<p>The purpose of my essay is on one hand to research and evaluate the measures that one intermediate school in Sweden, uses in order to prevent bullying and stop it in the event that one pupil happens to get bullied or harassed. In other words, I would like to show how that school is capable of creating a safe environment. Qualitative research is used to obtain these findings.</p><p>On the other hand, I also wish to examine what pupils at the school think about these measures and how they perceive the attitudes of the school’s teachers and management regarding the prevention of bullying. In order to acquire this information quantitative research is used.</p><p>The conclusions that I draw after conducting my research are as follows:</p><p>1- Regarding the “Anti – bullying Performance Plan”, my essay shows that school teachers and management actively work in order to maintain a safe environment and as a result bullying is successfully prevented the school. However, I also highlight some aspects of the school’s plan that should be altered in other to make it more understandable to pupils.</p><p>2- The majority of the pupils surveyed feel secure at the school and also think that teachers and school management do a good job in preventing bullying. This despite the fact that few pupils know about the existence of the aforementioned plan. I therefore point out how important it is that the school’s teachers work to make pupils aware of the plan’s existence and the rights that the plan gives them.</p>

The issue of bullying in schools is an age old problem and it does not only occur in schools but even in the workplace. This study aims to explore the experiences of learners who witness bullying in schools and how this issue affects them psychologically, emotionally and academically. This was a qualitative study and data was collected through open-ended interviews and focus group discussions. Data for this study was collected from learners from grades eight to twelve, who had witnessed bullying. Interviews were audio taped, transcribed and analysed, and data was categorised into themes. The results of this study revealed that there were some psychological, emotional and academic problems that emanated from witnessing bullying. The trauma of watching bullying endangered the lives of the witnesses, psychologically and emotionally, meaning that it affected the way they reasoned out things. Some witnesses even pointed out that bullying compelled them to think with their hearts rather than with their minds. Ultimately, they made decisions that they regretted because they had taken those decisions when they were furious. The results also revealed that bullying negatively impacted on some learners’ academic performance. Their studies deteriorated and some ended up repeating a grade. The results of this study also revealed a lack of intervention by educators, parents and the Department of Education and more especially a lack of programmes that aimed at helping the witnesses. Witnesses of bullying in this study revealed that they were not given a voice about the issue of bullying, but seemed to be neglected despite the negative impact on them. When witnesses in this study watched bullying, their rights and freedom to think, behave acceptably and learn without disturbance were infringed upon. Witnesses in this study also proposed a number of effective and varied intervention methods. It is recommended that educators should be equipped with skills of dealing with witnesses in bullying. Witnesses should be exposed to strategies that would help in instilling assertiveness to them, so that they would have a hand in the struggle of eradicating bullying altogether in schools. Policies implemented by both the Department of Education and the school should be reinforced. / Thesis (M.Ed.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

Previous studies have established that for some people a typical day at work starts with immense feelings of distress, anxiety and irritability caused by workplace bullying. Not only does bullying behaviour in the workplace have a negative impact on a person’s professional life, but it is also detrimental to the effectiveness of the organisation. A survey focussing on the perceived exposure to bullying and victimisation in the workplace was administered to a sample of 159 employees employed by a mine in Mpumalanga. The results uncovered that more than a quarter of the participants reported that they had experienced workplace bullying. The study also discovered that line managers experienced more negative acts than senior managers. While those who only experience a brief spell of bullying behaviour at work survive their experience relatively unscathed, previous studies have also indicated that others are affected in a significant physical and psychological way. In conclusion this study determined that workplace bullying is an actual occurrence, not only internationally but also in South Africa. Employees and employers can therefore only benefit from understanding this unique workplace phenomenon. This article provides the opportunity for employed people to recognise the nature and prevalence of workplace bullying in order to prevent it from becoming a silent epidemic. Researchers generally accept that bullying is behaviour that is aggressive or negative and carried out repeatedly. Previous research established that bullying can occur in any context where people interact. This article open by synthesising a conceptual framework of negative acts as an interactive form of organisational behaviour from the available literature. Empirical research was done in order to investigate the prevalence of negative acts. The study found that more than a quarter of the participants had experienced bullying at some stage during their career with managers and supervisors predominantly reported as the perpetrators. The study also found that behaviour that tends to isolate individuals was generally reported as the most frequently experienced form of negative acts. By understanding workplace bullying both employers will be able to implement influence strategies aimed at dealing with this workplace phenomenon at levels of protection, intervention and dispute resolution. In conclusion it has been established that workplace bullying is not only a real problem in international workplaces, but also in South Africa. This means that employers not only have to cope with the consequences of employees performing badly but also behaving badly. This article presents an opportunity to understand negative behaviour in the workplace. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Detta examensarbete innehåller en kvalitativ undersökning om vuxenmobbning. Syftet med studien var att öka förståelsen för de fysiska och psykiska konsekvenserna av vuxenmobbning inklusive användandet av försvarsmekanismer. Studien syftade även till att undersöka de utsattas upplevelser av sjukvården i samband med att de har sökt hjälp för mobbningen. Resultatet bygger på två tematiska analyser av fem stycken frågeformulär med öppna frågor som har besvarats av personer som har utsatts för mobbning i vuxen ålder. De teman som framkom var; depression, tappat umgänge, negativ påverkan på arbetssituationen, försvarsmekanismer och brist på kunskap och resurser inom sjukvården. Resultatet visar att mobbning påverkar människor uteslutande negativt och den mest allvarliga konsekvensen av mobbning är depression. Detta för att depression kan leda till självmordstankar och självmordsförsök. Inom sjukvården fanns flera upplevda brister gällande mobbning och den största var brist på kunskap och resurser eftersom det leder till att människor inte blir tagna på allvar och inte får nog mycket hjälp i tid. Medvetenheten om mobbning måste öka för att förebyggande arbete ska kunna tillämpas på arbetsplatsen men också på andra platser där mobbning kan förekomma. / This thesis includes a qualitative study on adult bullying. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical and psychological consequences of adult bullying including the use of defense mechanisms. The study also aimed to investigate the victims experiences of the healthcare as they have sought help for the bullying. The results are based on two thematic analyses of five questionnaires with open questions which have been answered by people who have been victims of bullying in adulthood. The themes that emerged were; depression, loss of association, negative impact on the work situation, defense mechanisms and lack of knowledge and resources within healthcare. The results show that bullying affects people exclusively negatively and the most severe consequence of bullying is depression. This is because depression could lead to suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide. There were several experienced flaws within the healthcare on bullying and the most severe was lack of knowledge and resources because people are not taken seriously and they don’t receive enough with help in time. The awareness of bullying has to increase in order to make preventive action against bullying in the workplace and other places where bullying may occur.

The dissertation focuses on the issue of bullying at school with a small number of students. The theoretical part deals with description and definition of socia - pathological phenomena especially its causes, forms, wals of its solution, the sphere of prevention and last but not least with pupilś parents advice. It can help u show and where the given situation should be solid and where we can look for help. The practical part deals with the incidence and manifestations of bullying at this school between 2005/2006 and 2010/2011. The results are compared and examined and after that they are evaluated if the personal change on the post of school teachers in the course of these years led to an improvement of relations between students and teachers.

A Master’s Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, School of Human and Community Development, Discipline of Psychology, for the Degree of Master of Education (Educational Psychology), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, July 2017. / Bullying is a problematic phenomenon in South African schools, affecting victims and bullies in various ways. These can have far reaching consequences that can last for years. This research sought to investigate bullying in rural schools. It sought to investigate the existence of bullying in rural schools and to explore the nature of bullying in rural schools, with regards to gender. Using a cross-sectional survey research design, 200 learners from high schools in the Eastern Cape completed the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. Data obtained from the participants was analysed using Chi-Square Test of Independence for each question in the questionnaire. The results confirmed the existence of bullying in rural schools. All three forms of bullying (physical, verbal, psychological bullying) and cyberbullying were present in the schools. Both boys and girls are experiencing bullying. The implications of this study include feelings of a lack of safety in the school environment, which will invariably affect learners’ academic and social progress. As such, more interventions should be designed to combat adverse effects of bullying. / XL2018

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education (Educational Psychology), 2017 / The growing epidemic of bullying is one that warrants urgent deference. When considering the repercussions of this issue in the South African context specifically, it is essential that a high level of criticality is taken into account. This is mainly due to South Africa’s rich historical background and the country’s urgency to protect and respect the basic human rights of all individuals in the country (Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention; and the Department of Basic Education, 2012). According to our Bill of Rights, “everyone has the right to be free from all forms of violence, on the part of either the government or other sources; not to be tortured in any way; and not to be treated or punished in a cruel, inhuman or degrading way” (CJCP & DBE, 2012). Any act or behaviour which goes against these essential human rights thus results in grave ramifications such as the infringement of human rights. The purpose of this study was thus to investigate the prevalence, nature, and intervention surrounding the issue of bullying in South African high schools. More specifically, this study aimed to explore the possible differences between the prevalence, nature, and intervention in government/public and private high schools. In addition, the possible differences between gender and the issue of bullying were further investigated. The study employed the Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire in order to find possible associations between the two independent variables (type of school and gender); and the issue of bullying. The total sample comprised of 358 grade eight to eleven learners from one private school and one government school in Johannesburg. The statistical analyses were done by means of frequencies and cross-tabulations using the chi-square statistical test with school type and gender as independent variables. The overall results on the prevalence of bullying indicate that 27.7% of high school learners have experienced bullying in school. Neither the type of school nor the gender of the learner was found to have a significant impact on the prevalence of bullying. In addition, the current study found that verbal bullying is most commonly experienced by the learners, followed by social bullying. Common areas for bullying behaviour are the playground and the classroom (with and without the teacher present). Boys have been found to partake, as well, as experience bullying more than girls. Teacher and learner intervention are commonly reported, whereas adult intervention is not seen as a means of support for learners. / XL2018

O bullying configura-se como um tipo de violência, inclusive simbólica, que ocorre também na escola, para o qual se tem empreendido diversos estudos em todo o mundo, tanto para conhecer sua magnitude, analisar os seus sentidos e significados, bem como para a propositura de programas de intervenção, visando, sobretudo, sua prevenção. Conhecer e ampliar o conhecimento na área da enfermagem, relacionado à saúde escolar e violência escolar, particularmente sobre o bullying no contexto escolar, impõem-se como desafio e um exercício para compreender e transformar as práticas de saúde coletiva e de enfermagem. Nesta perspectiva, este estudo objetivou apresentar e analisar a proposta de um programa de intervenção antibullying na escola e sua pertinência para atuação do enfermeiro no contexto escolar. O referido programa foi denominado de Programa de Intervenção e Educação em Saúde Antibullying - PIESA. É composto por 6 domínios e 25 recomendações que incluem a participação dos alunos, da família, da comunidade escolar e do enfermeiro, mediando práticas assertivas entre agressores, vítimas e espectadores. Os domínios propostos relacionam-se à: Domínio 1 - Envolver os gestores da escola e incluir a temática bullying no Plano de Gestão Escolar; Domínio 2: Capacitar direção, coordenadores, professores e outros funcionários da escola, a exemplo dos agentes de organização escolar (inspetores de aluno), com relação à temática bullying; Domínio 3: Envolver as famílias (Pais ou Responsáveis); Domínio 4: Intervir nas turmas; Domínio 5: Ambiência - Intervenção no ambiente e Domínio 6: Intervir com os estudantes agressores e/ou vítimas recorrentes. O método Delphi foi utilizado para a obtenção do consenso entre 11 especialistas que pesquisam e/ou trabalham com saúde escolar, violência e/ou bullying escolar e concordaram em participar do estudo. Cada domínio e recomendação foram considerados adequados ao programa de intervenção quando obteve entre os especialistas o valor igual ou superior a 80% de consenso. Após a primeira rodada de avaliação do programa, entre os especialistas, observou-se que a maioria dos domínios apresentou concordância total, ou seja, 100% de consenso quanto a sua relevância. Os domínios que apresentaram concordância parcial ainda apresentaram um alto grau de consenso, ou seja, acima de 80% quanto a sua relevância. Na segunda rodada a recomendação que insere a participação do enfermeiro no planejamento escolar obteve 90,9% de consenso entre os especialistas, afirmando que o programa delineado atende às prerrogativas da atuação do enfermeiro no contexto escolar. Concluímos que a atuação do enfermeiro na escola e a promoção da educação dialógica, crítica e reflexiva fundamentada particularmente em metodologias ativas e participativas poderão possibilitar uma postura proativa, crítica e emancipatória dos alunos para o enfrentamento das situações do bullying entre pares na escola / Bullying is considered a type of real and symbolic violence which also occurs in school, and for which many studies around the world have been undertaken in order to understand its magnitude and analyze its reasons and meanings, as well as for bringing of intervention programs aimed mainly at its prevention. The act of knowing and improving knowledge in the field of nursing related to school health and school violence, particularly on bullying in schools, are a challenge and an exercise to understand and transform the collective health and nursing practices. In this perspective, this study aimed to present and analyze an anti-bullying intervention program at school and its relevance for nursing work in the school context. This program was called Anti-bullying Health Education and Intervention Program - \"Programa de Intervenção e Educação em Saúde Antibullying\", PIESA in portuguese. It consists of six areas and 25 recommendations which include the participation of the students, their families, the school community and the nurses, mediating assertive practice between offenders, victims and bystanders. The proposed areas relate to Area 1: involving school managers and include the bullying thematic in School Management Plan; Area 2: training directors, coordinators, teachers and other school staff, like the school organization agents (class inspectors), on dealing with bullying; Area 3: involving families (Parents or Guardians); Area 4: Intervening in classes; Area 5: Intervention in the environment and Area 6: Intervening with the aggressor students and/or recurrent victims. The Delphi method was used to obtain consensus among 11 experts who research and/or work with school health, school violence and/or school bullying and agreed to participate. Each area and recommendation with not less than 80% of consensus among experts was considered appropriate to the intervention program. After the first round of evaluation of the program among experts, we observed that most areas presented total agreement, i.e., 100% consensus as to its relevance. The areas with partial agreement also showed a high degree of consensus, i.e. over 80% of consensus regarding its relevance. In the second round, the recommendation issuing the participation of nurses in school planning got 90.9% of consensus among experts, pointing that the designed program suits the prerogatives of the nursing work in the school context. We conclude that the work of nurses in school and the promotion of dialogical, critical and reflective education, which is particularly based on active and participatory methodologies will enable a proactive, critical and emancipatory attitude in students to cope with situations of bullying among their peers at school

A violência interpessoal/bullying (VIP-B) pode ser comum no ensino superior e afetar o ajustamento e adaptação de estudantes à Universidade e a sua saúde mental. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e validar o conteúdo de uma escala sobre violência interpessoal (\"bullying\") no contexto da graduação. Um estudo exploratório anterior identificou diferentes categorias, incluindo violência na relação veteranocalouro, na relação professor-aluno, devido à orientação sexual e gênero; devido a características pessoais, origem étnica e classe social. Essas categorias deram origem à construção de uma versão inicial, com 83 afirmativas em uma Escala Likert de 5 pontos. Dez juízes especialistas com experiência profissional em violência e construção de escalas avaliaram esta versão e a concordância entre eles (valor do índice de validade do conteúdo: > 0,80) foi utilizada para manutenção dos itens da escala. A avaliação dos juízes levou à exclusão de 27 afirmativas e à adoção de uma escala Likert de quatro pontos para as respostas. Os juízes concordaram que os itens restantes eram pertinentes, significativos e estavam apresentados na ordem correta, com clareza, coerência e abrangência suficientes. Linguagem, layout e instruções para preenchimento e resposta também foram considerados apropriados. A versão final foi aplicada a estudantes (N=20) que concordaram que a escala era totalmente compreensível (18/20) ou quase compreensível (2/20), com todos os itens fáceis de responder. Com base no julgamento dos juízes e na opinião dos estudantes que participaram da aplicação piloto, a versão final de 56 itens da escala VIP-B foi composta e está pronta para ser submetida a outros procedimentos para validação completa (homogeneidade, fidedgnidade, consistência interna). Este estudo seguiu as etapas recomendadas na literatura para a construção e validação de conteúdo de instrumentos estruturados. O trabalho adicional com maior número de alunos permitirá completar a validação psicométrica da escala. A medição de VIP-B usando um instrumento válido e confiável é importante, pois essas situações podem afetar o ajustamento do estudante à Universidade e influenciar negativamente a aprendizagem e permanência estudantil. / Interpersonal violence/bullying (IPV-B) may be common in higher education and may affect the adjustment and adaptation of students to the university and their mental health. This study aimed at developing and validating the content of a scale on interpersonal violence (\"bullying\") in the context of undergraduate courses in health sciences. An earlier exploratory study identified different categories, including violence: in the veteran-freshman relationship, in the teacher-student relationship, against the woman, motivated by sexual orientation, personal characteristics, ethnic origin and social class. These categories gave rise to the construction of an initial 83- item version in a 5-point Likert Scale. Ten expert referees with professional experience in violence and scale construction evaluated this version and the agreement between them (value of content validity index: > 0.80) was used to maintain or exclude items from the scale. Referee evaluation led indeed to the exclusion of 27 items and the adoption of a 4-point Likert Scale. Referees did agree that the remaining items were relevant, meaningful and presented in the correct order, with sufficient clarity, coherence and comprehensiveness. Language, layout and instructions for completion and response were also considered appropriate. The final version was applied to undergraduate students (N = 20) who agreed that the scale was fully understandable (18/20) or almost comprehensible (2/20), with all items considered easy to answer. Based on referee judgment and students opinion, a final 56-item version of the IPV-B scale was composed and is ready for procedures aiming at completing validation (homogeneity, reliability, internal consistency). This study followed the steps recommended in the literature for the construction and content validation of structured instruments. Additional work with larger number of students will allow the psychometric validation of the scale to be completed. The measurement of IPV-B using a valid and reliable instrument is important, since these situations may affect student adjustment to the University and negatively influence learning and permanence.

A presente tese ocupa-se do estudo do bullying escolar, partindo da constatação de que sua ocorrência se deve à intolerância diante da diferença que o outro representa. Para alcançar tal objetivo foi necessário unir os ensinamentos da Criminologia e da Educação, visando a desvendar os processos sociais que estruturam o espaço escolar. O caminho percorrido inicia-se pela análise da violência, passando pela violência escolar, para finalmente encontrar o bullying, considerado mais um dos modos de manifestação do fenômeno. A junção dos ensinamentos emanados das duas ciências mencionadas solidifica-se no momento em que a escola é estudada como instrumento do exercício do controle social informal dos comportamentos. / The present thesis analyzes the study of school bullying, based on the finding that its occurrence is due to intolerance of the differences that others represent. To achieve this objective it was necessary to unite the teachings of Criminology and Education, in order to unravel the social processes that structure the school environment. The road travelled begins with the analysis of violence, continuing through to school violence, finally reaching bullying, considered one of the manifestations of this phenomenon. The union of the teachings stemming from the two aforementioned sciences solidifies the moment that school is studied as a means of exercising informal social control of behavior.