Zugl.: Berlin, Freie Universiẗat, Diss., 2008.

Η ιδιωτικότητα (privacy) είναι μια λέξη που ακούμε πολύ συχνά στις μέρες μας. Παρόλα αυτά δεν είναι εύκολο να διατυπώσει κανείς έναν αυστηρό ορισμό. Γενικά, είναι η μέριμνα ενός ατόμου ή μιας ομάδας ατόμων να προστατεύουν πληροφορίες σχετικές με αυτούς και όσες αυτοί θέλουν ή όσες επιβάλλονται από την κοινωνία ή και την πολιτεία, και έτσι να «αποκαλύπτονται» επιλεκτικά. Τα όρια και το περιεχόμενο του τι θεωρείται ιδιωτικό διαφέρει μεταξύ πολιτισμών, χωρών και διαφορετικών ατόμων, αλλά μοιράζεται βασικά κοινά θέματα. Όσο αφορά τον χώρο της Πληροφορικής, ιδιωτικότητα της πληροφορίας (information privacy) ή ιδιωτικότητα των δεδομένων (data privacy) είναι η συσχέτιση ανάμεσα στην συλλογή και διάδοση των δεδομένων, στην τεχνολογία, στην προσδοκία της κοινωνίας για ιδιωτικότητα και στα νομικά ζητήματα που περιβάλλουν όλα αυτά. Η ιδιωτικότητα αποτελεί κεντρικό θέμα στον Παγκόσμιο Ιστό (Web). Τέμνει θέματα όπως ασφάλεια (security), ταυτοποίηση (identification) και αυθεντικοποίηση (authentication). Μερικές φορές οδηγεί σε συγκρούσεις και αποτελεί μονόδρομος η εύρεση ισορροπιών. Τα προβλήματα ιδιωτικότητας επιδεινώνονται ραγδαία καθώς οι εφαρμογές «νέφους» αποτελούν μέρος της καθημερινότητας των χρηστών του Διαδικτύου και όχι απλά μια μελλοντική τεχνολογική εξέλιξη. Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας θα δώσουμε μια τελευταία εικόνα των εξελίξεων των εφαρμογών του υπολογιστικού νέφους (cloud computing) με έμφαση στις δυνητικές επιπτώσεις στην ιδιωτικότητα. Το «νέφος» αφορά στην παροχή υπολογιστικών πόρων κατά ζήτηση (on demand) μέσω του Διαδικτύου από εταιρείες παρόχους τέτοιων υπηρεσιών. Η πρόσβαση σε υπολογιστικούς πόρους γίνεται από οπουδήποτε αρκεί να υπάρχει σύνδεση στο Διαδίκτυο. Τα πλεονεκτήματα για εταιρείες και επιχειρήσεις είναι πολλά καθώς μειώνονται τα λειτουργικά τους έξοδα. Παρόλα αυτά εκκρεμεί η επίλυση ζητημάτων που αφορούν την έλλειψη προτύπων αγοράς, την ασφάλεια και την ιδιωτικότητα των χρηστών υπηρεσιών «νέφους». Σύμφωνα με πρόσφατη έρευνα σε στελέχη πληροφορικής προκύπτει πως το «νέφος» θα αποτελέσει τoν σημαντικότερο μοχλό αύξησης των εσόδων στον συγκεκριμένο τομέα τα επόμενα 3 χρόνια. Το θέμα των ηλεκτρονικών ταυτοτήτων (electronic identity card) αποκτά ιδιαίτερη σημασία στο επερχόμενο πλαίσιο σχετικά πάντοτε με την ιδιωτικότητα. Στην συνέχεια της εργασίας θα παρουσιάσουμε ορισμένες πρόσφατες εξελίξεις στις ηλεκτρονικές ταυτότητες. Οι νέου τύπου ηλεκτρονικές ταυτότητες δεν αποτελούν απλά προϊόν ψηφιοποίησης των συμβατικών ταυτοτήτων, αλλά μία πιο «έξυπνη» μορφή τους. Ενσωματώνουν δυνατότητες για online ταυτοποίηση αλλά και για υπογραφή ηλεκτρονικών εγγράφων μέσω ψηφιακών υπογραφών. Με την διάδοσή τους επαναπροσδιορίζεται το ζήτημα της προστασίας των προσωπικών δεδομένων. Προκύπτει λοιπόν πως τα κλασσικά διαπιστευτήρια που χρησιμοποιούνται συνήθως για να πιστοποιήσει κάποιος χρήστης την ταυτότητά του κατά την διάρκεια των ηλεκτρονικών του συναλλαγών, δεν προστατεύουν πλήρως την ιδιωτικότητα του. Κατά κανόνα αποκαλύπτεται η ταυτότητα του κατόχου του διαπιστευτηρίου, παρόλο που συχνά απαιτείται λιγότερη πληροφορία. Για παράδειγμα, για να ενοικιάσει κανείς ένα αυτοκίνητο αρκεί η επιβεβαίωση πως είναι ενήλικας και δεν είναι απαραίτητο να γίνει γνωστή η ακριβής ημερομηνία γέννησής του. Αντιθέτως, τα διαπιστευτήρια που βασίζονται σε χαρακτηριστικά (Attribute Based Credentials) επιτρέπουν στον κάτοχο του διαπιστευτηρίου να αποκαλύψει μόνο την ελάχιστη πληροφορία που απαιτείται, χωρίς να αποκαλύπτει την πλήρη ταυτότητά του. Αυτό ονομάζεται ελάχιστη αποκάλυψη (minimal disclosure). / Privacy is a word we hear quite often nowadays. However it is not easy to give a strict definition. Generally, it is the concern of a person or group of individuals to protect information about them and those they want or those imposed by society or the state, and thus 'revealed' selective. The boundaries and content of what is considered private differs between cultures, countries and different people, but shares basic common themes. As regards the field of Informatics, privacy of information or privacy of data is the correlation between the collection and dissemination of data, technology, society's expectations of privacy and legal issues surrounding all. The privacy is central to the Web. It intersects issues such as security, identification and authentication. Sometimes it leads to conflict and is one way to find balance. The privacy issues are rapidly deteriorating as the applications of "cloud" becoming part of everyday Internet users and not just a future technology development. As part of this thesis will give an overview of recent developments in applications of cloud computing, with emphasis on the potential impact on privacy. The "cloud" refers to the provision of computing resources on demand over the Internet from companies providing such services. To have access to computing resources from anywhere is enough to have an Internet connection. The advantages for companies and businesses are many as they reduce their operating costs. Nevertheless, is pending the resolution of issues relating to lack of market standards, security and user’s privacy of "cloud" services. According to a recent survey the "cloud" will be the main driver of revenue growth in the Informatics over the next 3 years. The issue of electronic identity cards is of particular importance in the upcoming framework of privacy. In continuing, the work will present some recent developments in electronic identity cards. The new type of electronic identity cards is not just digitize conventional identities, but are a more intuitive form. Integrate opportunities for online identification and signature for electronic documents through digital signatures. With the proliferation redefined the issue of protection of personal data. The classical credentials which are typically used to certify a user’s identity during an electronic transaction are not fully protect their privacy. Normally reveal the identity of the holder of credentials, although frequently less information is needed. For example, for someone to rent a car is sufficient to confirm that it is an adult and is not necessary to know the exact date of birth. However, the attribute based credentials allow the holder of credentials to disclose only the minimum information required (minimal disclosure), without disclosing their full identity.

Submitted by Mirian Silva (mirian.pereira@uniceub.br) on 2015-10-08T21:38:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 20420565.pdf: 212242 bytes, checksum: 61bee0909c018d5fb26d294a0e6d7bed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-08T21:38:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 20420565.pdf: 212242 bytes, checksum: 61bee0909c018d5fb26d294a0e6d7bed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / O estudo descreve o turismo e os segmentos tur??sticos de Neg??cios e Eventos. O trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a utiliza????o dos servi??os tur??sticos pelos participantes do evento promocional das empresas I ??? Comunica????o e a Big Grandes Id??ias. Para tanto, foram abordados os temas como o turismo, segmenta????o de mercado, eventos, oferta, demandas, servi??os tur??sticos, conceituando e contextualizando os mesmos. O estudo teve como base uma pesquisa qualitativa para obter informa????es referentes ?? utiliza????o dos servi??os tur??sticos, sendo apoiado no car??ter explorat??rio e pesquisa descritiva para familiaridade com o problema em destaque e na busca de informa????es reais das situa????es apresentadas. Utiliza ainda t??cnicas bibliogr??ficas para permitir ao investigador a cobertura de uma gama de fen??menos de forma ampla, de observa????o para visualizar, ouvir e examinar fatos, estudo de caso para apurar intensamente a quest??o desenvolvida e por fim a aplica????o de um question??rio que levantou informa????es referentes ?? utiliza????o dos servi??os tur??sticos da cidade de Bras??lia pelos participantes do evento promocional. Nesta pesquisa, verificou-se a atividade s??cio-econ??mica promovida pelo Turismo. Tendo destaque, a import??ncia dos segmentos tur??sticos de Neg??cios e Eventos para o desenvolvimento do setor na Capital Federal. A afirma????o ?? validada ap??s a realiza????o da pesquisa, quando verificou-se a utiliza????o dos servi??os tur??sticos pelos participantes do referido evento que envolveu duas empresas de comunica????o. ?? proposto ao final do estudo uma sugest??o para poss??veis melhorias no desenvolvimento dos segmentos.

Este trabalho testa a validade da Hipótese das Expectativas, segundo a qual as taxas de juros de longo prazo são formadas pela média das expectativas sobre as taxas de curto prazo futuras. O estudo baseia-se em dois artigos reconhecidos internacionalmente: Fama e Bliss (1987) e Cochrane e Piazzesi (2005). Os testes são realizados utilizando-se retornos em excesso e taxas forward mensais para títulos com prazo de vencimento entre dois e cinco anos. A base de dados consiste em observações mensais da taxa à vista de contratos futuros de DI. Os resultados apontam para a rejeição da HE para o caso brasileiro. Uma combinação linear de taxas forward é capaz de explicar a variação dos retornos em excesso com R² de até 0,63 para um título com maturidade em dois anos. / This work tests the validity of Expectations Hypothesis (EH), which posts that the long-term rates are an average of future expectations of short-term rates. The study is based on two internationally recognized papers: Fama e Bliss (1987) and Cochrane e Piazzesi (2005). The tests are performed using monthly observations on excess returns and forward rates for 2 to 5 year bonds. The data consists in monthly observations of ID future contracts yields. The results suggest rejection the EH for the Brazilian case. A linear combination of forward rates is able to explain excess returns variation with R² up to 0.63 for 2-year bonds.

Este trabalho testa a validade da Hipótese das Expectativas, segundo a qual as taxas de juros de longo prazo são formadas pela média das expectativas sobre as taxas de curto prazo futuras. O estudo baseia-se em dois artigos reconhecidos internacionalmente: Fama e Bliss (1987) e Cochrane e Piazzesi (2005). Os testes são realizados utilizando-se retornos em excesso e taxas forward mensais para títulos com prazo de vencimento entre dois e cinco anos. A base de dados consiste em observações mensais da taxa à vista de contratos futuros de DI. Os resultados apontam para a rejeição da HE para o caso brasileiro. Uma combinação linear de taxas forward é capaz de explicar a variação dos retornos em excesso com R² de até 0,63 para um título com maturidade em dois anos. / This work tests the validity of Expectations Hypothesis (EH), which posts that the long-term rates are an average of future expectations of short-term rates. The study is based on two internationally recognized papers: Fama e Bliss (1987) and Cochrane e Piazzesi (2005). The tests are performed using monthly observations on excess returns and forward rates for 2 to 5 year bonds. The data consists in monthly observations of ID future contracts yields. The results suggest rejection the EH for the Brazilian case. A linear combination of forward rates is able to explain excess returns variation with R² up to 0.63 for 2-year bonds.

Este trabalho testa a validade da Hipótese das Expectativas, segundo a qual as taxas de juros de longo prazo são formadas pela média das expectativas sobre as taxas de curto prazo futuras. O estudo baseia-se em dois artigos reconhecidos internacionalmente: Fama e Bliss (1987) e Cochrane e Piazzesi (2005). Os testes são realizados utilizando-se retornos em excesso e taxas forward mensais para títulos com prazo de vencimento entre dois e cinco anos. A base de dados consiste em observações mensais da taxa à vista de contratos futuros de DI. Os resultados apontam para a rejeição da HE para o caso brasileiro. Uma combinação linear de taxas forward é capaz de explicar a variação dos retornos em excesso com R² de até 0,63 para um título com maturidade em dois anos. / This work tests the validity of Expectations Hypothesis (EH), which posts that the long-term rates are an average of future expectations of short-term rates. The study is based on two internationally recognized papers: Fama e Bliss (1987) and Cochrane e Piazzesi (2005). The tests are performed using monthly observations on excess returns and forward rates for 2 to 5 year bonds. The data consists in monthly observations of ID future contracts yields. The results suggest rejection the EH for the Brazilian case. A linear combination of forward rates is able to explain excess returns variation with R² up to 0.63 for 2-year bonds.

In this thesis work, two major problems confronting elections system in Africa; multiple registrations and diversion/shortages of election materials, taking the Nigerian content into consideration is addressed. These problems have been described as being so corrosive in nature such that ICTs in the form of eVoting if fully implemented will only compound or exacerbate the current situation due to poor ICTs awareness in the continent. However, in order to contain these problems with some form of ICTs tools along side the traditional election system, we proposed an RFID-based framework where voter’s identification and election materials are RFID-based. We believe this will enhance effective and efficient identification and tracking. Operations similar to the chain supply and inventory management are utilized. Also benefits resulting from the adoption of this framework; national ID card, national register, etc. are addressed. / isongb77@yahoo.com adetayoadedigba@yahoo.com

The purpose of this article is to inform researchers and developers of cross-media solutions about the risks of exposing too much information about their users when they integrate social networks such as Facebook into their products. Lately online games and virtual worlds has started looking more and more towards Facebook and twitter as potential ways to increase their presence among users. This article will look at the negative aspects of doing this to help avoid doing mistakes that affects users negatively. This article will also look at some of the consequences of personal information getting in the wrong hands. Even though the majority of internet users are unaffected by their personal information being shared, it's important to think about the few people that do get in trouble from it.

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Dagens samhälle går mer och mer mot att flytta över pappersarbete till elektronisk form, något som praktiserats sedan datorn introducerades på kontoren under 70- och 80-talet. För att ta ytterligare ett steg närmare det papperslösa kontoret så behövs det möjlighet att personligen sätta sin underskrift även på digitala dokument, och detta kräver att personen i fråga kan bevisa sin identitet elektroniskt. För att vilja göra det måste personen ha förtroende för att de uppgifter och handlingar som lämnas till eller fås av myndigheter eller företag via Internet hanteras på ett säkert sätt. Det vill säga att informationen har sin ursprungliga form och att den inte hamnar i orätta händer. Både myndigheten/företaget och användaren måste kunna förmedla information elektroniskt med samma tillit och legala verkan som när man skickar fysiska dokument med handskrivna underskrifter. Detta kan lösas med hjälp av e-legitimation, som är en elektronisk ID-handling med vars hjälp en individ kan legitimera sig på nätet. Syftet med uppsatsen är att förklara förtroendet för e-legitimation genom att påvisa hur förtroendet upplevs och påverkas. För att kunna besvara syftet har vi utgått från frågeställningarna: - Finns det ett förtroende för e-legitimation? * Om så finns, vad baseras förtroendet för e-legitimation på? * Om inte, vad beror det på? För att kunna svara på våra frågeställningar har vi använt oss av litteraturstudier samt samlat in primärdata genom att göra en kvantitativ enkätundersökning. Undersökningen gjordes på populationen studenter på Institutionen för Ekonomi, Statistik och Informatik vid Örebro Universitet. Vi har kommit fram till att förtroendet för e-legitimation är stort. Medelvärdet för upplevt förtroende är 4,84 där 6,0 är max. Män har något större förtroende än kvinnor och de som ser risker med att använda e-legitimation har något mindre förtroende än de som inte ser några risker. De tre viktigaste orsakerna som förtroendet baseras på är: - Varumärket hos utgivaren av e-legitimationen. - Att det är enkelt att skaffa och använda e-legitimationen. - Att e-legitimationen är tillförlitlig, det vill säga att man kan lita på att känslig information behandlas korrekt. De finns två stora anledningar till varför personer inte har e-legitimation, där en är mer intressant ur ett förtroendeperspektiv. Den första anledningen är att de inte har haft behov av att skaffa e-legitimation. Den andra anledningen, som är mer intressant, är att informationen som beskriver hur man skaffar och använder en e-legitimation är bristfällig. Ur ett förtroendeperspektiv är information en viktig faktor som påverkar förtroendet, vilket i detta fall har lett till att personer valt att inte skaffa e-legitimation på grund av just bristfällig information.