企業參與公益活動在台已日漸普及，形式上也趨於多元，如公益行銷便逐漸為實務界採用。企業在公益活動參與上有不同面貌之原因以及其決策過程，企業界及消費者對公益行銷之觀感等皆為本研究重點。 本研究分為兩部分，一為以企業訪談深入了解企業公益參與之決策過程；次為對明□電腦公司與兒童福利聯盟之公益行銷活動進行量化之消費者調查，以評估效果。 參考過去文獻後，本研究將企業參與公益活動之動機區分為企業自利與社會責任，影響企業參與公益活動之因素分為組織因素與活動因素探討，過去參與經驗則全面影響企業決策過程；公益參與之行動決策分為活動類型、受益對象與參與形式三構面。本研究以質化方式進行，選取八家企業進行深度訪談，輔以次級資料收集補強。 於訪談後本研究將參與動機進一步區分為短期企業自利、長期企業自利與社會責任，並針對參與動機與行動決策之關係發展出五項命題：企業公益參與動機偏向長期企業自利時，傾向由公關部門負責且自行主辦公益活動、長期參與，其選擇參與之議題或參與形式較不考量與企業相關程度；企業公益參與動機偏向短期企業自利，傾向由行銷或業務部門負責，多選擇與企業相關性高之議題或形式參與；企業進行公益行銷時，參與動機較偏向短期企業自利。 根據訪談結果，將影響因素中之活動因素進一步區分為議題因素與非營利組織因素，針對影響因素與行動決策之關係發展六項命題：高階主管個人偏好或經驗，影響企業公益參與之議題選擇，且高階主管對公益參與越支持，公益參與之資源分配越充分，越有成立獨立部門專責之傾向，且部門層級與自主性皆較高；企業若隸屬某集團之一部份，母公司在公益活動參與之經驗，將影響集團內其他公司對企業參與公益之理念、態度、議題選擇以及負責部門。另外，研究發現在公益參與資源分配較少之企業中，傾向由業務或行銷部門兼職負責，且認為公益行銷為較討喜之參與方式，且採主辦方式。隨著參與經驗累積，專責部門有由行銷部門轉向公關部門之傾向。 本研究亦修正將公益活動進一步區分為議題與非營利組織兩者，研究發現議題因素對企業公益參與決策之影響主要為參與形式與負責部門：企業進行公益行銷時，極注重議題之社會顯著性及議題與企業之關連性；此外，議題之急迫性影響企業公益參與之形式與負責組織。 針對效果評估、過去經驗與參與決策之關係發展三項命題，概述如下：動機偏向長期自利之企業，效果評估以大眾傳播媒體報導情形為主；過去經驗對企業參與公益活動決策之影響主要為專責部門及效果評估能力。 公益行銷之量化研究顯示，該活動對明□電腦公司之企業形象確有提升效果，且在公益形象方面尤為顯著，但該活動對消費者之購買決策影響有限，綜合受訪者對該活動之感覺以及受訪者推測明□電腦公司舉辦該活動之原因大多傾向正面回答，且有參與活動之消費者又更為正面，顯示受訪者對於企業以公益行銷從事公益活動之模式並不排斥，且態度越正面者，參與可能性越高。 本研究最大貢獻在發展出較完整之企業參與公益決策模式，對公益行銷活動進行實證研究，亦較過去研究更能真實評估其成效。建議有心從事公益活動之企業，除公益行銷活動可由行銷或業務部門主導外，應成立專責單位負責，如此在公益參與較為專業有序；在公益行銷部分，建議企業應注重宣傳、突破窠臼且注意產品之適用性。

Everyday Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) plays a bigger role in companies’ work. People become more aware of how different organizations take care of their network. Certain consumer groups have expectations from companies’ CSR work, and they are willing to pay more for the brands of these firms compared to others. These facts have forced the companies to put more effort into their CSR work. On the other hand it has become an opportunity for corporations, which are forerunners in this area. CSR can be interpreted so that communities have expectations from the firms and the work the latter do for society’s good. Corporate Philanthropy (CP) is a part of CSR and a particular form of it. The reasons behind CP are not always apparent. Brand is the bridge between consumer and the product. One motive behind CP could be creating brand value and implementing particular products for consumers who appreciate the companies’ work for society’s good. Therefore we have formulated our research question as follows: What are the main reasons behind corporate philanthropy and how is it conducted in the firms? Our aim in this thesis is to emphasize CP as a part of CSR, to study how it is exercised in practice and to explore how firms’ philanthropic actions add value to their brands. We have limited our study to company perspective in order to get as accurate results as possible. To indentify the reasons to CP we have completed a qualitative study in the two Nordic countries: Finland and Sweden. The study has been done by semi-structured interviews for four companies, two in both countries. These companies are of two different sizes, large and small. Our study design is multiple-case study. Interpretivism and subjectivism constitute the philosophical basis for this research. The applied approach is deductive with inductive elements. In the theoretical framework we discuss CSR, philanthropy and branding in their different forms. We have linked these main theories together by relating older and recent theory to each other in a natural way. Earlier theories, which directly merge these two areas, do not considerably exist. Therefore we have had to make our own decisions to find the best path to reach our goal and find the main reasons behind CP. In the final part, analysis, we have related theoretical framework to empirical findings. We have linked different theories together and found if there is a connection between Corporate Philanthropy and creating brand value. We have also reflected on whether there are differences in the actions and aims for CP between the companies in these two Nordic countries.

In 2011, over 30 billion dollars were given to colleges and universities across the United States; donors included individuals, corporations, foundations, and religious organizations. Of the 30 billion dollars, 43% of this financial support came directly from individual and alumni donors (Council for Aid to Education, 2011). Leslie and Ramey (1988) stated that “voluntary support is becoming the only source of real discretionary money [that a college or university has]” (p. 115). The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of responses from senior class students on the 2006 National Survey of Student Engagement to be used as predictors of alumni donor participation in liberal arts colleges. The sample of this study was 10 Carnegie Baccalaureate Colleges from the southeastern United States. The institutions that participated provided alumni donor participation data for members of the undergraduate class of 2006 for a five-year post-graduation period. Logistical regression models were developed to represent the multivariate impacts of NSSE benchmark scores and student demographics independent variables on the bivariate alumni donor participation rate dependent variable. The results indicated that two NSSE benchmarks, measured by the 2006 NSSE, (Level of Academic Challenge and Student-Faculty Interaction) and three demographic variables (parental level of education, Greek Life membership, and receipt of an institutional scholarship) had a positive relationship with increased alumni donor participation.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of philanthropic interventions in public high schools in Mutasa district of Zimbabwe. Three research questions guided the study. The investigation focused on finding out the types of philanthropic interventions in the public high school and to evaluate their impact on the schools and students involved from an educational management perspective. The investigation was a mixed methods research using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Data was collected by questionnaire, interview and documentary sources. Principals of twenty nine high schools responded to a questionnaire. Interview data was gathered from two representatives of non-governmental organisations. One NGO also provided documents for more data. Two individual philanthropists from the district were also interviewed. The results of the study indicate that philanthropic interventions have made significant improvements to the physical infrastructure of some schools. During the 2014 study there were about 700 students from poor backgrounds on various school fees assistance programmes. School enrolment and completion rates have increased. School drop-outs have decreased. Over 6 500 former beneficiaries of fees from one donor organisation have formed an alumni association to assist other children in disadvantaged circumstances. It is strongly recommended that schools in the district and elsewhere use online social network platforms to organise alumni associations from a wider catchment area beyond national borders. Alumni associations are a potentially rich source of philanthropic revenue hardly tapped in the district. Schools should create their own websites to be exposed to a global audience of donors for possible funding of their projects. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Education Management)

The Great Recession dramatically reframed the debate on funding for the arts from a social one to a fiscal one. Instead of social ideology, economics came to the forefront; and fiscal conservatives replaced social conservatives as the loudest voice criticizing government funding for the arts. Under the shadow of an expanding government and staggering national debt, both supporters and critics argue in terms of the economic costs and benefits that the arts impose. These arguments against public funding for the arts are multi-tiered. Critics contend that the government arts agencies are ineffective, that federal arts funding is inefficient, and that government funding as a whole is an unjustified overreach of government. Fiscal conservatives also argue that private philanthropy is sufficient to sustain the arts independently without government involvement. But because public and private funding for the arts respond to recessionary impacts so differently and decreases in private philanthropy impact the arts disproportionately, public arts funding is absolutely justified on an economic basis. With the inclusion of social and political considerations, however, the final conclusion is that neither private nor public funding can or should independently provide a complete solution to the issue.

The purpose of this thesis is to look at the motivations behind the life and work of Caroline Chisholm, nee Jones, 1808-1877, and to ascertain why British historians have chosen to ignore her contribution to the nineteenth century emigration movement, while attending closely to such women as Nightingale for example. The Introduction to the thesis discusses the difficulties of writing a biography of a nineteenth century woman, who lived at the threshold of modernity, from the perspective of the twenty-first century, in the period identified as late modernity or postmodernity. The critical issues of writing a historical biography are explored. Chapter Two continues the debate in relation to the Sources, Methods and Problems that have been met with in writing the thesis. Chapters Three to Seven consider Chisholm's life and work in the more conventional narrative format, detailing where new evidence has been found. By showing where misinformation and errors have arisen in earlier biographies that have been perpetuated by subsequent biographies, they give specificity to the debate discussed in the Introduction. Chapters Eight to Ten discuss, in far greater depth than a conventional narrative format allows, the relevant political, religious and social influences which shaped and influenced Chisholm's life, and which facilitate an understanding of her motivation and character.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of History / Robert D. Linder / George Müller of Bristol (1805-1898) was widely celebrated in the nineteenth century as the founder of the Ashley Down Orphan Homes in Bristol, England. He was a German immigrant to Great Britain who was at the vanguard of evangelical philanthropic care of children. The object of his charitable work, orphans, influenced the establishment of Christian orphanages in Great Britain, North America, Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Europe. However, what brought Müller widespread public acclaim was his assertion that he supported his orphan homes solely by relying on faith and prayer. According to Müller, he prayed to God for the material needs of the orphans and he believed, in faith, that those needs were supplied by God, without resort to direct solicitation, through donations given to him. He employed his method as a means to strengthen the faith of his fellow Christians and published an ongoing chronicle of his answered prayers that served as evidence. Müller’s method of financial support brought him to the forefront of public debate in the nineteenth century about the efficacy of prayer and the supernatural claims of Christianity. His use of prayer to provide for the orphans made his name a “household word the world round.” This dissertation is a study of Müller’s influence on evangelicals that analyzes Müller’s enduring legacy as a hero of the faith among evangelicals around the world. For evangelicals Müller was an exemplary Christian—a Protestant saint—who embodied a simple but pure form of biblical piety. To explore his influence from the nineteenth century through the twentieth century, this study, as a social biography, investigates how evangelicals remember individuals and how that memory, in this case Müller, influenced the practice of prayer in evangelical piety. The dissertation affirms a link between evangelicals and eighteenth-century German Pietism, while also showing that evangelicals used publications to celebrate and to informally canonize individuals esteemed for their piety. The dissertation, ultimately, is concerned with how evangelicals identified heroes of the faith and why these heroes were and are widely used as models for edification and for emulation in everyday life.

Dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle, la France connut le mouvement philanthropique qui ouvrit la voie à la première expérience précoce de la bienfaisance nationale pendant la Révolution française. Cette mutation idéologique et institutionnelle bouleversa la solidarité traditionnelle locale au sein de laquelle les élites assistaient les pauvres pour obtenir le salut de leur âme et remplir le devoir social attaché à leur rang. Les études sur le lien solidaire se focalisent sur la mentalité et la pratique charitable des élites pour comprendre comment la charité privée fut utilisée pour gouverner la société de l’Ancien Régime et quels furent les changements que la Révolution apporta à sa fonction. L’action charitable privée des élites locales est ainsi examinée à travers leur engagement dans la gestion et le financement des établissements de charité, l’activité collective au sein des associations privées et la pratique individuelle devant la mort pour une période relativement longue allant de 1750 à 1830, dans le but d’envisager la spécificité du motif et des formes de leurs bonnes actions de l’époque. L’espace de notre observation est localisé sur les différentes communautés de Bordeaux, cœur administratif de la Guyenne, métropole religieuse et ville portuaire cosmopolite en plein essor où la splendeur des nobles et négociants riches faisait un contraste avec la pauvreté du peuple accentuée par l’immigration des ruraux. Ces études à l’échelle locale nous permettent de décrire l’évolution du rôle que les élites jouaient dans les rapports sociaux à travers les vicissitudes historiques. / In the second half of the eighteenth century, France experienced the philanthropic movement that paved the way for the first early experience of national charity during the French Revolution. This ideological and institutional change upset the traditional local solidarity in which the elites assisted the poor in order to obtain the salvation of their souls and fulfill the social duty linked to their rank. Studies on the link of solidarity focus on the mentality and charitable practice of elites to understand how private charity was used to govern society under the Ancien Régime and what were the changes that the Revolution brought to its function. Charitable and private action of local elites is examined through their involvement in the management and financing of charitable institutions, collective activity within private associations and individual practice before death for a relatively long period from 1750 1830 in order to consider the specific reasons and forms of good deeds at that time. The space of our observation focuses on the different communities of Bordeaux, administrative heart of Guyenne, religious metropolis and booming cosmopolitan port city where the splendor of the nobles and wealthy merchants contrasted with the poverty of the people emphasized by the rural immigration. These studies at local scale enable us to describe the evolution of the role that elites played in social relations through historical vicissitudes.

Cette recherche traite de l'engagement en faveur de l'intérêt général, et notamment des modalités d'engagement des organisations mécènes auprès des organisations d'intérêt général, aujourd'hui, en France.Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre général des théories de l'action et plus particulièrement dans le courant représenté par les travaux de Boltanski et Thévenot sur la justification et l'engagement (Boltanski et Thévenot 1991, Thévenot, 2005), qui s'intéressent à comment les gens justifient leurs actions et à ce qu'ils disent de « pourquoi ils s'engagent ». Les études anthropologiques, sociologiques et socio-économiques sur les significations du don et sur les pratiques de mécénat, aujourd'hui, en France, nous ont fourni le socle de notre analyse.A partir de ces cadres de références, nous proposons un modèle qui rend compte des actions empiriques des professionnels de la collecte de fonds (les « fundraisers ») et des mécènes lorsqu'ils construisent un accord mécène.Ce modèle met en évidence les dispositifs et les objets dans lesquels s'enracine l'engagement des organisations mécènes. Il éclaire sur ce qu'est une action juste et légitime en faveur de l'intérêt général. Il propose un mécanisme permettant d'expliquer comment ces actions sont jugées par les parties prenantes des organisations impliquées dans un accord mécène.Nos recherches ont deux applications concrètes :1. Mettre en évidence les leviers actionnables par les organisations d'intérêt général pour collecter des fonds auprès des organisations mécènes.2. Enrichir la compréhension de l'engagement des entreprises en faveur de l'intérêt général. Mettre en évidence les bonnes pratiques et les retours qu'elles peuvent en attendre.Elles apportent une contribution spécifique pour comprendre la création de valeur dans le cadre d'une démarche marketing stratégique liée à la responsabilité sociale des entreprises, et au développement du capital social des organisations publiques et privées qui portent des projets d'intérêt général. / This research focuses on the engagement of organizations for the benefit of non-profit activities, today, in France.This work was conducted within a reference to the research of Boltanski and Thévenot on justification and commitment (Boltanski and Thévenot, 1991; Thévenot, 2005) called “Economies of Worth”. This sociological approach of “action” tries to explain how people justify their actions and what they say about why they engage.From these frames of reference, we propose a model that reflects the empirical practices of professionals in fundraising and organisations involved in building an agreement around philanthropy.This model highlights the devices and equipment being used to build the agreement. It illuminates on what is a “fair and legitimate” action for the general interest. It offer a mechanism to explain how these actions are judged by the stakeholders of organizations involved in a patronage.Our research has two applications in management:1. Identify actions for non-profit organisations to raise funds from organizations who wish to involve in public good.2. Understand of business engagement for the public good. Highlight good practices and benefits that companies can expect of their commitmentOur work brings a specific contribution to understanding the creation of value in a strategic marketing approach of corporate social responsibility, and the development of corporate social capital of public and private organizations acting for the benefit of general interest.

More and more consumers have become socially conscious when choosing which retailer to buy from; thus many retailers have increased their engagement in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities. One common form of CSR activity within companies is philanthropy, or corporate philanthropy, where companies aim to donate to charity or to take environmental and social issues into consideration. Conscious customers and ethical consumerism have led to a particular retail trend, known as the Buy- One-Give-One (BOGO) business model has grown in popularity among today’s retail industry brands. Since it is of importance to understand the motivations of consumers’ purchase decisions, the purpose of this study is to explore consumers’ choices to purchase BOGO-products, and how these BOGO- products influence consumer perception of retail store assortment. This thesis is based on an abductive research, where the empirical data was collected based on focus groups. Based on the eight ethical factors (ethical consumption) and five values (theory of consumption value) found in previous studies, we have concluded that eight of the ethical factors and values correspond with the findings of our research. Within these corresponding factors and values, we found that there are seven sub-themes that can determine how consumers are motivated to purchase BOGO- products; dependency, connection (relate factor), marketing, alternative donation, appearance (taste), and trend. The findings of our study both contributed to an in depth understanding of previous research, whilst developing new and relevant insights of how consumers are motivated to purchase BOGO-products. Since no previous research, to the best of our knowledge, has studied BOGO-products in combination with ethical consumption and the theory of consumption value (TCV), this study brings originality to the study field. Lastly, the originality of this study also lies in the importance, convenience and up-to- date nature of this topic. Nonetheless, further research is encouraged since our study is limited in three ways. Few of the participants in the focus groups had prior knowledge about BOGO; time and money restriction; and the participants were students (Millennials), which led to a frequent answer of budget restrictions.