O processo para o refúgio é o conjunto de regras e princípios necessários à aplicação do Direito dos Refugiados aos casos concretos. Quando este conjunto respeita os padrões democráticos do Devido Processo Legal, as tendências históricas de exploração e manipulação política do instituto de refúgio podem ser limitadas e os objetivos humanitários deste ramo dos Direitos Humanos podem ser alcançados com maior transparência. Quando o Devido Processo Legal para o refúgio é respeitado, também se permite que a pessoa que figura como solicitante de refúgio seja tratada como sujeito de direitos - e não como objeto do processo. Uma vez que a Convenção de Genebra de 1951, sobre o Estatuto dos Refugiados, não estabeleceu normas de processo, cada país signatário necessita criar um regime próprio para processar os pedidos de determinação, extensão, perda e cessação da condição de refugiado em seus territórios. O primeiro regime processual brasileiro foi criado no ano de 1997, pela Lei Federal 9497. Desde então, o país vem desenvolvendo, através do Comitê Nacional para Refugiados (CONARE), regras infra legais e rotinas práticas que têm determinado um padrão processual ainda fragmentado e inseguro. O estudo do aparato normativo nacional e da realidade observada entre 2012 e 2014 revelam a existência de problemas (pontuais ou crônicos) sobre o cumprimento de diversos princípios processuais, tais como a Legalidade, a Impessoalidade e Independência da autoridade julgadora, o Contraditório, a Ampla Defesa, a Publicidade, a Fundamentação, a Igualdade e a Razoável Duração do Processo. Estes problemas impõem desafios variados ao Brasil, tanto em dimensão legislativa quanto estrutural. O enfrentamento destas questões precisa ocorrer com rapidez. O motivo da urgência, porém, não é a nova demanda de imigração observada no país, mas sim o fato de que as violações ao Devido Processo Legal, verificadas no processo para o refúgio brasileiro, representam, em si, violações de Direitos Humanos, que, ademais prejudicam o compromisso do país para com a proteção internacional dos refugiados. / The Refuge Process is a set of rules and principles which are necessary to the enforcement of Refugee Rights in specific cases. When this set of rules and principles complies with the democratic standards of the Due Process of Law, historical tendencies of exploitation and political manipulation of the Refuge Process can be limited and the humanitarian purposes of this branch of Human Rights can be achieved with greater transparency. When the Due Process of Law for Refuge is followed, it also allows for the refuge seeker to be treated as a legal subject, rather than an object, in the process. As the Geneva Convention, in 1951, did not establish procedural norms on the matter of the Refugee Status, each signatory country must create its own legal framework to deal with requests of declaration, extension, loss and termination of said status in their territory. The first Brazilian procedural norm on this topic was created in 1997, by Federal Law No. 9.497. Since then the country has been developing, through the National Committee for Refugees (Comitê Nacional para Refugiados CONARE), regulatory provisions and protocols which have given rise to a procedural standard that remains fragmented and unsafe. The analysis of the national legal framework and the reality observed between 2012 and 2014 reveals a series of issues (which can be specific in some cases and persistent in others) concerning the enforcement of many procedural canons, such as the Principle of Legality, Impersonality, the Independence of the Judiciary, the Contradictory, Full Defense, Publicity, Statement of Reasons, Equality and the Reasonable Duration of the Procedure. These problems present Brazil with a number of challenges, regarding not only legislation, but also structure. These matters mustbe addressed with haste. What motivates such urgency, however, is not the recent increase in immigration, but the fact that the infringements of the Due Process of Law (seen in the Brazilian refuge process) represent, in themselves, violations of Human Rights, which, moreover, compromise the countrys commitment to the international refugee protection.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of selected characteristics on the outcomes of those special education due process hearings brought forth in the state of Texas from September 1, 1983, to September 1, 1992. A further purpose was to determine if district characteristics of size or location affect the likelihood of a district's becoming involved in a special education due process hearing. Data for the study was collected for all special education due process hearings conducted in the State of Texas from September 1, 1983, to September 1, 1992. A coding system was used to record the data for the study and the Chi-square test of independence was used to determine whether a relationship existed between the selected variable (hearing issue, disability classifications and restrictiveness of placement) and hearing outcome. The frequency of involvement in hearings for districts of various size and urban characteristics was displayed as a percentage.

This study reviews due process hearing decisions from the years 2014 and 2015. This is primarily a legal analysis, specifically looking at legal and regulatory patterns regarding the provision of one-on-one special education aides for students with disabilities in general education settings. Our findings from the due process hearing decisions reveal that one-on-one aides for students with a wide variety of disabilities are being provided with greater frequency than we anticipated and that, specifically, behavioral aides are being provided for students with autism. Decisions of disabilities such as hearing impairment have higher provision rates, while other disabilities like autism and emotional disturbance do not see the same rate of provision. There are clear patterns of differences between the states in the number of cases that reach due process hearings and in the number of one-on-one aides provided.

Cette recherche apporte une contribution à la compréhension du processus de normalisation comptable par l‟IASB à travers le thème de la définition et de la présentation du résultat comptable. L‟objet de recherche se décline en deux questions : Comment se positionnent les différentes parties prenantes dans le processus de normalisation du résultat comptable en IFRS ? Comment s‟explique la pugnacité de l‟IASB à imposer une nouvelle définition du résultat comptable ? La première partie présente le cadre théorique retenu, qui emprunte à la théorie de l‟agence et la théorie néo-institutionnelle. La seconde partie expose les enjeux de la normalisation du résultat comptable. La troisième partie rend compte des trois études qualitatives menées à partir d‟un corpus d‟écrits constitué de l‟ensemble des documents publiés par l‟IASB sur le thème de la définition du résultat comptable : normes, exposé-sondage, papier de discussion, réponses reçus par l‟IASB suite à un appel à commentaires et synthèses de réunions de travail. Les principaux résultats concernent le fonctionnement du due process et la nature de l‟argumentation utilisée par le normalisateur pour imposer sa conception du résultat comptable. Il apparaît ainsi que les avis des participants au due process sont peu pris en compte par le normalisateur et que ce dernier cherche essentiellement à accroître la cohérence de son référentiel comptable en imposant une définition et un format de présentation du résultat comptable dont la pertinence pour les utilisateurs peine à être mise en évidence.

Cette recherche apporte une contribution à la compréhension du processus de normalisation comptable par l'IASB à travers le thème de la définition et de la présentation du résultat comptable. L'objet de recherche se décline en deux questions : Comment se positionnent les différentes parties prenantes dans le processus de normalisation du résultat comptable en IFRS ? Comment s'explique la pugnacité de l'IASB à imposer une nouvelle définition du résultat comptable ? La première partie présente le cadre théorique retenu, qui emprunte à la théorie de l'agence et la théorie néo-institutionnelle. La seconde partie expose les enjeux de la normalisation du résultat comptable. Deux concepts clés émergent la littérature sur le thème de la définition du résultat comptable : la pertinence pour les utilisateurs et la cohérence du référentiel comptable et des états financiers La troisième partie rend compte des trois études qualitatives menées à partir d'un corpus d'écrits constitué de l'ensemble des documents publiés par l'IASB sur le thème de la définition du résultat comptable : normes, exposé-sondage, papier de discussion, réponses reçus par l'IASB suite à un appel à commentaires et synthèses de réunions de travail. Les principaux résultats concernent le fonctionnement du due process et la nature de l'argumentation utilisée par le normalisateur pour imposer sa conception du résultat comptable. Il apparaît ainsi que les avis des participants au due process sont peu pris en compte par le normalisateur et que ce dernier cherche essentiellement à accroître la cohérence de son référentiel comptable en imposant une définition et un format de présentation du résultat comptable dont la pertinence pour les utilisateurs peine à être mise en évidence.

El objetivo del trabajo lo constituye el estudio del principio del proceso debido (due process of law, en su formulación originaria). La investigación trata de determinar el inicial significado y la evolución posterior del principio a lo largo de los varios siglos en los que tiene vigencia. Pero sobre todo, y desde una perspectiva contemporánea, mediante el empleo de materiales legislativos, doctrinales y jurisprudenciales, se pretende fijar su exacto alcance en los EEUU de norteamérica, la recepción en el derecho europeo, a través de Alemania y, finalmente, tratamos de determinar qué lugar ocupa el principio del proceso debido en el ordenamiento español.

This article is based on the restriction of the teacher¡¦s rights of work in university, focusing on discussion of faculty¡¦s qualification assessment and promotion system in Taiwan. First, about the teacher¡¦s rights of work, it will emphasize on human nature dignity, academic freedom and legal system safeguard. Second, regarding the restriction of the teacher¡¦s rights of work, government uses teacher's legal qualification and the certificate to limit it. This article will claim law authorization, public interest, and proportion principle. Finally, The third part is mainly the comments on the review, jurisdiction, institution, content, procedure and the relief of faculty¡¦s qualification assessment and promotion system. It will suggest legal retention principle, legal system uniformization, professional assessment principle, due process of law, relief system effectiveness and authorized discretion. Therefore, the reform of faculty¡¦s qualification assessment and promotion system is completely return university autonomy, taking the teacher qualifications by the special work's disciplinary power examination the standard. Government only makes the principled low density standard and afterward the legal surveillance.

The Code of Criminal Procedure is an indispensable procedure law to a modern rule-of-law state. An accused will be tried in compliance with the procedures provided under the Code, to examine whether the constitutive elements of the alleged crime have been met and how the accused shall be punished accordingly. Under legal positivism, only guilt provided under written code corresponds to justice (¡§just-by-law¡¨); whereas under natural law, apart from ¡§just-by-law,¡¨ ¡§just-by-nature¡¨ exists from the reason of human beings. Besides domestic laws, ideologies and universal norms conforming to contemporary civilization also provide references to the implementation of the procedure. This dissertation analyzes the criminal procedure system of the People's Republic of China (¡§PRC¡¨), including the Criminal Procedure Law, first adopted in 1979 and later amended in 1996, and National Human Rights Action Plan 2009-2010 released on April 13, 2009. From the history perspective, it looks into the evolution of legal system and the development of humanism in China. It also compares the PRC¡¦s criminal procedure with other countries in modern times. Finally, through case studies, it examines the difficulty and distress of PRC¡¦s criminal procedure system. From the perspective of historical study and comparative study, different history and culture background affect a regime¡¦s understanding of criminal procedure; however, following the execution of international conventions and closer interaction among countries, economic development continuously presses on improvement of political development. Consequently, the criminal due process has become a defined human rights ideology under a rule-of-law system. Finally, from the viewpoint of New Institutionalism, this dissertation tries to discover the impact of criminal due process to the legitimacy of a political regime. The author sincerely hopes that this dissertation will benefit the Chinese people, the development of the criminal due process, and the governance of the Chinese government.

This study has presented a comprehensive historical overview of the context and significance of a, criminal defendants constitutional right to due process of law. The evidence suggests that, in many circumstances, a criminal defendant is not being afforded our most basic constitutional guarantee of fairness and justice for allOne of the primary objectives of this study was to develop a working definition for journalists to better understand the fundamental concepts of a defendants right to exculpatory evidence during criminal proceedings.Since 1791, the Supreme Court has had to continually broaden a criminal defendants right to exculpatory information. In case after case, a similar fad pattern has shown that pauper criminal defendants with court appointed attorneys having to compete against state or federal prosecutors with unlimited investigative and legal research funding This disparity is further compounded when the state or government prosecutors define to turn over information or evidence which could help the defendants case.Further analysis identified other problem areas within the scope of due process which deserve significant attention such as: the grand jury process, plea-bargains, probable cause warrants, and post-conviction hearings. / Department of Journalism

Univ., Diss.--Paris.