate; the presence of the family eases the stay in the country; the proficiency in the English language is fundamental and it is necessary to restart the professional life as a recently graduated in med school since there isn\'t an university degree or medical specialty degree validation.