Cette thèse a pour objectif de comprendre la façon dont se fabrique la stratégie dans un contexte pluraliste. Dans ce cadre, nous nous appuyons sur la littérature du pluralisme identitaire (Dutton & Dukerich, 1991; Gioia & Chittepeddi, 1991; Ashforth & Mael, 1996; Golden-Biddle & Rao, 1997; Hatch & Schultz, 1997; Silva, 2010) et sur l'approche pratique de la stratégie (Whittington, 2003; Jarzabkowsky, 2003, 2004; Golsorkhi & al., 2010; Johnson & al., 2010). Ce travail de recherche est né d'un manque dans la littérature qui examine la relation entre la multiplicité des identités organisationnelles et la fabrication des stratégies. Nous avons ainsi opté pour un design de recherche interprétativiste et pour une étude de cas unique: le Conseil Economique et Social du Liban. Cette institution constitutionnelle abrite deux identités organisationnelles: l'identité d'un lieu de négociation et l'identité d'un lieu d'expertise. Etant donné la nouveauté du terrain et du contexte traité, nous adoptons la méthodologie de la théorie enracinée préconisée par Glaser et Strauss. Nous montrons que le pluralisme influence la fabrication des stratégies de trois façons: 1) par la "référentialisation" qui consiste à "opérationnaliser" les systèmes des valeurs à travers "une stratégie d'initiation" et "de renforcement", 2) par la "régulation" identitaire qui consiste à gérer les identités organisationnelles pour des fins stratégiques à travers "une stratégie de légitimation" et 3) la "négociation" identitaire suite à une crise institutionnelle et qui aboutit à "une stratégie de survie". Nous avons également conclu que cette influence évolue avec l'évolution du contexte institutionnel de l'organisation: nous avons identifié un couplage faible entre la multiplicité des identités organisationnelles et la fabrication des stratégies dans la phase de naissance de l'organisation mais qui croit avec la croissance de l'organisation, surtout dans les périodes de "perturbation". Ces périodes entrainent une rupture dans la pratique des praticiens: si cette rupture n'est pas assez significative, la gestion des IO devient une pratique stratégique, si la rupture est significative mettant en cause la survie de l'organisation, les IO deviennent des lentilles perceptuelles à travers lesquelles les praticiens perçoivent les capacités fondamentales de l'organisation ce qui influence ainsi sur leur choix et leur pratique stratégique. / The objective of this thesis is to understand strategizing in pluralistic contexts. Our research is based on the literature of pluralistic organizations (Dutton & Dukerich, 1991; Gioia & Chittepeddi, 1991; Golden-Biddle & Rao, 1997, Ashforth & Mael, 1996; Hatch & Schultz, 1997; Silva, 2010) and the strategy-as-practice approach (Whittington, 2003; Jarzabkowsky, 2003, 2004; Golsorkhi & al., 2010; Johnson & al., 2010). This research addresses the gap in the literature discussing the relationship between the multiplicity of organizational identities and strategizing. Thus, our thesis operates an interpretativist research design and conducts a one case study: the Economic and Social Council of Lebanon. This institutional constitution has two organizational identities: the identity of a negotiation place and the identity of an expertise one. Due to the novelty of the research field and the context studied, we have chosen to apply the grounded theory methodology advocated by Glaser and Strauss. We show that the pluralism influence strategizing in three ways: 1) by the "referentialization" which means the operationalization of the system of values through an "initiation" and "reinforcement strategy", 2) by the identity "regulation" which consists of managing organizational identities for strategic purposes through a "legitimation strategy" and 3) by the identity "negociation" following an institutional crisis and which leads to a "survival strategy". We have also concluded the evolution of this influence with the evolution of the institutional context of the organization: it is weak at the initiation phase (birth) but increases with the growth of the organization and especially in periods of "perturbation". These periods lead to a breakdown in the praxis of practitioners: if the breakdown is weak, the management of organizational identities become a strategic practice, if the breakdown is significant, the organizational identities become lenses trough which practitioners craft their particular definitions of the organizational core capabilities which influence their strategic choice and praxis.

本研究探討溝通動態與手勢之關係。本研究相較於過去的研究提供了中文口語語料的量化結果，除了檢視語言上的溝通動態值與手勢出現、手勢類型的關係以外，並加入手勢特徵進而檢視。語言上的溝通動態值分別以「資訊狀態」與「主題連續性」來決定溝通動態值之高低，並且將手勢所伴隨的語詞依詞性分開分為名詞與動詞，檢視是否手勢上會依循語碼原則（the coding principle）：當溝通動態值越高，所使用的代碼材料便越多；當溝通動態值越低，所使用的代碼材料越少。結果發現，以決定溝通動態值的標準來看，資訊狀態較主題連續性更能依語碼原則反應溝通動態值。原因是因為資訊狀態反應訊息的新舊差異性，而主題連續性反應的是舊訊息當中的不同的「舊」的程度差異，因此前者較能反應溝通動態與手勢之關係；而以手勢伴隨的語詞而言，動詞較名詞更能依語碼原則反應溝通動態值。因為動詞相較於名詞而言，在語言上無完整的語碼系統以反應溝通動態值之高低，因此倚賴手勢出現與手勢特徵來反應語言上的溝通動態值之高低。 / The study investigates the correlation between communicative dynamism (CD) and gesture. Different from the previous studies, the present study provides quantitative analysis based on Chinese conversational data. The study examines the correlation between CD in language and the occurence of gestures, gestural types and gestural features. The various degrees of CD are deteremined by two separate criteria, namely “information status” and “topic continuity”. Morover, the study also distinguishes between the nominal affiliates of gesture and the verbal counterparts. The study found that gestures occur at the two extremities of CD. Gestures tend to co-occur with linguistic elements bearing the highest or the lowest CD. In addition, based on the criterion of “information status”, stroke duration and handedness were found to reflect the various degrees of CD. On the other hand, based on the criterion of “topic continuity”, all gestural features including stroke duration, gestural space, handedness and stroke frequency have no correlation with CD.

L’observation de l’exécution d’applications JavaScript est habituellement réalisée en instrumentant une machine virtuelle (MV) industrielle ou en effectuant une traduction source-à-source ad hoc et complexe. Ce mémoire présente une alternative basée sur la superposition de machines virtuelles. Notre approche consiste à faire une traduction source-à-source d’un programme pendant son exécution pour exposer ses opérations de bas niveau au travers d’un modèle objet flexible. Ces opérations de bas niveau peuvent ensuite être redéfinies pendant l’exécution pour pouvoir en faire l’observation. Pour limiter la pénalité en performance introduite, notre approche exploite les opérations rapides originales de la MV sous-jacente, lorsque cela est possible, et applique les techniques de compilation à-la-volée dans la MV superposée. Notre implémentation, Photon, est en moyenne 19% plus rapide qu’un interprète moderne, et entre 19× et 56× plus lente en moyenne que les compilateurs à-la-volée utilisés dans les navigateurs web populaires. Ce mémoire montre donc que la superposition de machines virtuelles est une technique alternative compétitive à la modification d’un interprète moderne pour JavaScript lorsqu’appliqué à l’observation à l’exécution des opérations sur les objets et des appels de fonction. / Run-time monitoring of JavaScript applications is typically achieved by instrumenting a production virtual machine or through ad-hoc, complex source-to-source transformations. This dissertation presents an alternative based on virtual machine layering. Our approach performs a dynamic translation of the client program to expose low-level operations through a flexible object model. These low-level operations can then be redefined at run time to monitor the execution. In order to limit the incurred performance overhead, our approach leverages fast operations from the underlying host VM implementation whenever possible, and applies Just-In-Time compilation (JIT) techniques within the added virtual machine layer. Our implementation, Photon, is on average 19% faster than a state-of-the-art interpreter, and between 19× and 56× slower on average than the commercial JIT compilers found in popular web browsers. This dissertation therefore shows that virtual machine layering is a competitive alternative approach to the modification of a production JavaScript interpreter when applied to run-time monitoring of object operations and function calls.

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a interação entre o dinamismo econômico e a qualidade do emprego, observando esse fenômeno a partir do caso do setor de telecomunicações, no Brasil. O estudo propõe uma reflexão sobre a qualidade do emprego nas atividades de telecomunicações, que, no Brasil, passaram por recente processo de privatização, caracterizando um novo cenário empresarial, marcado por inovações tecnológicas, expansão comercial e competição de mercado. Foi elaborado um modelo de análise para avaliar a qualidade do emprego com base na estrutura ocupacional do mercado de trabalho, diferente de outros modelos concorrentes, que se debruçam sobre categorias como “emprego típico” e “trabalho decente”. O setor de telecomunicações inclui tanto atividades econômicas amplamente voltadas para estratégias de inovação e formação de vantagens competitivas como atividades de suporte, mais restritas à operação, implantação e manutenção do mercado, fato que se desdobra na composição dos respectivos mercados de trabalho. Constatou-se que o desempenho da qualidade do emprego é função da estruturação setorial. A melhora no nível de qualidade do emprego está bastante vinculada à natureza, à experiência tecnológica e ao ambiente econômico de cada ramo produtivo. Foi observado que a qualidade do emprego melhora na medida em que as atividades econômicas se encontram mais próximas aos processos de inovação, competição de mercado e liberalização comercial, mesmo que as mesmas componham um único setor. Confirmou-se a suspeita de que nas atividades econômicas constituídas por empresas que não inovam internamente ou inovam pouco e que não competem diretamente no mercado das telecomunicações (implantação, comércio e teleatendimento), o trabalho caracteriza-se por ser padronizado, promovendo atividades laborais empobrecidas, apresentando situação menos vantajosa de qualidade do emprego. Nas atividades com maior capacidade de inovação e que competem diretamente no mercado de telecomunicações (telefonia fixa e telefonia móvel em um primeiro nível, e em um segundo plano serviços de rede, televisão por cabo e fabricação), o trabalho caracteriza-se por ser menos estruturado, promovendo maior recorrência de atividades laborais enriquecidas, maior remuneração e escolarização dos empregados e apresentando, portanto, situação melhor de qualidade do emprego. A análise da situação do emprego na atividade de telecomunicações baseia-se nos dados disponíveis na Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS) do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego do Brasil (MTE). / The aim of this study was to analyze the interaction between economic dynamism and quality of employment based on the case of telecommunications industry in Brazil. This study proposes a reflection about the quality of employment in the activities of telecommunications that recently underwent a privatization process in Brazil, characterizing a new business scenery, marked by technological innovations, commercial expansion and market competition. We created an analysis model to evaluate the quality of employment which is based on the occupational structure of the labor market, unlike other competing models that focus on categories such as, “typical job” and “decent work”. The telecommunications industry comprises not only economic activities largely turned to innovation strategies and the shaping of competitive advantages but also support activities restricted to market operation, deployment and maintenance. These aspects affect the composition of labor markets. We found that the quality of employment results from the industry framework. Improvements in the quality of employment are strongly related to the nature of each production field, its technological experience and economic environment. We saw that the quality of employment improves as economic activities get closer to innovation processes, market competition, and trade liberalization, even if they are all part of the same industry. Suspicions were confirmed that in those economic activities consisting of companies that neither innovate or hardly innovate nor compete directly in the telecommunications market (deployment, trade, and telemarketing), work is standardized, and labor activities are of a poor nature, which then results in lower quality of employment. In activities with greater ability to innovate and that compete directly in the telecommunications market (wireline and wireless on a first level and, on a second level, network service, cable television, and manufacturing), work is less structured, thus promoting enriched labor activities, hight remuneration and employees‟ education, and resulting in higher quality of employment. The analysis of the situation of employment in the activity of telecommunications is based on the data available in the Annual Report of Social Information (in portuguese, RAIS) of Ministry of Labor and Employment of Brazil (in portuguese, MTE).

Logical pluralism from historical perspective - Abstract The plurality of logics is understood as a challenge to seek a deeper understanding of the na- ture and import of logic. Two basic approaches to demarcation of logic are considered, the model-theoretic and the proof-theoretic one. Investigation of the history which led to these two appraoches identifies the postion of logic in Kant's epistemology as crucial for the devel- opment. An analogical development from Kant's conception of geometry to the plurality of geometric theories leads to a holistic view both of geometry and of logic. It furthermore proves essential to understand the pragmatic import of logic. Given the problems tied to the attempts to demarcate logic, inferentialism and logical expressivism are arrived at as jointly provid- ing the most appropriate account. These approaches are developed into a conception which stresses, in line with the historical perspective of the work, the ability of logic to develop.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between market orientation and business performance mediated by marketing resources and moderated by contextual factors. The study also examined the extent to which the conceptual model was a good fit to the sample data. A quantitative approach was used to test if there was a significant relationship between market orientation, marketing resources, and business performance. For the purpose, a cross-sectional survey was carried out to obtain data pertaining to market orientation, marketing resources, contextual factors and business performance. The unit of analysis of the study was banks consisting of 3 public and 15 private banks. A sample size of 507 consisting of 492 branch managers and 15 top level marketing managers was used in the survey. With a response rate of 87.97%, 446 questionnaires were collected of which 377 were used for data analysis. A SEM was used to test the extent to which the theoretical model fits the sample data. Mediation analysis was used to test the indirect effect of market orientation on business performance and hierarchical regression analysis was used to test whether the relationship was moderated by market dynamism, competitive intensity, and government regulation. Finally, an independent t – test was used to examine the statistical variations between public and private banks in terms of market orientation, marketing resources, and business performance. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the modified model was fit with the observed data in terms of chi-square and the individual indices. The total effect of market orientation on business performance was moderate with a 0.36 regression coefficient. The indirect effect was high with a 0.91 regression coefficient where complete and inconsistent mediation was found due to suppression effect. The moderation analysis revealed that the interaction effect of market dynamism, competitive intensity, and government regulation was not statistically significant. Finally the result showed that there was a statistically meaningful difference between public and private banks in terms of market orientation, marketing resources, and business performance. Banks in Ethiopia shall strive to segment the market, differentiate their services, and build a strong brand with clear identity. Banks in Ethiopia shall also build on their marketing resources to enhance their business performance. / Business Management / D.B.L.

This study examines contemporary Sesotho proverbs with an attempt at establishing whether they perform a significant role in society. The research highlighted the fact that they have a role to play in the 21st century. Although not commonly used as in the traditional setup, contemporary proverbs have their place as a day to day activity. In terms of language development they also add value to language change and providing alternatives in the world of challenges. Through interviews and the questionnaire, the research, indeed, showed that contemporary proverbs' survival is guaranteed. Their survival in this modem world is of great importance in this research. The observation was that some of these contemporary proverbs are the same as traditional proverbs in many aspects which include their origin and structure. Some of the contemporary proverbs use or adopt familiar patterns to express new truths, thus reflecting on new events or aspects of the modern society. The possibility is that those that adopt the structure of the Sesotho traditional proverbs have all the chance of staying in the language. Some of these contemporary proverbs, however, survive on the premise that they are jokes created for fun by youth and other members of the creative section of the society. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a interação entre o dinamismo econômico e a qualidade do emprego, observando esse fenômeno a partir do caso do setor de telecomunicações, no Brasil. O estudo propõe uma reflexão sobre a qualidade do emprego nas atividades de telecomunicações, que, no Brasil, passaram por recente processo de privatização, caracterizando um novo cenário empresarial, marcado por inovações tecnológicas, expansão comercial e competição de mercado. Foi elaborado um modelo de análise para avaliar a qualidade do emprego com base na estrutura ocupacional do mercado de trabalho, diferente de outros modelos concorrentes, que se debruçam sobre categorias como “emprego típico” e “trabalho decente”. O setor de telecomunicações inclui tanto atividades econômicas amplamente voltadas para estratégias de inovação e formação de vantagens competitivas como atividades de suporte, mais restritas à operação, implantação e manutenção do mercado, fato que se desdobra na composição dos respectivos mercados de trabalho. Constatou-se que o desempenho da qualidade do emprego é função da estruturação setorial. A melhora no nível de qualidade do emprego está bastante vinculada à natureza, à experiência tecnológica e ao ambiente econômico de cada ramo produtivo. Foi observado que a qualidade do emprego melhora na medida em que as atividades econômicas se encontram mais próximas aos processos de inovação, competição de mercado e liberalização comercial, mesmo que as mesmas componham um único setor. Confirmou-se a suspeita de que nas atividades econômicas constituídas por empresas que não inovam internamente ou inovam pouco e que não competem diretamente no mercado das telecomunicações (implantação, comércio e teleatendimento), o trabalho caracteriza-se por ser padronizado, promovendo atividades laborais empobrecidas, apresentando situação menos vantajosa de qualidade do emprego. Nas atividades com maior capacidade de inovação e que competem diretamente no mercado de telecomunicações (telefonia fixa e telefonia móvel em um primeiro nível, e em um segundo plano serviços de rede, televisão por cabo e fabricação), o trabalho caracteriza-se por ser menos estruturado, promovendo maior recorrência de atividades laborais enriquecidas, maior remuneração e escolarização dos empregados e apresentando, portanto, situação melhor de qualidade do emprego. A análise da situação do emprego na atividade de telecomunicações baseia-se nos dados disponíveis na Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS) do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego do Brasil (MTE). / The aim of this study was to analyze the interaction between economic dynamism and quality of employment based on the case of telecommunications industry in Brazil. This study proposes a reflection about the quality of employment in the activities of telecommunications that recently underwent a privatization process in Brazil, characterizing a new business scenery, marked by technological innovations, commercial expansion and market competition. We created an analysis model to evaluate the quality of employment which is based on the occupational structure of the labor market, unlike other competing models that focus on categories such as, “typical job” and “decent work”. The telecommunications industry comprises not only economic activities largely turned to innovation strategies and the shaping of competitive advantages but also support activities restricted to market operation, deployment and maintenance. These aspects affect the composition of labor markets. We found that the quality of employment results from the industry framework. Improvements in the quality of employment are strongly related to the nature of each production field, its technological experience and economic environment. We saw that the quality of employment improves as economic activities get closer to innovation processes, market competition, and trade liberalization, even if they are all part of the same industry. Suspicions were confirmed that in those economic activities consisting of companies that neither innovate or hardly innovate nor compete directly in the telecommunications market (deployment, trade, and telemarketing), work is standardized, and labor activities are of a poor nature, which then results in lower quality of employment. In activities with greater ability to innovate and that compete directly in the telecommunications market (wireline and wireless on a first level and, on a second level, network service, cable television, and manufacturing), work is less structured, thus promoting enriched labor activities, hight remuneration and employees‟ education, and resulting in higher quality of employment. The analysis of the situation of employment in the activity of telecommunications is based on the data available in the Annual Report of Social Information (in portuguese, RAIS) of Ministry of Labor and Employment of Brazil (in portuguese, MTE).

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a interação entre o dinamismo econômico e a qualidade do emprego, observando esse fenômeno a partir do caso do setor de telecomunicações, no Brasil. O estudo propõe uma reflexão sobre a qualidade do emprego nas atividades de telecomunicações, que, no Brasil, passaram por recente processo de privatização, caracterizando um novo cenário empresarial, marcado por inovações tecnológicas, expansão comercial e competição de mercado. Foi elaborado um modelo de análise para avaliar a qualidade do emprego com base na estrutura ocupacional do mercado de trabalho, diferente de outros modelos concorrentes, que se debruçam sobre categorias como “emprego típico” e “trabalho decente”. O setor de telecomunicações inclui tanto atividades econômicas amplamente voltadas para estratégias de inovação e formação de vantagens competitivas como atividades de suporte, mais restritas à operação, implantação e manutenção do mercado, fato que se desdobra na composição dos respectivos mercados de trabalho. Constatou-se que o desempenho da qualidade do emprego é função da estruturação setorial. A melhora no nível de qualidade do emprego está bastante vinculada à natureza, à experiência tecnológica e ao ambiente econômico de cada ramo produtivo. Foi observado que a qualidade do emprego melhora na medida em que as atividades econômicas se encontram mais próximas aos processos de inovação, competição de mercado e liberalização comercial, mesmo que as mesmas componham um único setor. Confirmou-se a suspeita de que nas atividades econômicas constituídas por empresas que não inovam internamente ou inovam pouco e que não competem diretamente no mercado das telecomunicações (implantação, comércio e teleatendimento), o trabalho caracteriza-se por ser padronizado, promovendo atividades laborais empobrecidas, apresentando situação menos vantajosa de qualidade do emprego. Nas atividades com maior capacidade de inovação e que competem diretamente no mercado de telecomunicações (telefonia fixa e telefonia móvel em um primeiro nível, e em um segundo plano serviços de rede, televisão por cabo e fabricação), o trabalho caracteriza-se por ser menos estruturado, promovendo maior recorrência de atividades laborais enriquecidas, maior remuneração e escolarização dos empregados e apresentando, portanto, situação melhor de qualidade do emprego. A análise da situação do emprego na atividade de telecomunicações baseia-se nos dados disponíveis na Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS) do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego do Brasil (MTE). / The aim of this study was to analyze the interaction between economic dynamism and quality of employment based on the case of telecommunications industry in Brazil. This study proposes a reflection about the quality of employment in the activities of telecommunications that recently underwent a privatization process in Brazil, characterizing a new business scenery, marked by technological innovations, commercial expansion and market competition. We created an analysis model to evaluate the quality of employment which is based on the occupational structure of the labor market, unlike other competing models that focus on categories such as, “typical job” and “decent work”. The telecommunications industry comprises not only economic activities largely turned to innovation strategies and the shaping of competitive advantages but also support activities restricted to market operation, deployment and maintenance. These aspects affect the composition of labor markets. We found that the quality of employment results from the industry framework. Improvements in the quality of employment are strongly related to the nature of each production field, its technological experience and economic environment. We saw that the quality of employment improves as economic activities get closer to innovation processes, market competition, and trade liberalization, even if they are all part of the same industry. Suspicions were confirmed that in those economic activities consisting of companies that neither innovate or hardly innovate nor compete directly in the telecommunications market (deployment, trade, and telemarketing), work is standardized, and labor activities are of a poor nature, which then results in lower quality of employment. In activities with greater ability to innovate and that compete directly in the telecommunications market (wireline and wireless on a first level and, on a second level, network service, cable television, and manufacturing), work is less structured, thus promoting enriched labor activities, hight remuneration and employees‟ education, and resulting in higher quality of employment. The analysis of the situation of employment in the activity of telecommunications is based on the data available in the Annual Report of Social Information (in portuguese, RAIS) of Ministry of Labor and Employment of Brazil (in portuguese, MTE).

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