The thesis aims to estimate the future migration flows from Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova to the EU. Based on the experience of previous EU enlargements and econometric modelling using the method of Ordinary Least Squares with Fixed Effects, multiple forecasts are created. The forecasts capture the likely development of migration flows in the event of collapse of labour market restrictions as well as the case of no labour market liberalization. The results show that migration flows are expected to be moderate, posing no threats to the stability of the labour markets of EU member states. The increase of migration due to the accession to the EU is likely to be short-term, without substantial impacts in the long-run. Ukraine has the biggest migration potential and is likely to supply the highest amount of labour migration.

La thèse traite de la simulation numérique de jets d’air lobés pour l’optimisation des Unités Terminales de Diffusion de l’Air pour le bâtiment. Il est présenté tout d’abord une analyse bibliographique exhaustive sur les jets d’air et sur les moyens passifs de leur contrôle. Vient ensuite un exposé des principes de la modélisation des écoulements turbulents. Sur la base des précédents éléments, nous abordons la phase de simulation et d’analyse de jets d’air lobés en trois parties. La première partie traite de la simulation d’un jet d’air libre à très faible nombre de Reynolds (Reynolds 800) en régime instationnaire. Dans cette étude, nous avons présenté plusieurs cas tests de simulation d’un jet d’orifice en forme de croix que nous avons confrontés à des résultats expérimentaux. Du point de vue quantitatif, la simulation du quart du jet a permis d’obtenir des caractéristiques globales assez satisfaisantes. Pour détecter d’une façon significative l’instationnarité du jet, il a été nécessaire de simuler la totalité du jet, mais ceci a été fait au détriment du nombre de mailles dans le domaine de calcul, ce qui conduit par conséquent à des résultats quantitativement inappropriés. La deuxième partie simule le même jet d’air mais en régime turbulent (Reynolds 3000). Sept modèles de turbulence ont été confrontés à des résultats expérimentaux. Nous montrons la pertinence du modèle RSM (Reynolds Stress Model) pour la prédiction de l’écoulement. La dernière partie est dédiée à la simulation de jets d’air turbulents en interaction. Cette partie se décline en trois études successives et complémentaires. La première a pour objet de rechercher le modèle de turbulence le plus pertinent capable de reproduire les phénomènes et les grandeurs utiles à l’application visée. La conclusion est qu’aucun des modèles de turbulence évalués n’est capable de prédire l’ensemble des caractéristiques dynamiques de l’écoulement de jets lobés en interaction. Cependant, parmi ces modèles, SST apparait nettement supérieur dans la prédiction de l’interaction des jets, de l’expansion dynamique globale et de l’entrainement de l’air ambiant lorsque l’écoulement est résolu à travers le diffuseur lobé. Sur la base des grandeurs dynamiques pertinentes identifiées et dont la prédiction par le modèle SST est jugée satisfaisante, nous entreprenons dans la suite une analyse de l’influence de la géométrie du lobe sur la capacité d’induction de l’écoulement. Un lobe de forme arrondie est alors trouvé plus avantageux qu’un lobe à angles droits. Enfin, la dernière étude s’intéresse à l’effet de la disposition et de l’espacement des orifices lobés sur les grandeurs globales de l’écoulement. Une solution géométrique permettant l’augmentation de la transparence de l’Unité Terminale de Diffusion de l’Air lobée est alors proposée. Elle devra être testée expérimentalement en conditions réelles, dans la cellule test échelle 1 thermiquement gardée nouvellement construite au LEPTIAB. / The thesis deals with the numerical simulation of lobed air jets for the optimization of Air Diffusion Terminal Units for buildings. First is presented a comprehensive literature review of the air jets and of the passive means of flow control. The manuscript continues with the principles of modeling of turbulent flows. Based on the previous considerations, we discuss the simulation and analysis of the air lobed jets following three parts. The first part deals with the simulation of an air jet at very low Reynolds number (Reynolds 800) in the unsteady regime. In this study, we presented several test cases of simulation for a cross-shaped orifice jet that we have confronted with experimental results. From the quantitative point of view, the simulation of a quarter of the jet’s section has yielded reasonably good results for the global characteristics of the flow. In order to detect in a significant way the unsteadiness of the jet, it was necessary to simulate the entire jet, but this was done at the expense of the number of cells in the computational domain, which consequently leaded to inappropriate quantitative results. In the second part we simulated the same air flow but in the turbulent regime (Reynolds 3000). Seven turbulence models have been confronted with experimental results. We show the relevance of the RSM turbulence model (Reynolds Stress Model) for predicting the flow.The last part is dedicated to the simulation of turbulent air jet in interaction. This part is divided into three successive and complementary studies. The first one was dedicated to find which turbulence model can reproduce most relevant phenomena and variables to the concerned application. The conclusion is that none of the turbulence models was able to predict all the dynamic features of the lobed jet flows in interaction. However, of these models, SST appears to be significantly better for the prediction of the interaction of the jets, the global dynamical expansion and the entrainment of the ambient air when the flow is numerically resolved through the lobed diffuser. On the basis of relevant dynamic quantities well predicted by the SST turbulence model, we undertake in the following part an analysis of the influence of the geometry of the lobe on the ability of the flow to entrain. A rounded lobe is then found to be more advantageous than a lobe with right angles. The final study examines the effect of the arrangement and spacing of the lobed orifices on the global quantities of the flow. A geometric solution allowing to increase the transparency of the lobed Air Diffusion Terminal Unit is then proposed. This solution should be tested experimentally in real conditions, in the new full scale model room constructed at LEPTIAB.

Ce travail s'est intéressé à l?étude de la formation de gouttelettes en microsystèmes à l'aide d'outils de visualisation tels que des caméras rapides et la microvélocimétrie par image de particules (µPIV). La taille des gouttelettes principales et satellites formées en jonction flow-focusing est déterminée pour des fluides newtoniens et non-newtoniens. Les mêmes paramètres critiques sont mis en évidence pour ces jonctions flow-focusing et des jonctions T, illustrant l'influence du confinement sur la formation des gouttelettes. L'évolution de la taille des gouttelettes satellites dépend quant à elle d'un nombre capillaire critique. Les champs de vitesses ont été mesurés dans les gouttelettes en formation ainsi qu'autour de ces gouttelettes, de même que les trois étapes de la dynamique de rupture du cou des gouttelettes. Les liens entre cette dynamique, les champs de vitesse et la taille des gouttelettes ont été déterminés. L'émulsification a également été étudiée dans deux micromélangeurs industriels : le Caterpillar et le StarLaminator, avec des formulations proches de celles cométiques. Les performances énergétiques sont particulièrement prometteuses pour le Caterpillar / This work is focused on droplet formation in microsystems using visualization tools such as high-speed cameras and microparticle image velocimetry (µPIV). The size of main and satellite droplets formed in flow-focusing junctions was determined for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The same critical parameters were highlighted for both flow-focusing and T-junctions, illustrating walls? influence on the droplet formation. The size evolution of satellite droplets depends on a critical capillary number. The flow fields were measured inside and outside the forming droplets, as well as the three steps dynamics for droplet neck rupture. This dynamics was straightforwardly linked to the flow fields and the droplet size. Emulsification was also investigated in two industrial micromixers, Caterpillar and StarLaminator respectively, with formulations close to cosmetic ones. The energetic performances of the Caterpillar are particularly promising

There is an ongoing debate over the role that equity markets play in determining and influencing international equity flows. The first chapter of this dissertation describes the large portfolio equity flows into China and India, in order to understand the buying behavior of US investors. The rapid growth of the Chinese and Indian economies, coupled with the recent development and liberalization of their financial markets has attracted significant portfolio investment from U.S. investors. It is commonly assumed that domestic investors have an informational advantage over foreign investors; however, some recent empirical literature has questioned this assumption. Essay one dissects the nature of the relationship between foreign equity flows, equity returns, and related variables. The results of my empirical investigation provides evidence that U.S. institutional investors are making investment decisions based on long-run determinants of value rather than responding to price signals or ‘chasing returns'. I anticipate that the strong relationship between equity flows and fundamentals will strengthen as information asymmetries decline and US investors continue to develop more sophisticated methods of assessing underlying value in China and India. The second essay of this dissertation explores a new panel data set based on US gross cross-border equity flows to 20 industrialized nations combined with measures of market valuation for the period of 1977-2005. Empirical evidence of imperfect integration across world equity markets indicates that valuation matters. Consistent with relative value trading as a determinant of equity flow patterns, I find that equity flows decrease sharply with host-country market valuations—in particular the component of valuation that is forecasted to revert the following year. I also find that equity flows increase sharply with US equity market valuations. These results suggest the existence of a valuation channel for cross-border equity flows. The findings of this chapter show that US investors are informed about both domestic markets and foreign markets. Peripheral findings of this essay confirm the findings of other researches, but with a longer sample period. Consistent with existing literature, I find a negative influence of interest rates spreads, and information asymmetries on cross-border trade in equities.

This dissertation addresses issues concerning liquidity and its volatility. It consists of two essays. The first essay, "Liquidity, Macro Factors and the U.S. Equity Flows to Emerging Markets", examines the role of liquidity on equity flows from the U.S. to fifteen emerging markets around the world. Since liquidity has many dimensions, an emphasis is placed on utilizing various measures of liquidity. Moreover, both static and dynamic analyses, as well as short and long-horizon regressions, are performed to investigate the research questions. The results suggest that a liquid market attracts flows, after controlling for market size, political openness, exchange rate and other macro factors. Additionally, evidence indicates that the importance of liquidity varies across regions. For instance in the Asian region, the relation between equity flows and volume-related liquidity is weak while that between flows and price impacts of trading is strong. Evidence also supports the relevance of macro factors such as a country's economic freedom. The second essay, "Liquidity Risk Premium Puzzle and Possible Explanations", attempts to resolve the liquidity risk puzzle: a negative relation between returns and liquidity risk, documented by Chordia, Subrahmanyam, and Anshuman (2001b), by employing alternative liquidity measures and by incorporating factors that might potentially affect the relation. The main findings are as follows. The relation between stock returns and volatility of liquidity depends on the measure of liquidity. When liquidity measures are based on trading volume, the results are largely mixed, but when liquidity is measured based on price impact of trading, the relation between returns and volatility of price impacts is positive, as expected. The results are sensitive to time periods examined. Moreover, during extreme down markets, the aversion to liquidity volatility is lower, suggesting behavioral bias might potentially address the puzzle. Empirical findings also suggest that liquidity risk premium tends to be greater for small stocks. Finally, when the VIX index is included as a proxy for investor sentiment, the results indicate that the relation between returns and liquidity risk is significantly positive in four out of five liquidity measures. In sum, the empirical analysis partially but not completely addresses the puzzle.

Dispersed particle flows are encountered in many biological, geophysical but also in industrial situations, e.g. during processing of materials. In these flows, the particles usually are non-spherical and their angular dynamics play a crucial role for the final material properties. Generally, the angular dynamics of a particle is dependent on the local flow in the frame-of-reference of this particle. In this frame, the surrounding flow can be linearized and the linear velocity gradient will determine how the particle rotates. In this thesis, the main objective is to improve the fundamental knowledge of the angular dynamics of non-spherical particles related to two specific biobased material processes. Firstly, the flow of suspended cellulose fibers in a papermaking process is used as a motivation. In this process, strong shear rates close to walls and the size of the fibers motivates the study of inertial effects on a single particle in a simple shear flow. Through direct numerical simulations combined with a global stability analysis, this flow problem is approached and all stable rotational states are found for spheroidal particles with aspect ratios ranging from moderately slender fibers to thin disc-shaped particles. The second material process of interest is the production of strong cellulose filaments produced through hydrodynamic alignment and assembly of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF). The flow in the preparation process and the small size of the particles motivates the study of alignment and rotary diffusion of CNF in a strain flow. However, since the particles are smaller than the wavelength of visible light, the dynamics of CNF is not easily captured with standard optical techniques. With a new flow-stop experiment, rotary diffusion of CNF is measured using Polarized optical microscopy. This process is found to be quite complicated, where short-range interactions between fibrils seem to play an important role. New time-resolved X-ray characterization techniques were used to target the underlying mechanisms, but are found to be limited by the strong degradation of CNF due to the radiation. Although the results in this thesis have limited direct applicability, they provide important fundamental stepping stones towards the possibility to control fiber orientation in flows and can potentially lead to new tailor-made materials assembled from a nano-scale. / <p>QC 20160929</p>

Denna studie syftar till att söka inställningen till källkritik i dagens medielandskap hos ett antal intervjuade nyhetskonsumenter. I en värld med allt mer falska nyheter och större informationsmängd behöver vi se över hur vi ser på källkritik, vad det innebär att vara källkritisk och hos vem ansvaret för källkritiken ligger. För att söka dessa svar genomfördes en intervjustudie med semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Att källkritik är en komplex fråga framstod tydligt och den ökade mängden information gör den än mer komplex. Mängden information tillsammans med debatten om falska nyheter har bidragit till en ökad medvetenhet kring källkritik. Många intressanta frågor uppkommer som en följd av detta, bland annat hur en ska klara av att vara källkritisk.

The aim of this thesis is to establish the value of the company for their owners. The thesis is divided into two parts: theorical and practical. In the first part the value, its creation and the methods used for valuation are defined. In the second part, the company is valuated based on the methodology of discounted cash flows.

Loin de disparaître dans le cadre de la mondialisation des échanges, les frontières de l’Union indienne s’effacent devant certains flux pour se manifester vivement devant les flux jugés indésirables. Parallèlement au renforcement des contrôles des passages transfrontaliers, trois des six dyades de l’Union indienne font l’objet d’une teichopolitique, c’est-à-dire de la construction d’une barrière frontalière. Ces trois barrières ont pour objectif de réorienter tous les flux vers des points de passage où un tri est effectué entre les flux qui peuvent entrer sur le territoire et ceux qu’il convient de refouler. Les flux sont ainsi hiérarchisés en fonction de leur degré de désirabilité. Ils sont alors traités de manière différentielle en fonction des risques qu’ils représentent pour la sécurité de la société indienne. Les principaux flux indésirables sont les migrations clandestines, les trafics illicites et illégaux et les mouvements d’activistes dont les projets vont à l’encontre des intérêts indiens. L’hypothèse principale de cette thèse est que les trois barrières frontalières érigées par le gouvernement indien depuis le début des années 2000 sont des dispositifs biopolitiques dans la mesure où leur objectif est de filtrer les flux pour empêcher les entrées indésirables sur le territoire indien. Bien plus, ces barrières sont les manifestations de la radicalisation contemporaine du biopouvoir indien. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’appliquer une réflexion biopolitique à l’analyse des barrières frontalières indiennes et de poser les bases d’un système explicatif de ces phénomènes. Cette recherche a été initiée afin de mieux appréhender la théorisation de ces objets géographiques et géopolitiques. / Far from disappearing in the era of globalization, Indian Union borders are no longer policed against some immigration flows; conversely, they have been tightened against other unwelcome flows. In parallel with the reinforcement of cross-border flow controls, three of the six Indian land borders have been subjected to teichopolitics, that is to say the erection of border barriers. The aim of these border barriers is to redirect all the cross-border flows towards checkpoints, where they are sorted into different groups, namely those that are allowed in and those that are to be rejected. Thus prioritized in terms of social desirability, they are dealt with according to the risks they represent for Indian society. The main unwelcome flows are induced by clandestine migrants, traffickers and activists, whose plans can run counter to Indian interests. The main hypothesis of this research is that the three border barriers created by the Indian government since the beginning of the millenium are biopolitical devices. Indeed, their objective is to filter cross-border flows to prevent the unwelcome from entering the Indian territory. Moreover, these barriers manifest the contemporary radicalisation of Indian biopower. The aim of this thesis is to apply a biopolitical approach to the analysis of Indian border barriers and to propose an explanatory system for the understanding of this geopolitical phenomenon. This research was initiated in order to evolve a theory concerning these geographical and geopolitical factors.

The purpose of this thesis was to investigate how potentials of Real-Time Location Systems (RTLS) in relation to Just In Time (JIT) management could be utilized within logistics management. For this, a framework, based on previous research of the interrelations of RTLS and JIT management, is proposed, to assess the effects of RTLS on logistics management, both on a managerial - as well as on an operational level. To answer the proposed research questions, the study followed a deductive and exploratory case study design, which was conducted at a company within the automotive industry. To understand the challenges within logistics management at the case company, interviews, observations, analysis of internal documents and a focus group were used, which allowed for a triangulation of the captured information. The findings and analysis of the data show that on an operational level the challenges within logistics management are related to complex logistic structures, pull strategies with partial push material flows, lack of information and – reliable data, as well as processes reliant on individuals. On the managerial level the findings suggest challenges related to high complexity and space constraints, time constraints, lack of transparency and – data connections, the company's improvement focus, employee attitude and a lack of reliable data. When the challenges were evaluated in relation to the proposed framework, it shows that these challenges would be resolved or counteracted by the benefits RTLS could provide in relation to JIT management. This study thereby supports the positive correlation between RTLS’s potential and JIT in logistics management.