A dieta cetogênica (DC) é um tratamento não farmacológico prescrito especialmente para crianças e adolescentes com epilepsia refratária. A composição da dieta cetogênica é baseada no alto teor de gorduras, baixo teor de carboidratos e teor proteico moderado, sendo a produção de corpos cetônicos o mecanismo provável envolvido no controle das crises epilépticas. Apesar dos benefícios clínicos, a relação entre DC e o risco cardiometabólico não está bem estabelecida, especialmente sob os fatores de risco não clássicos. Objetivo: comparar os efeitos da dieta cetogênica clássica com a dieta cetogênica modificada nas subfrações de LDL e HDL, nos marcadores oxidativos, no perfil de apolipoproteinas e no perfil lipídico de crianças e adolescentes com epilepsia refratária, além do efeito clínico no controle da epilepsia. Métodos: Estudo de intervenção com recrutamento de crianças e adolescentes com epilepsia refratária de 1 a 19 anos de ambos os sexos do Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP. O grupo controle recebeu DC clássica e o grupo caso recebeu a DC modificada com redução em pelo menos 20% de ácidos graxos saturados (AGS) e redução da relação w6/w3 em pelo menos 50% em comparação a DC clássica. Para ambos os grupos foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros bioquímicos no período basal, após 3 meses e 6 meses de DC: perfil lipídico clássico, concentração de ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNEs), substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARs), subfrações de lipoproteina de baixa densidade (LDL) e lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL), e perfil de apolipoproteínas (APOA-I e APOB). Além da avaliação clínica, antropométrica e de consumo alimentar. Resultados: A redução de crises e dos fármacos antiepilépticos foi semelhante entre os grupos. O aumento na concentração de colesterol total (CT) e LDL foi inferior no grupo caso, a Não-HDL manteve-se significativamente menor no grupo caso em comparação ao grupo controle e a relação LDL/APOB foi superior no grupo controle após 6 meses de DC. O percentual de partículas pequenas de LDL apresentou aumento superior em 208% no grupo controle comparado ao grupo caso, e consequentemente o tamanho de LDL apresentou maior redução no grupo controle. A incidência de dislipidemia foi significativamente inferior no grupo caso considerando os pontos de corte para LDL (>=130 mg/dL) e não-HDL (>=145 mg/dL). Não houve diferença entre os grupos na concentração de ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNES) e substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARs). Conclusão: A mudança do perfil de gorduras 10 contribuiu para melhora das concentrações de marcadores de risco cardiometabólico (CT, LDL e LDL pequenas) e consequentemente, perfil mais cardioprotetor nos pacientes do grupo caso. / The ketogenic diet (KD) is a non-pharmacological treatment especially prescribed to children and adolescentes with refractory epilepsy. The composition of the ketogenic diet is based on the high fat, low carbohydrate and moderate protein. The production of ketone bodies is the probable mechanism involved in the control of epileptic seizures. Despite the clinical benefits, the relationship between KD and cardiometabolic risk is not well established, especially under non-classical risk factors. Objective: to compare the effects of the classical KD with the modified KD on the LDL and HDL subfractions, in oxidative biomarkers, in apolipoprotein profile and lipid profile of children and adolescentes with refractory epilepsy, as well as the clinical effect on control of seizure. Methods: Dietary intervention study with recruitment of children and adolescentes with refractory epilepsy aged 1 to 19 years of both sexes from the Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP. The control group received classical KD and the case group received modified KD with a reduction of at least 20% saturated fatty acids (SFA) and a reduction of the w6/w3 ratio by at least 50% compared to classic KD. For both groups, the following biochemical parameters were analyzed at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of the KD: classical lipid profile, concentration of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions, size LDL, and apolipoprotein profile (APOA-I and APOB). In addition to clinical, anthropometric and food consumption assessment. Results: The reduction of seizures and antiepileptic drugs was similar between the groups. The increase in total cholesterol (TC) and LDL levels was lower in the case group, non-HDL remained significantly lower in the case group compared to the control group and the LDL/APOB ratio was higher in the control group after 6 months of KD. The percentage of small LDL particles showed a 208% higher in the control group than case group. Consequently, the LDL size showed a greater reduction in the control group. The incidence of dyslipidemia was significantly lower in the case group considering cut-off points for LDL (>=130 mg/dL) and non-HDL (>=145 mg/dL). There was no difference between the groups in the NEFAs and TBARs levels. Conclusion: The change in the fatty acids profile contributed to improvement the concentrations of cardiometabolic risk markers (TC, 12 LDL and small LDL), and consequently, a more cardioprotective profile in the patients of case group.

INTRODUÇÃO: O transplante hepático (TH) é considerado padrão no tratamento de doenças hepáticas agudas e crônicas de caráter terminal. A dislipidemia ocorre em torno de 70% dos pacientes pós-TH. Não há estudos anteriores que demonstraram qualquer intervenção dietética que poderia controlar a dislipidemia em receptores de TH. OBJETIVO: verificar os efeitos da dieta individualizada e do aconselhamento dietético na modificação da dislipidemia em pacientes pós-TH. MÉTODOS: Estudo de intervenção não controlado, com pacientes pós-TH, em atendimento no ambulatório de Transplante Hepático do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, no período de março de 2014 à maio de 2015, com presença de dislipidemia e sem uso de medicação hipolipemiante. Os indivíduos foram acompanhados no Centro de Pesquisa Clínica da UFRGS pelo período de 6 meses. Mensuraram-se colesterol total (CT), HDL - colesterol (HDL), LDL- colesterol (LDL) e triglicerídeos (TG) pré e pós-intervenção. Realizaram-se avaliação antropométrica, anamnese alimentar com recordatório de 24 h, análise da composição corporal com bioimpedância e avaliação do gasto energético basal (GEB) por calorimetria indireta. A dieta foi individualizada baseando-se no GEB e constou de 25% do valor energético total em gorduras totais e <200 mg/dia de colesterol. RESULTADOS: 53 pacientes, com idade média de 59 anos. Média de kcal da dieta em 1853,57 kcal (± 218,22 kcal). Houve redução estatisticamente significativa nos níveis de CT (pré-intervenção = 238,9 mg/dL; pós-intervenção = 165,1 mg/dL) (p <0, 001), LDL (pré-intervenção = 154 mg/dL; pós-intervenção = 90 mg/dL) (p <0, 001) e TG (pré-intervenção = 168 mg/dL; pós-intervenção = 137 mg/dL (p <0, 001) em toda a população. No início do estudo, nenhum dos pacientes teve CT desejável, e apenas 12 pacientes (22,7%) tiveram ótimo/desejável nos níveis de LDL. Na sequência da intervenção dietética, 45 pacientes (84,9%) alcançaram CT desejável e 50 (94,4%) tiveram ótimo/desejável de LDL. HDL e medidas antropométricas não apresentaram redução significativa. CONCLUSÃO: Aconselhamento dietético com prescrição de uma dieta individualizada baseada no GEB medido por CI resultou em melhoras significativas no CT, LDL e TG em transplantados hepáticos com dislipidemia. Sugerimos que todos os pacientes transplantados hepáticos com dislipidemia sejam incluídos em um programa de intervenção dietética sob orientação de nutricionista. / BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemia occurs in approximately 70% of all liver transplant (LT) recipients. No prior studies have demonstrated any dietary intervention that could control dyslipidemia in LT recipients. This study analyzed the effects of a dietary intervention on the lipid profile of dyslipidemic LT recipients. METHODS: All LT recipients with dyslipidemia on clinical follow-up at our institution were enrolled. Anthropometric evaluation, food history, body composition (bioimpedance) and assessment of resting energy expenditure (REE) through indirect calorimetry (IC) were performed. Patients met with a dietitian and an individualized diet based on ICestimated REE and consisting of 25% of the total energy value in total fat and <200 mg/day of cholesterol was prescribed. Total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL), LDL-cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides (TG) and anthropometric measures were measured at baseline and 6 months after intervention. RESULTS: Fifty-thee out of 56 patients concluded follow-up; age 59±10 years; 29 men (51.8%). TC (preintervention= 238.9±30; post-intervention=165.1±35) (p<0.001), LDL (preintervention= 154±33; post-intervention=90±29) (p<0.001) and TG (preintervention= 168, IQR=51-200; post-intervention=137, IQR=94-177) (p<0.001) were all modified at 6 months following intervention. At baseline, none of the patients had normal TC, and only 12 patients (22.7%) had optimal/near optimal LDL. Following dietary intervention, 45 patients (84.9%) reached normal TC and 50 (94.4%) had optimal/near optimal LDL. HDL and anthropometric measures were not modified. CONCLUSION: Dietary counseling with prescription of an individualized diet based on IC-calculated REE diet was able to manage dyslipidemia in most LT recipients evaluated in this study. We suggest that all dyslipidemic LT recipients should be enrolled on a dietary program.

Introdução São escassas as evidências do impacto dos padrões de atividade física (AF) e local de residência (rural e urbano) para a dislipidemia e ao perfil lipídio. Objetivos Avaliar a associação dos padrões de atividade física e local de residência (urbano e rural) com dislipidemia. Associar a correlação do gasto energético estimado em Mets e valores e frações de colesterol e triglicérides. Metodologia Estudo Transversal em coorte prospectiva, com 4551 indivíduos com idade entre 35 e 70 anos de áreas urbana e rural. A AF foi avaliada utilizando o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ). Foi realizada regressão múltipla para a associação de AF e local de residência com o tipo de dislipidemia. A regressão linear foi realizada para avaliar o efeito da AF e local de residência nos valores e frações de colesterol e triglicérides. Resultados A prevalência de baixa AF no rural foi de 5,1 por cento (mulheres 4,3 por cento e homens 6,0 por cento ), urbano 11,2 por cento (7,9 por cento mulheres e 5,5 por cento homens), p<0,001. A dislipidemia ocorreu em 75,3 por cento do rural e 68 por cento do urbano (p<0,001). Em mulheres 80,6 por cento do rural e 65,7 por cento do urbano (p<0,001), homens 69,1 por cento do rural e 71 por cento do urbano (p=0,369). O perfil lipídico das mulheres em mediana foi: colesterol total (CT) rural 194,51 mg/dl, e urbano 201,5 mg/dl (p<0,001), HDL rural 44,5 mg/dl e urbano 50,1 mg/dl (p<0,001) LDL rural 120,3 mg/dl e urbano 122,6 mg/dl (p=0,35), triglicérides rural 127,1 mg/dl e urbano 117,8 (p<0,001). Em homens as medianas foram: CT rural 189,5 mg/dl e urbano 196,1 mg/dl (p=0,002), HDL rural 40,2 mg/dl e urbano 41,8 mg/dl (p<0,001), LDL rural 118,3 mg/dl e urbano 121,4 mg/dl (p=0,5), triglicérides rural 131,1 mg/dl l e urbano 147,0 mg/dl (p=0,001). A dislipidemia por HDL baixo foi a mais frequente. AF domiciliar, transporte e trabalho estão associados com a redução do risco de dislipidemia. Em mulheres, o efeito no HDL da AF domiciliar foi no rural 1,001 mg/dl (p=0,021) e no urbano 1,114 mg/dl (p<0,001). Em homens do grupo urbano, o efeito de AF de transporte foi -1,42 mg/dl (p<0,001) no LDL. O efeito da AF de trabalho no HDL foi no rural 1,002 mg/dl (p<0,001) e urbano 0,042 mg/dl (p=0,04) Conclusão Existem fortes indícios da interação da atividade física e local de residência com as dislipidemias e perfil lipídico. As associações encontradas entre as atividades físicas domiciliar, transporte e trabalho e dislipidemias sugerem caminhos complementares nas estratégias de prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares na população brasileira. / Introduction There is scarce evidence about the impact of physical activity (PA) and residence area (rural and urban) on dyslipidemia and lipid profile. Objectives To assess the association between patterns of physical activity, residence area (rural or urban) and dyslipidemia. To assess the correlation between energy expenditure in estimated Mets and total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and l triglycerides levels. Methodology A cross sectional evaluation in a prospective cohort with 4551 individuals aged between 35 and 70 years from rural and urban areas. The PA was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Multiple logistic regression was performed to determine the association between PA and residence area and the type of dyslipidemia. Linear regression was used to determine the effect of PA on the cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides levels. Results The prevalence of low PA in rural individuals was 5.1 per cent (4.3 per cent women and 6.0 per cent men), urban 11.2 per cent (7.9 per cent women and 5.5 per cent men), p<0,001. Dyslipidemia was present in 75.3 per cent of rural and 68 per cent of urban individuals (p<0.001). In rural women 80.6 per cent and urban women 65.7 per cent (p <0.001), rural men 69.1 per cent and urban men 71 per cent (p=0.369). The medians of lipid levels among women were: total cholesterol (CT) 164,5 mg/dl rural and 201,5 mg/dl urban (p<0,001), HDL 44,5 mg/dl rural and 50,1mg/dl (p<0,001), LDL 120,3 mg/dl rural e 122,6 mg/dl urban (p=0,35), triglycerides 127,1 mg/dl rural e 117,8 urban (p<0,001). Among men the medians of lipid levels were CT 189,5 mg/dl rural e 196,1 mg/dl urban (p=0,002), HDL 40,2 mg/dl rural e 41,8 mg/dl urban (p<0,001), LDL 118,3 mg/dl rural e 121,4 mg/dl urban (p=0,5), triglycerides 131,1 mg/dl rural e 147,0 mg/dl urban (p=0,001). Low HDL level was the most frequent. Household, transportation and occupational PA are associated with reduced risk of dyslipidemia. The effect of household PA on HDL level was 1,001 mg/dl among rural women (p=0.021) and 1,114 mg/dl (p<0.001) among urban women. In urban men, the effect of transportation PA on LDL level was -1.42 mg/dl (p<0.001). The effects of occupational PA on HDL level was 1.002 mg/dl among rural men (p<0.001) and 0.042 mg/dl among urban men (p=0.04). Conclusion There are strong indications about the interaction of physical activity and residence area with dyslipidemia and lipid profile. The observed associations between household, transportation, occupational physical activities and dyslipidemia suggest complementary ways in strategies for cardiovascular disease prevention in the Brazilian population.

No presente estudo foram avaliados o perfil lipídico, inflamatório e expressão gênica antes e após cada fase de tratamento de indivíduos hipercolesterolêmicos (HC) com (n=47) e sem (n=37) DM2, e 36 normolipidêmicos (NL). No grupo DM2, foi avaliado o perfil glicêmico. O grupo HC foi orientado a fazer dieta e a não utilizar hipolipemiantes por 4 semanas (fase basal, B), a seguir, tratados com ezetimiba (E: 10mg/d/4sem), sinvastatina (S: 10mg/d/8sem) e sinvastatina e ezetimiba (SE: 10mg cada/d/4sem). O grupo DM2 foi tratado com S (10 ou 20mg/d/4sem) e SE. No plasma foi quantificado, TNF-&#945;, IL1&#946;, IL-6, IL-8, MMP9, MCP1, sICAM1, sVCAM1, e-selectina, leptina, PAI-1, resistina e adiponectina e PCRus. A expressão de mRNA de TNFA, MMP9, MCP1, IL6, IL1B, ICAM1, VCAM1, PAI1, LEP, RETN, ADIPOR1 e ADIPOR2 foi quantificada em células mononucleares por PCR em tempo real. No grupo HC, o colesterol total, LDL-c e apoB foram reduzidos em todas as fases, em comparação com o B (p<0,05). No grupo DM2, o tratamento com SE reduziu o colesterol total, LDL-c e apoB em comparação com S (p<0,05), o perfil glicêmico não foi alterado. No grupo HC, SE reduziu a concentração plasmática de adiponectina quando comparado com as outras fases (p<0,001). A expressão de IL6 foi maior no grupo HC que no grupo NL, e, ao contrário, a expressão de IL1B foi maior no grupo NL (p<0,05). A expressão de IL6 foi maior no tratamento S do grupo com maior resposta de LDL-c (tercil T3>50%, p=0,044) em comparação com o grupo com menor resposta (tercil T1<42%). No grupo DM2, PCRus, sICAM-1 e e-selectina foram reduzidos e sVCAM-1 aumentado, pelo tratamento SE (p<0,05). A expressão de MMP9 foi diminuída na fase SE (p<0,05). PAI1, ICAM1, RETN e ADIPOR1 tiveram maior, e IL6 menor, expressão no grupo que utilizou 20mg que no grupo de 10mg de sinvastatina (p<0,05). Observou-se também que o grupo com maior resposta (T3: redução de LDL-c>30%) teve menor expressão de LEP e ADIPOR1 na fase S, comparado com o grupo com menor resposta (T1: redução de LDL-c<20%) (p<0,05). A expressão de PAI1, VCAM1, RETN LEP, ADIPOR1 e ADIPOR2 foi maior nas fases S e SE, no grupo DM2 que no grupo HC (p<0,05). Em conclusão, a expressão de IL6 é maior em dislipidêmicos, e de IL1B maior em normolipidêmicos. A sinvastatina reduz a expressão de IL6 e a concentração de adiponectina em dislipidêmicos. Em diabéticos, a ezetimiba reduz a concentração de PCRus, sICAM-1 e e-selectina, e a expressão de MMP9, ADIPOR1 e LEP. Diabéticos tem maior expressão de PAI1, VCAM1, RETN, LEP, ADIPOR1 e ADIPOR2 que dislipidêmicos. / We evaluated lipid, inflammatory profiles, and gene expression before and after each treatment of hypercholesterolemic subjects (HC) with (n=47) and without (n=37) T2DM and 36 normolipidemics (NL). The glycemic profile was evaluated in T2DM group. The HC group had a low fat diet, without lowering-cholesterol drugs during four weeks (baseline). Afterwards, this group was treated with ezetimibe (E: 10mg/day/4weeks), sinvastatin (S: 10 mg/day/8weeks), and combined E and S (SE: 10mg each/day/4weeks). The T2DM group was treated with S (10 or 20mg/day/4weeks) and SE. Plasma levels of TNF-&#945;, IL1&#946;, IL-6, IL-8, MMP9, MCP1, sICAM1, sVCAM1, e-selectin, leptin, PAI-1, resistin and adiponectin and hsCRP were measured. TNFA, MMP9, MCP1, IL6, IL1B, ICAM1, VCAM1, PAI1, LEP, RETN, ADIPOR1 e ADIPOR2 mRNA expression in mononuclear cells were quantified by real time PCR. In the HC group, total cholesterol, LDL-C and apoB were reduced in all stages, compared with baseline (p<0.05). In T2DM group, SE treatment reduced total cholesterol, LDL-C and apoB compared with S (p<0.05), glycemic profile was not changed. In HC group, SE reduced plasma adiponectin compared to the other phases (p<0.001). IL6 expression was higher in HC group, and instead, IL1B expression was higher in NL group (p<0.05). IL6 expression was higher in S with higher LDL-c lowering group (tertile T3>50%, p = 0.044) compared with the lower LDL-c lowering group (tertile T1<42%). In the group DM2, hsCRP, sICAM and e-selectin were reduced and sVCAM increased by treatment SE (p<0.05). MMP9 expression was reduced in the SE (p<0.05). PAI1, ICAM1, RETN, ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 had higher, and IL6 lower, expression in the 20mg simvastatin group than 10mg group (p <0.05). It was also observed that the higher LDL-c lowering group (T3: reduction of LDL-C>30%) had lower LEP and ADIPOR1 expression in S phase, compared with the lower LDL-c lowering group (T1: reduction of LDL-C<20%) (p <0.05). PAI1, VCAM1, RETN LEP, ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 expression was higher in S and SE in T2DM group than in the HC group (p<0.05). In conclusion, IL6 expression is increased and IL1B decreased in dyslipidemia. Simvastatin reduces IL6 expression and adiponectin levels in dyslipidemic. In T2DM, ezetimibe reduces hsCRP, sICAM-1 and E-selectin levels and MMP9, ADIPOR1 and LEP expression. T2DM have higher PAI1, VCAM1, RETN, LEP, ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 expression of than dyslipidemics.

Objetivo: A associação entre doença periodontal e dislipidemia foi recentemente reportada em adultos saudáveis. No entanto, a avaliação sistemática e concomitante de doença periodontal e a dislipidemia não foi realizada até o momento em pacientes com dermatomiosite juvenil (DMJ). Métodos: Foi realizado estudo transversal com 25 pacientes com DMJ e 25 controles saudáveis, nos quais foram avaliados os dados demográficos, dados periodontais, perfil lipídico e anticorpo anti-lipoproteínolipase (anti- LPL). Parâmetros de atividade de doença, dados laboratoriais e tratamento foram estudados nos pacientes com DMJ. Resultados: A média de idade foi semelhante quando comparados pacientes com DMJ e controles (11,5±3,75 vs. 11,2±2,58 anos, p=0,703). Em relação ao perfil lipídico, a mediana de triglicérides [80(31-340) vs. 61(19-182)mg/dL, p=0,011] e VLDL [16(6-68) vs. 13(4-36)mg/dL, p=0,020] foi significativamente mais elevada em pacientes com DMJ comparados aos controles. A frequência de vasculopatia gengival também foi significantemente mais elevada no grupo com DMJ (60% vs. 0%, p=0,0001), assim como a mediana de índice de sangramento (IS) [24,1(4,2-69,4) vs. 11,1(0-66,6)%, p=0,001] e a profundidade clínica de sondagem (PCS) [1,7(0,6-2,4) vs.1,4(0-2,12)mm, p=0,006]. A comparação entre pacientes com DMJ com e sem dislipidemia revelou que o índice de placa (IP) [100(26,7-100) vs. 59(25-100)%, p=0,022], PCS [1,9(0,6-2,4) vs. 1,4(1,2- 1,8)mm, p=0,024] e a profundidade clínica de inserção (PCI) [1,31(0,7-1,7) vs. 0,8(0,6-1,7)mm, p=0,005] eram significantemente mais elevados nos pacientes com DMJ e dislipidemia. Foram identificadas correlações positivas (Spearman) entre colesterol total e IP (rs=+0,498, p=0,0114) e entre LDL e IP (rs=+0,421, p=0,0357). Foi observado que pacientes com DMJ e gengivite apresentavam maior tempo de doença (7,09 ± 3,07 vs. 3,95 ± 2,1 anos, p=0,008) quando comparados aos pacientes sem gengivite. Conclusão: o estudo demonstrou que a inflamação gengival parece estar relacionada a dislipidemia em pacientes com DMJ, sugerindo mecanismos semelhantes para ambas as complicações. As alterações dentárias foram mais evidentes quanto maior o tempo de evolução da doença / Objective: Association between periodontal disease and dyslipidemia was recently reported in healthy adults. However, a systematic evaluation of concomitant periodontal diseases and lipid profile was not carried out in juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM). Methods: A cross-section study was performed in 25 JDM patients and 25 healthy controls, assessing demographic data, periodontal evaluation, fasting lipoproteins and anti-lipoprotein lipase antibodies. Disease parameters, laboratorial tests and treatment were evaluated in JDM patients. Results: The mean current age was similar in patients and controls (11.5±3.75 vs. 11.2±2.58 years, p=0.703). Regarding lipid profile, the median triglycerides [80(31-340) vs. 61(19-182)mg/dL, p=0.011] and VLDL [16(6-68) vs. 13(4-36)mg/dL, p=0.020] and were significantly higher in JDM patients versus controls. Gingival vasculopathy pattern was significantly higher in the former group (60% vs. 0%, p=0.0001), as well as the median of gingival bleeding index (GBI) [24.1(4.2-69.4) vs. 11.1(0-66.6)%, p=0.001] and probing pocket depth (PPD) [1.7(0.6-2.4) vs.1.4(0-2.12)mm, p=0.006]. Comparison between JDM patients with and without dyslipidemia revealed that the median of dental plaque index (PI) [100(26.7-100) vs. 59(25-100)%, p=0.022], PPD [1.9(0.6-2.4) vs. 1.4(1.2-1.8)mm, p=0.024] and clinical attachment level (CAL) [1.31(0.7-1.7) vs. 0.8(0.6-1.7)mm, p=0.005] were significantly higher in patients with dyslipidemia. Positive Spearman\'s correlations were found between total cholesterol and PI (rs=+0.498, p=0.0114) and LDL and PI (rs=+0.421, p=0.0357). It was observed that patients with JDM and gingivitis presented longer disease duration (7.09 ± 3.07 vs. 3.95 ± 2.1 years, p=0.008) compared to those without this condition. Conclusion: Our study showed that gingival inflammation seems to be related to dyslipidemia in JDM patients, suggesting underlying mechanisms for both complications. The periodontal abnormalities found were associated with a longer disease duration

Estudos epidemiológicos com populaçõ es migrantes trazem resultados promis sores para a compreensão da etiopato genia das DCNT. A observação que populações migrantes apresentam padrões distintos de morbimortalidade, quando comparados aos residentes de seu local de origem, em conseqüências de mudanças em seus hábitos e costu mes, no processo de adaptação ao novo ambiente, tem propiciado a produ ção de vasta literatura científica sobre o assunto. Elevadas prevalências de obesidade abdominal,diabetes, dislipi demias e hipertensão arterial já foram descritas, em estudo realizado com a população nipo-brasileira adulta de Bauru, SP. Uma população de origem japonesa, que ainda mantenha muito de seus hábitos de vida tradicionais, apresentaria baixa freqüência de dislipidemias e de diabetes? Para tentar responder essa pergunta, estudou-se uma população de origem japonesa que vive no distrito de Mombuca, Guatapará-SP, que chegou ao Brasil mais recentemente (1962) e que até os dias atuais vive em uma comunidade semirural, mantendo muito de seus hábitos de vida tradicionais. Objetivo: Analisar as alterações lipídicas dos nipo - brasileiros adultos de Mombuca, Guatapará - SP, relacionando-as com algumas condições clínicas. Casuística e métodos: Total de 131 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, sem miscigenação, participaram do estudo transversal conduzido no ano de 2005. Foram aplicados questionários (sócio-demográfico, de saúde e nutricional) e coletadas amostras de sangue para realização de exames bioquímicos. Foram considerados alterados os valores de colesteral total >= 200 mg/l, de HDL-colesterol < 40 mg/dl e < 50 mg/dl, respectivamente para homens e mulheres, de LDL-colesterol >= 130mg/dl e de triglicérides >= 150 mg/dl. Os indivíduos com pelo menos uma das frações lipídicas alterada, ou que estivessem em uso de medicação hipolipêmica, tiveram o diagnóstico de dislipidemia. Resultados: A população de estudo apresentou uma média de idade de 56,7 anos, com predominância de indivíduos de 1ª geração (issei), 70,4% dos homens e 67,5% das mulheres. Empregando se os pontos de corte do IMC para adultos asiáticos, encontrou-se 21,4% dos indivíduos com sobrepeso e 42,0% com obesidade. Os homens apresentaram valor médio de CA de 88,6cm e as mulheres 83,1cm. Na população total, a prevalência de hipertensão foi de 48,1% e de diabetes mellitus de 13,7%. Síndrome Metabólica foi diagnosticada em 20,4% dos homens e em 32,5% das mulheres. A prevalência de dislipidemia foi elevada, 76,3% para a população total, 68,5% para o sexo masculino e 81,8% para o sexo feminino. Conclusão: Os resultados mostraram uma alta preva lência de dislipidemia nessa população, mais freqüente no sexo feminino e nos indivíduos obesos ou com obesidade abdominal, evidenciando possuírem alto risco para o aparecimento de doenças cardiovasculares e a necessidade programas de intervenção para prevenir esse grupo de doenças. / Epidemiological studies with migrant populations have promising results to the comprehension of the etiopathogenesis of non-communicable diseases. The observation that migrant populations have distinct patterns of morbidity and mortality when compared to residents of the original country, due to changes in their habits and customs, in the adap tation process to the new environment, has produced abundant literature about the theme. High prevalence rates of abdominal obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia and arterial hypertension were already reported in a study carried out in adult Japanese-Brazilians from Bauru, SP. A population of Japanese ancestry that maintain most of their traditional life style would have a lower prevalence of dyslipidemia and diabetes? Trying to answer this question, this study was carried out among the Japanese-Brazilian community from Mombuca, Guatapará-SP that arrived in Brazil in 1962 and until now keep several of their traditional customs, including food habits. Objective: To analyze lipid abnormalities in adult Japanese-Brazilians from Mombuca, Guatapará-SP and their relationship with some clinical conditions. Casuistic and Methods: A total of 131 individuals, from both sexes, without miscegenation, participated in the cross-sectional study carried out in 2005. Socio-demographic, health and nutritional questionnaires were answered by the participants. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Results were considered abnormal when total cholesterol was >= 200 mg/dl, or HDL-cholesterol < 40mg/dl for men and < 50mg/dl for women, or LDL-cholesterol >= 130mg/dl, or triglycerides >= 150mg/dl. Those individuals with at least one abnormal lipid fraction, or in use of hypolipemic drugs, were considered as dyslipidemics. Results: The mean age of the total population was 56.7 years, with a predominance of individuals of the first generation (Issei), being 70.4% for men and 67.5% for women. Using the BMI classification for adult Asians, the observed rates for overweight and obesity were 21.4% and 42.0%, respectively. The mean values for abdominal circumference were 88.6 cm for men and 83.1 cm for women. In the total population, the prevalence of hypertension was 48.1% and for diabetes 13.7%. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 20.4 % of men and in 32.5% of the women. Prevalence rates for dyslipidemia were high, being 76.3% for the total population, 68.5% for men and 81.8% for women. Conclusion: The results showed the high prevalence of dyslipidemia in this population, more frequent among women and individuals with obesity or abdominal obesity and highlighted their high risk for cardiovascular diseases and the necessity of intervention programs to prevent this group of diseases.

BACKGROUND: Risk factors associated with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) have been implicated in cardiovascular disease (CVD) development and outcomes. Few studies have investigated relationships between psychological variables, MetS factors, and indices of cardiac structure and function (CSF) among healthy individuals in a single conceptual model. No studies to date have analyzed such relationships in patients with CVD. METHODS: The present study examined associations between cynical hostility (CynHo), MetS factors, and CSF in 186 multi-ethnic post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients. Structural equation modeling was used to test a theory driven model of MetS that had good statistical fit. Primary MetS variables included waist circumference (WC), the homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), glucose area under the curve (G-AUC), triglycerides (TRIG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and diastolic blood pressures (DBP). Secondary MetS variables included plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and a latent inflammation variable comprised of CRP and IL-6. Cardiac function variables were fractional shortening (FS), E/A ratio, and rate-pressure product (RPP). A latent cardiac mass (CM) variable was also created. RESULTS: The final structural model had good model fit (Chi-Square(102)=100.65, p=0.52, CFI=1.00, RMSEA=0.00, and SRMR=0.04). Direct paths were supported between WC and CM and all MetS factors except TRIG and G-AUC. WC was indirectly associated with DBP via CM. The model supported positive direct paths between HOMA-IR and G-AUC, TRIG, and PAI-1, but not inflammation or HDL-C. HOMA-IR demonstrated a direct positive association with RPP and direct inverse associations with FS and E/A ratio. No direct paths were supported between other MetS variables except one between TRIG and HDL-C. CynHo demonstrated a direct positive relationship with HOMA-IR. CONCLUSIONS: Similar to findings in healthy individuals, central adiposity and IR play primary roles in CSF impairment in post-MI patients. Findings suggest that CynHo could promote the progression of metabolic dysfunction and cardiac disease via factors that influence the efficiency of glucose metabolism. Interventions for post-MI patients should take into account both direct and indirect effects of CynHo, central adiposity, and IR on the progression of CVD in this population to reduce adverse outcomes and improve quality of life.

Objectives: The aim of the two exploratory studies presented here, was to investigate expert-novice cognitive performance in the field of dietetic counseling. More specifically, the purpose was to characterize the knowledge used and the cognitive reasoning strategies of expert, intermediate and novice dietitians during their assessment of clinical vignettes of simulated dyslipidemia cases. Background: Since no studies have been conducted on the expert-novice differences in knowledge utilization and reasoning in the field of dietetics, literature from various domains looking at expert-novice decision-making was used to guide the studies presented here. Previous expert-novice research in aspects of health such as counseling and diagnostic reasoning among physicians and nurses has found differences between in the way experts extract and apply knowledge during reasoning. In addition, various studies illustrate an intermediate effect, where generalist performance is somewhat poorer than that of experts and novices. Methods: The verbal protocols of expert (n=4), generalist (n=4), and novice (n=4) dietitians were analyzed, using propositional analysis. Semantic networks were generated, and used to compare reasoning processes to a reference model developed from an existing Dyslipidemia care map by Brauer et al, (2007, 2009). Detailed analysis was conducted on individual networks in an effort to obtain better understanding of cue utilization, concept usage, and overall cohesiveness during reasoning. Results: The results of the first study indicate no statistical differences in reasoning between novices, generalist and experts with regards to recalls and inferences. Interesting findings in the study also suggest that discussions of the terms “dietary fat” and “cholesterol” by individuals in each level of expertise had qualitative differences. This may be reflective of the information provided in the case scenearios to each participating dietitian. Furthermore, contrary to previous studies in expert-novice reasoning, an intermediate effect was not evident. The results of the second study show a statistical difference in data driven (forward) reasoning between experts and novices. There was no statistical difference in hypothesis driven (backward) reasoning between groups. The reasoning networks of experts appear to reveal more concise explanations of important aspects related to dyslipidemia counseling. Reasoning patterns of the expert dietitians appear more coherent, although there was no statistical difference in the length or number of reasoning chains between groups. With previous research focusing on diagnostic reasoning rather than counseling, this finding may be a result of the nature of the underlying task. Conclusion: The studies presented here serve as a basis for future expert-novice research in the field of dietetics. The exploration of individual verbal protocols to identify characteristics of dietitians of various levels of expertise, can provide insight into the way knowledge is used and applied during diet counseling. Subsequent research can focus on randomized sample selection, with case scenarios as a constant, in order to obtain results that can be generalized to the greater dietitian population.

Objectives: The aim of the two exploratory studies presented here, was to investigate expert-novice cognitive performance in the field of dietetic counseling. More specifically, the purpose was to characterize the knowledge used and the cognitive reasoning strategies of expert, intermediate and novice dietitians during their assessment of clinical vignettes of simulated dyslipidemia cases. Background: Since no studies have been conducted on the expert-novice differences in knowledge utilization and reasoning in the field of dietetics, literature from various domains looking at expert-novice decision-making was used to guide the studies presented here. Previous expert-novice research in aspects of health such as counseling and diagnostic reasoning among physicians and nurses has found differences between in the way experts extract and apply knowledge during reasoning. In addition, various studies illustrate an intermediate effect, where generalist performance is somewhat poorer than that of experts and novices. Methods: The verbal protocols of expert (n=4), generalist (n=4), and novice (n=4) dietitians were analyzed, using propositional analysis. Semantic networks were generated, and used to compare reasoning processes to a reference model developed from an existing Dyslipidemia care map by Brauer et al, (2007, 2009). Detailed analysis was conducted on individual networks in an effort to obtain better understanding of cue utilization, concept usage, and overall cohesiveness during reasoning. Results: The results of the first study indicate no statistical differences in reasoning between novices, generalist and experts with regards to recalls and inferences. Interesting findings in the study also suggest that discussions of the terms “dietary fat” and “cholesterol” by individuals in each level of expertise had qualitative differences. This may be reflective of the information provided in the case scenearios to each participating dietitian. Furthermore, contrary to previous studies in expert-novice reasoning, an intermediate effect was not evident. The results of the second study show a statistical difference in data driven (forward) reasoning between experts and novices. There was no statistical difference in hypothesis driven (backward) reasoning between groups. The reasoning networks of experts appear to reveal more concise explanations of important aspects related to dyslipidemia counseling. Reasoning patterns of the expert dietitians appear more coherent, although there was no statistical difference in the length or number of reasoning chains between groups. With previous research focusing on diagnostic reasoning rather than counseling, this finding may be a result of the nature of the underlying task. Conclusion: The studies presented here serve as a basis for future expert-novice research in the field of dietetics. The exploration of individual verbal protocols to identify characteristics of dietitians of various levels of expertise, can provide insight into the way knowledge is used and applied during diet counseling. Subsequent research can focus on randomized sample selection, with case scenarios as a constant, in order to obtain results that can be generalized to the greater dietitian population.

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