This diploma thesis analyses instances of the initial position of the information focus, the rheme, in present-day English. Initial placement of the rheme is found in structures that go against the principle of end-focus. The aim of this work is to identify which clause constituents, and under what circumstances may function as the initial rheme. The initial section of the theoretical part deals with a description of word-order, and the basic concepts of functional sentence perspective, such as communicative dynamism. Then it continues with the rheme and the factors affecting FSP, and, particularly, with cases where initial rheme occurs. The practical part contains analysis of examples of initial rheme in different genres and text types, including oral communication. The frequency of occurrence is summarized at the end of the work.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:01:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 738.pdf: 8869091 bytes, checksum: cc5bd531c963cc72ceac03c8147bdb9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-21 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The present study deals with the analysis and interpretation of changes that have occurred in the context of medium sized urbanizations in the state of São Paulo, specifically those that have been part physically and economically of the Administrative Region of Campinas, one of the areas that has shown dynamic processes of territorial and populational expansion, during the period of political, economical and social transformations in Brazil, taking as a time reference the period from 1960 to 2000. As a local reference, we have the Metropolitan Region of Campinas, considered to be the third largest industrial center in the country, right after the metropolitan areas of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The city of Limeira was chosen as the central object of this study, a medium sized urbanization inserted in the regional context and influenced by the processes thereby derived which has shown a record of transformations connected to the expansion of urban networks and population growth in the last 40 years. The social-spatial dynamism of the city was analyzed here, observing the relations of the federal, state and regional economy with the conformation and configuration of the occupation of the spaces that are part of its urban tissue. In the same way, relations were observed between the increase of the city urban population and the issue of appropriation of urbanized land as an inducing element of spatial growth. Historical, economical and social happenings were also focused on in these interpretations, seeking to assess the expansion dynamism of the city along with the dividing up of the land, in this case as a forming element of the process and connected to regional formation. In relation to actions and agents that implemented the occupation of the city land, the performance of public authority and private initiative was observed in these scenarios, demonstrating some of the features of the way space is utilized in Limeira. / Trata o presente estudo da análise e interpretação de modificações ocorridas no contexto das urbanizações de porte médio do Estado de São Paulo, mais especificamente aquelas constituintes tanto física quanto economicamente da Região Administrativa de Campinas, uma das áreas que apresentou processos dinâmicos de expansão territorial e populacional, quando das transformações de ordem política, econômica e social no Brasil tomando-se como base cronológica o período compreendido entre 1960 e 2000. Como referência local está a Região Metropolitana de Campinas, considerada o terceiro parque industrial do país estando posicionada após as áreas metropolitanas de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro. Tomou-se como objeto central deste estudo a cidade de Limeira, urbanização de porte médio que inserida no conjunto regional e influenciada pelos processos ali decorrentes apresentou histórico de transformações ligadas a expansão da malha urbana e crescimento populacional nos últimos 40 anos. Analisouse aqui, a dinâmica sócio-espacial da cidade observando relações da economia federal, estadual e regional com a conformação e configuração da ocupação dos espaços constituintes de seu tecido urbano. Do mesmo modo foram observadas as relações entre o aumento da população urbana do município e a questão da apropriação da terra urbanizada enquanto elemento indutor do crescimento espacial. Focou-se ainda nestas interpretações, ocorrências históricas, econômicas e sociais visando formatar a dinâmica de expansão da cidade em conjunto com o parcelamento do solo, este enquanto elemento formador do processo e ligado à formação regional. Com relação às ações e agentes que implementaram a ocupação do solo na cidade foram observadas as atuações do poder público e da iniciativa privada nestes cenários, demonstrando algumas características dos modos de utilização do espaço em Limeira.

No description available.

Expectations regarding the contributions of academics to entrepreneurial activity in addition to their primary role of carrying out teaching and research have increased in recent years. Nevertheless, research on academic entrepreneurship has, to date, been carried out mainly in developed nations and there has been little emphasis on developing countries, particularly low income ones. Developing countries, when compared with developed nations, have been reported to face relatively high levels of resource scarcity that involve shortages of skills, finance, physical infrastructure, technology, and institutions needed for innovation and entrepreneurship. This gap in our knowledge leads to the main objective of this study, which is to investigate academic entrepreneurship in a resource constrained environment. Referring to the entrepreneurship and diversification literature, the current study argues that, as a strategy to extract value from a resource constrained environment, academic entrepreneurs may diversify their entrepreneurial engagements, which is named in this research as ‘plural activity’. In order to achieve the main objective, this thesis derives four specific objectives; namely, investigating the ‘plural activities’ of academic entrepreneurs, studying the motivations of academic entrepreneurs, examining the influence of multilevel causal factors on ‘plural activities’, and investigating the impacts of academic entrepreneurship on universities and wider economy. Sequential mixed methods were adopted in three stages; namely, an initial context specific data gathering stage, an on-line survey, and in-depth interviews. Initial context specific data were used to design two subsequent data collection phases. This approach was believed to improve the construct validity of the study. The main purpose of the on-line survey was to obtain a broad understanding of the entrepreneurial engagements of academics, while that of in-depth interviews was to obtain detailed context specific data, required to achieve research objectives. This sequential mixed method design of a survey being followed up by in-depth interviews was also considered to improve the internal validity of this research.The results suggested that entrepreneurial activity was a means of overcoming resource barriers in a resource constrained environment as opposed to resources are a means of becoming entrepreneurial in a resource rich environment. The majority of academic entrepreneurs had overcome resource and opportunity constraints by diversifying their entrepreneurial engagements. ‘Plural activity’ was found to generate synergies between multiple academic entrepreneurial activities. Diversifying into a greater number of different activities was found to generate more synergistic effects than diversifying into a limited number of similar activities. Nevertheless, there remained synergies between those who adopted different diversification strategies. Moreover, academic entrepreneurship was found to enable the overcoming of resource barriers to university teaching and research as well as deliver positive outcomes to universities and wider economy. Furthermore, it was evident that academics were initially motivated by ‘push’ motives and over time the influence of ‘push’ factors declined, while the impact of ‘pull’ motives increased. As a result of a lack of research capabilities of industry and funding for universities, there was a higher mutual interdependence between universities and industry. However, due to the unavailability of supportive mechanisms or formal institutional infrastructure to promote academic entrepreneurship, university-industry interactions were driven by individuals, and thus, were scattered and isolated. Policy implications and future research avenues were considered in conclusion.

Cette thèse montre comment le travail thérapeutique, en psychodrame existentiel de groupe, permet un accès direct à « l’être-du-patient », sans sacrifier du temps au démêlage des représentations. Dans ce cadre, la motion individuelle sollicitée se transforme, via l’intersubjectivité, pour se loger « entre » (aida) les membres du groupe. Elle y prend une forme transubjective qui s’amplifie par résonnance, pour délivrer une tonalité climatique singulière au groupe. J’ai nommé cette nouvelle dynamique : motion transubjective. Fonctionnant rythmiquement sur les pôles « ouverture-fermeture », la motion transubjective ouvre à l’espace corporel du Sentir, du « sens commun », et favorise un ajustement apaisé des patients au monde qui les entoure.Pour servir la thèse et modéliser ce concept, trois recherches-actions sont présentées (menées auprès de différentes populations : travailleurs sociaux, personnes atteintes de V.I.H. et personnes souffrant de psychose). Elles révèlent la valeur opératoire de la motion transubjective, au cœur même de l’intersubjectivité humaine, que cette dernière soit celle des foules, celle qui tient en contact les membres d’un groupe ou l’aida que créent ensemble le thérapeute et son patient. Enfin, ces trois recherches-actions concourent, en psychologie clinique, à la modélisation d’un processus émergent d’autoréalisation de soi, dans la rencontre avec le monde, qui se déploie dans la sphère de la corporalité.Outre la proposition d’un outil groupal -le psychodrame existentiel- cette thèse en discute les conditions de mise en œuvre (en termes de dispositif d’intervention clinique) afin d’en comprendre les leviers thérapeutiques. / This thesis shows how therapeutic work, in an existential psychodrama group, enables the therapist to access directly to “the-patients’-being”, without spending some time unravelling representations. In this context, the individual motion is triggered. Then, it transforms, via intersubjectivity, to place itself “between” (aida) the members of the group. There, it turns into a transubjective form which expands through resonance to deliver a peculiar climatic tone to the group. I have named that new dynamism: transubjective motion. As it functions dynamically according to the “opening-closing” poles, the transubjective motion permits the opening to the Feeling body space to the “common sense” space, enabling the patient to have a pacified relationship to the world around.In order to demonstrate our thesis and to model the concept, three researches-actions are presented (they were conducted among different populations: social workers, persons suffering from H.I.V and psychotic patients.) They reveal the operational value of the transubjective motion, situated at the heart of human intersubjectivity, whether it reveals itself in a crowd, between the members of a group, or the aida created by the therapist and his/her patient. Finally, those three researches-actions contribute, in clinical psychology, to the modelling of an emergent process of one’s being selfrealization through the relationship to the world around, expressing itself in the area of corporality.Beyond proposing a group therapy method -the existential psychodrama- this thesis analyses the conditions for its implementation (in terms of clinical intervention experience) in order to understand its therapeutic efficiency.

Le système de sécrétion type VII (T7SS) présent chez les mycobactéries comporte cinq loci, nommés ESX-1 à ESX-5, chacun possédant leurs propres fonctions. Le système ESX-3, le plus conservé entre les espèces de mycobactéries, participe au transport du fer et à la sécrétion de protéines dont la protéine EsxH. EsxH interagit avec le système ESCRT dans le macrophage et contribue à la persistance de M. tuberculosis (Mtb) dans l’hôte. Afin de mieux comprendre le mécanisme du T7SS, nous avons surexprimé le locus ESX-3 de Mtb dans les organismes recombinants M. smegmatis et M. marinum. Nous avons purifié un coeur protéique partiel du complexe ESX-3 par chromatographie liquide de protéine rapide (FPLC) et déterminé différentes structures in vitro qui pourraient représenter son dynamisme par une analyse des particules individuelles. Nous avons localisé le complexe ESX-3 aux pôles chez M. marinum par microscopie de fluorescence (fLM) et microscopie super-résolution d’illumination de structure (SR-SIM). Finalement, nous avons reconstruit un modèle in vivo 3D de ce complexe en jumelant une technique de corrélation entre la microscopie par localisation photoactivée (PALM) et la tomographie électronique en conditions cryogéniques (cryo-ET). En jumelant nos structures in vitro et notre modèle in vivo, nous discutons d’un mécanisme possible du complexe ESX-3. Ces analyses pourront aussi supporter le criblage d’inhibiteurs potentiels pour traiter les infection mycobactériennes. / A novel, type VII secretion system (T7SS) was recently discovered in Mycobacteria. Five subsystems, called ESX-1 to ESX-5, have been identified, with the ESX-3 being the most conserved. The ESX-3 system is essential for growth and pathogenesis, and has been implicated in iron transport and secretion of effector proteins into the host. The secreted proteins are shown to prevent phagosome maturation by interacting with the ESCRT machinery of the macrophage. To characterize the structure and mechanism of secretion employed by the T7SS, we use the ESX-3 system from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and recombinantly express it in M. smegmatis and M. marinum cells. By combining Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) and Single Particle electron microscopy analysis, we have reconstructed several in vitro models that contain at least three of the ESX-3 cluster proteins and may represent the dynamic nature of the core complex. Using fluorescent light microscopy (fLM) and super-resolution structure illumination microscopy (SR-SIM), we localized the ESX-3 complex to the lateral pole in M. marinum cells. We also used super-resolution photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) in correlation with cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) of whole M. marinum cells to localize and reconstruct an in vivo 3D model of the ESX-3 secretion system. By combining the single particle reconstructions and the cryotomography data, we discuss a possible mechanism of ESX-3 secretion. Such analysis may support future inhibitor screens to prevent mycobacterial infections.

The thesis is focused on values of the Czech society in 1990 - 2011, especially on hedonism value. It uses the method of a secondary analysis of quantitative data. We deal with the presumption that the social transformation which started in 1989, influenced value area as well. Our aim is to answer following questions: 1) Has an emphasis of hedonism in the Czech society changed during the social transformation? If yes, in what way? Can we observe continual rising of this value? 2) What is the influence of socio-demographic variables on hedonism? Is diferentiating influence of these variables on hedonism changing in time? An empirical part of this thesis is anticipated by the theoretical one, which is focused on research of values by social sciences and sociology, deals with questions about value stability and dynamism, presents a model of value dynamism by D. Slejška and draws up some consideration about influence of life circumstances - especially those which are related to the transformation of totalitarian society to freedom society - on the field of values. Keywords values - dynamism of values - hedonism - social transformation - public opinion surveys - secondary analysis of data

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between market orientation and business performance mediated by marketing resources and moderated by contextual factors. The study also examined the extent to which the conceptual model was a good fit to the sample data. A quantitative approach was used to test if there was a significant relationship between market orientation, marketing resources, and business performance. For the purpose, a cross-sectional survey was carried out to obtain data pertaining to market orientation, marketing resources, contextual factors and business performance. The unit of analysis of the study was banks consisting of 3 public and 15 private banks. A sample size of 507 consisting of 492 branch managers and 15 top level marketing managers was used in the survey. With a response rate of 87.97%, 446 questionnaires were collected of which 377 were used for data analysis. A SEM was used to test the extent to which the theoretical model fits the sample data. Mediation analysis was used to test the indirect effect of market orientation on business performance and hierarchical regression analysis was used to test whether the relationship was moderated by market dynamism, competitive intensity, and government regulation. Finally, an independent t – test was used to examine the statistical variations between public and private banks in terms of market orientation, marketing resources, and business performance. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the modified model was fit with the observed data in terms of chi-square and the individual indices. The total effect of market orientation on business performance was moderate with a 0.36 regression coefficient. The indirect effect was high with a 0.91 regression coefficient where complete and inconsistent mediation was found due to suppression effect. The moderation analysis revealed that the interaction effect of market dynamism, competitive intensity, and government regulation was not statistically significant. Finally the result showed that there was a statistically meaningful difference between public and private banks in terms of market orientation, marketing resources, and business performance. Banks in Ethiopia shall strive to segment the market, differentiate their services, and build a strong brand with clear identity. Banks in Ethiopia shall also build on their marketing resources to enhance their business performance. / Business Management / D.B.L.

This study examines contemporary Sesotho proverbs with an attempt at establishing whether they perform a significant role in society. The research highlighted the fact that they have a role to play in the 21st century. Although not commonly used as in the traditional setup, contemporary proverbs have their place as a day to day activity. In terms of language development they also add value to language change and providing alternatives in the world of challenges. Through interviews and the questionnaire, the research, indeed, showed that contemporary proverbs' survival is guaranteed. Their survival in this modem world is of great importance in this research. The observation was that some of these contemporary proverbs are the same as traditional proverbs in many aspects which include their origin and structure. Some of the contemporary proverbs use or adopt familiar patterns to express new truths, thus reflecting on new events or aspects of the modern society. The possibility is that those that adopt the structure of the Sesotho traditional proverbs have all the chance of staying in the language. Some of these contemporary proverbs, however, survive on the premise that they are jokes created for fun by youth and other members of the creative section of the society. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

La presente investigación busca determinar los factores que influenciaron en la evolución de las exportaciones de las tablillas y frisos para parqué sin ensamblar del Perú a la República Popular de China durante los años 2009 - 2017. En el primer capítulo, se estudiarán conceptos relacionados al comercio exterior, desde las teorías de liberalización hasta acuerdos comerciales como el de Perú con China; aspectos relacionados a las tablillas y frisos para parqué, factores críticos de éxito, internos y externos. Entendemos que la firma del Tratado de Libre Comercio origina la desgravación, lo cual significa que los productos de ambos países tendrán una eliminación progresiva, parcial o total de los aranceles para ambos mercados. De acuerdo a lo mencionado anteriormente y relacionándolo con la teoría del liberalismo comercial, entendemos que luego de 9 años desde la entrada en vigencia del Tratado, encontramos en base al modelo de estudio cualitativo que existen otros factores que tienen más relevancia con respecto a la firma del TLC, los cuales se desarrollarán más adelante. Asimismo, en el segundo capítulo se expondrá el planteamiento de la investigación tanto como el problema, hipótesis y objetivos principales y específicos. En el tercer capítulo se expondrá el método de investigación cualitativo exploratorio porque se quiere conocer mediante datos empíricos, cuales eran para los entrevistados los factores determinantes en la evolución de las exportaciones de las tablillas y frisos para parqués sin ensamblar, todo ello con a través del recojo y el análisis sistemático de datos. Además, mediante esta investigación cualitativa se determinará la muestra, categorías, procedimiento, procesamiento de los resultados, la clasificación de las categorías y las limitaciones que se presentaron en la investigación. En el cuarto capítulo se presentan los hallazgos de la investigación en relación con las entrevistas realizadas a cada participante. Se analizó de manera empírica la información y se plasmó en tablas de acuerdo con el número de menciones por factor para determinar a los que tuvieron mayor influencia en la evolución de las exportaciones. Finalmente, en las conclusiones se presenta el factor que tuvo mayor impacto para luego determinar si se cumplieron los objetivos de la investigación y la hipótesis. / The present investigation seeks to determine the factors that influenced the evolution of the exports of the slats and friezes for parquet without assembling from Peru to Popular Republic of China during the years 2009 - 2017. In the first chapter, concepts related to foreign trade will be studied, from liberalization theories to trade agreements such as Peru with China; Aspects related to the slats and friezes for parquet, critical success factors, internal and external. We understand that the signing of the Free Trade Agreement results in the elimination of tariffs, which means that the products of both countries will have a progressive, partial or total elimination of tariffs for both markets. According to the aforementioned and related to the theory of commercial liberalism, we understand that after 9 years since the entry into force of the Treaty, we find based on the qualitative study model that there are other factors that have more relevance with respect to the signature of the FTA, which will be developed later. Also, in the second chapter the research approach will be exposed as well as the main and specific problem, hypothesis and objectives. In the third chapter the method of exploratory qualitative research will be exposed because we want to know through empirical data, which were for the interviewees the determining factors in the evolution of the exports of the slats and friezes for parquet without assembling, all with the I collect and systematic data analysis. In addition, this qualitative research will determine the sample, categories, procedure, processing of the results, the classification of the categories and the limitations that were presented in the investigation. In the fourth chapter, the findings of the research are presented in relation to the interviews conducted with each participant. The information was analyzed in an empirical way and was reflected in tables according to the number of mentions by factor to determine those that had the greatest influence on the evolution of exports. Finally, in the conclusions, the factor that had the greatest impact is presented to determine if the objectives of the research and the hypothesis were met. / Tesis