Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-20T11:51:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ARETUZA CANDEIA DE MELO - TESE (PPGRN) 2011.pdf: 7305402 bytes, checksum: ecb3571882a2933a99c4147a8c5fc4ae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-20T11:51:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ARETUZA CANDEIA DE MELO - TESE (PPGRN) 2011.pdf: 7305402 bytes, checksum: ecb3571882a2933a99c4147a8c5fc4ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-25 / A realização deste trabalho se justifica devido aos intensos conflitos de uso das terras no Assentamento Patativa do Assaré, em consequência das atividades agropecuárias ali desenvolvidas por décadas contínuas. O propósito da pesquisa foi analisar o meio físico ambiental do geossistema do assentamento, partindo da descrição do sistema geofísico e da análise da capacidade do uso da terra, utilizando a Fórmula Mínima Obrigatória, para, em seguida, fazer uma avaliação geoambiental do uso da terra. As metodologias utilizadas são as descritas pelo INCRA (2010) e EMBRAPA (2006), que se baseiam no método do inventário utilitário por amostragem, com o uso de técnicas de georreferenciamento utilizando-se GPS, tendo como base para obtenção dos dados e geração dos mapas temáticos, informações obtidas no CBERS 2B, na planta cartográfica do assentamento e nas cartas planialtimétricas das Folhas de Patos/PB e Serra Negra do Norte/RN e softwares SIG-Idrise Andes V. 14.0, AutoCAD 2006, Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Os resultados obtidos permitiram mostrar que a maior parte do assentamento é formada por rochas graníticas, gnáissicas e micaxistos, pertencentes ao Complexo Cristalino; apresentando declividade litológica variável, prevalecendo os relevos suavemente ondulados (39,77%) e moderadamente ondulados (36,59%). O clima é do tipo BSh; a vegetação típica da área é a caatinga hiperxerófila e hipoxerófila, predominando a jurema preta (Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poiret.). Com relação à pedologia, 74,26% dos solos são do tipo LUVISSOLOS Crômicos Órticos típicos (rasos e pedregosos). Quanto ao pH, 70% dos solos são alcalinos. A área estudada apresenta baixo potencial fluvial, com cinco reservatórios artificiais de água, que ocupam 5,55% da área total. Ao se utilizar a Fórmula Mínima Obrigatória, ficou demonstrado que a caatinga arbustivo-arbórea aberta apresentou restrição de uso com relação à profundidade efetiva, classe textural, erosão e pedregosidade. Noventa por cento dos solos caracterizaram-se como alcalinos. A área da caatinga arbustivo-arbórea fechada apresentou limitações quanto à profundidade efetiva, classe textural, erosão e pedregosidade. Sessenta por cento dos solos são ácidos. Com relação à caatinga antropizada, as restrições identificadas foram quanto à profundidade efetiva, classe textural, erosão e pedregosidade. Quanto ao pH, 90% dos solos são alcalinos. A capacidade de uso da terra quanto ao perfil do solo, não variou muito entre as três áreas analisadas. De acordo com a avaliação geoambiental, 82,69% do geossistema se enquadra na área da caatinga antropizada. Foram definidas oito categorias do uso da terra: caatinga arbustivo-arbórea aberta (40,92%), caatinga arbustivo-arbórea fechada (17,31%), pecuária (16,90%), agricultura (13,38%), solo exposto (5,61%), corpos de água (5,55%), plantio de manga (0,26%) e o plantio de algaroba (0,07%). As Áreas de Reservas Legais ocupa 20,94%, as comunitárias 33,78% e de Preservação Permanente 25,60% da área total, todas comprometidas ambientalmente. A descrição geofísica, a análise do perfil do solo e a avaliação geoambiental por meio da representação dos mapas temáticos evidenciaram que o assentamento apresenta limitações severas para a implantação/manejo de culturas agrícolas, sendo mais propícia para pastagem e pecuária. / The realization this work if justified due to intense conflicts of land use in Settlement Patativa of Assaré, in consequence of activities agriculture and cattle raising there developed by decades continuous. The purpose of search was analyze the medium physica environmental of geosystem settlement, starting of description of system geophysical and of analysis of capacity land use, using the Mandatory Minimum Formula, for, in then do a evaluation geoenvironmental land use. The methodologies used are described by the INCRA (2010) and EMBRAPA (2006), that if based on utility inventory method by sampling, using techniques geo referencing using GPS, with base to attainment of data and generation of thematic maps, information obtained the CBERS 2B, in the plant cartographic of settlement and charts planialtimetric Leaf of Patos/PB and Serra Negra do Norte/RN software and GIS-Idrise Andes V. 14.0, AutoCAD 2006, Microsoft Office Excel 2007. The obtained results permitted to show that most part of the of the settlement is composed of granitic rocks, gneiss and mica which belong to the Crystalline Complex; presenting a lithological variable slope, prevailing gently reliefs wavy (39.77%) and moderately wavy (36.59%). The climate is type BSh; the typical vegetation of the area is caatinga hiperxerofila and hipoxerofila, predominating the black jurema (Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poiret.). In regards to pedology, 74,26% the soils are of the type typical Chromic Orthic LUVISOIL (shallow and stony). The pH, 70% of the soils are alkaline. The study area has a low potential fluvial, with five artificial reservoirs of water, occupying 5.55% of total area. When using the Minimum Formula Mandatory, was demonstrat that the open shrubs and trees caatinga presented restriction of use with respect to effective deepness, textural class, erosion and stoniness. Ninety percent of the soil was characterized as alkaline. The closed shrubs and trees caatinga showed an effective deepness, textural class, erosion and stoniness limitation. Sixty percent of the soil are acid. The restrictions found in the anthropism caatinga were in the effective deepness, textural class, erosion and stoniness. The pH, 90% of the soils are alkaline. The capacity land to use respect to soil profile, not vary much between the three areas analyzed. According to the geo-environmental assessment, 82.69% of geosystem fits in the area of anthropism caatinga. Eight categories of land use were defined: open shrubs and trees caatinga (40,92%), closed shrubs and trees caatinga (17,31%), cattle raising (16,90%), agriculture (13,38%), exposed soil (5,61%), bodies of water (5,55%), mangoes plantation (0,26%) and algaroba plantation (0,07%). The Areas of Legal Reserves, occupy 20.94%, the community 33.78% and Preservation 25.60% of the total area, all committed environmentally. The geophysical description, analysis of the soil profile and geoenvironmental assessment by means of the representation of thematic maps showed that the settlement has severe limitations for deployment/management of crops agricultural, being more suitable for grazing and cattle raising.

nÃo hà / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar os processos referenciais de introduÃÃo referencial e de anÃforas, diretas e indiretas, em textos compostos por linguagem verbal e nÃo verbal. Para tanto, nosso aporte teÃrico acerca da referenciaÃÃo à Cavalcante (2011, 2012), CustÃdio Filho (2011) e Cavalcante e Brito (2017), a partir de pressupostos sustentados por Koch e Marcuschi em LinguÃstica Textual. O corpus selecionado à composto de 30 charges, publicadas em jornal local, O Povo, semanalmente, no perÃodo de 2013 a 2016. O gÃnero charge foi analisado de forma que as imagens e as expressÃes verbais indiciaram processos referenciais, que sinalizaram para a (re)construÃÃo de sentidos do texto. As anÃlises das imagens se pautaram pela base teÃrica da GramÃtica do Design Visual, de Kress e van Leeuwen (2006), que acreditam na capacidade de as imagens integrarem os sentidos negociados nos textos. De acordo com o nosso estudo, as metafunÃÃes composicional, representacional e interativa foram importantes para constatar como as imagens estÃo diretamente relacionadas aos diversos significados possÃveis elaborados pelo interlocutor, jà que tais metafunÃÃes tratam da disposiÃÃo e das relaÃÃes entre os elementos que compÃem a imagem. Com base nesse referencial teÃrico, foi possÃvel testar hipÃteses relativas à introduÃÃo e à retomada de referentes apontados nos indÃcios verbo-imagÃticos e à intertextualidade que se instaura nessas relaÃÃes, todas eminentemente argumentativas. Para fundamento teÃrico dos processos intertextuais, utilizamos Cavalcante, Brito e Zavam (2017) e, para as reflexÃes sobre argumentaÃÃo, valemo-nos de Meyer (2007). ApÃs a anÃlise da imbricaÃÃo dos traÃos verbais e imagÃticos na construÃÃo dos referentes e das intertextualidades, constatamos que: a) as imagens sÃo responsÃveis por apontarem processos de introduÃÃo e de retomada de referentes a partir dos elementos indicados pelas metafunÃÃes representacional, interativa e composicional; b) os critÃrios de enquadramento e de saliÃncia da metafunÃÃo composicional revelam as recategorizaÃÃes suscitadas pela relaÃÃo de figura/fundo presente a partir da disposiÃÃo dos participantes das imagens; c) o contato, a distÃncia social e a perspectiva da metafunÃÃo interativa sÃo aspectos que apontam para o ethos efetivo e evidenciam o carÃter argumentativo da charge; d) as subclasses narrativa e conceitual da metafunÃÃo representacional apresentam recorrÃncias concomitantes que indiciam os referentes. Esta pesquisa confirma a profÃcua relaÃÃo que pode ser estabelecida entre a GDV e os estudos em LinguÃstica Textual. / This research analyzes the reference processes of referential introduction and direct and indirect anaphora, in texts composed by verbal and nonverbal language. To that purpose, our theoretical contribution on referencing is Cavalcante (2011, 2012), CustÃdio Filho (2011) and Cavalcante and Brito (2017), based on assumptions supported by Koch and Marcuschi in Textual Linguistics. The selected corpus is composed of 30 charges, published in local newspaper, âO Povoâ, weekly, from 2013 to 2016. The genus charge was analyzed in such a way that the images and verbal expressions indicated reference processes, which signaled to the (re)construction of text meanings. The image analysis was based on the theoretical basis of Visual Design Grammar, by Kress and van Leeuwen (2006), who believe in the images ability to integrate the meanings negotiated in texts. According to our study, the compositional, representational and interactive metafunctions were important to verify how the images are directly related to the different possible meanings elaborated by the interlocutor, since these metafunctions deal with the disposition and the relations between the elements that compose the image. Based on this theoretical reference, it was possible to test hypotheses related to the introduction and resumption of referents pointed out in the verbal- imagery clues and to the intertextuality that is established in these relations, all eminently argumentative. For the theoretical foundation of the intertextual processes, we use Cavalcante, Brito and Zavam (2017) and, for the reflections on argumentation, they use Meyer (2007). After analyzing the imbrication of verbal and imaginary traces in the construction of referents and intertextualities, we find that: a) the images are responsible for pointing out processes of introduction and retrieval of referents from the elements indicated by representational, interactive and compositional metafunctions; b) the framing and salience criteria of the compositional metafunction reveal the recategorisations raised by the figure/background relation from the arrangement of the participants of the images; c) the contact, the social distance and the perspective of the interactive metafunction are aspects that point to the effective ethos and evidence the argumentative character of the charge; d) the narrative and conceptual subclasses of the representational metafunction have concomitant recurrences that indicate the referents. This research confirms the fruitful relationship that can be established between GDV and studies in Textual Linguistics.

Orientador: Edwiges Maria Morato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T10:14:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martins_ErikFernandoMiletta_M.pdf: 1976999 bytes, checksum: eec222570fa78f608ec82e2dff6cae3d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: As igrejas neopentecostais brasileiras adquiriram, nos últimos anos, grande relevância e notoriedade no quadro religioso nacional. Dentre as diversas hipóteses aventadas no campo das Ciências Sociais para a explicação deste fenômeno, destacam-se, para esta dissertação de mestrado em Linguística: i-) a constituição de um campo simbólico no qual a ética neoliberal de consumo não só ganha legitimidade religiosa como é estimulada ii-) a capacidade de exploração simbólica, por parte de seus líderes, dos problemas cotidianos enfrentados por boa parte da população urbana brasileira. Em face destas hipóteses, protagonizadas pela língua, uma das motivações para o desenvolvimento do presente texto está no fato de que não há, até o momento, estudos detalhados sobre o papel das práticas linguísticas de construção de sentidos próprios a este campo. Por essa razão, nossa investigação tem por objetivo principal delimitar a função e explicar a emergência de mecanismos textuais de construção referencial, as recategorizações metafóricas, no contexto da retórica neopentecostal. Justifica-se a escolha das recategorizações metafóricas através da hipótese de que é este um mecanismo muito eficiente para o ato suasório, possibilitando o emprego de metáforas bíblicas na maneira de compreender as causas, e possíveis soluções, para as adversidades impostas por um cotidiano neoliberal. Tendo em mente estas considerações, a inscrição teórico-metodológica aqui adotada é de crivo sócio-cognitivo, cujo postulado básico refere-se à indissociabilidade entre sociedade e cognição, e de inclinação textual-interativa, cuja premissa básica fundamenta-se em torno de uma relação não especular entre língua e mundo, ensejando um modelo social de cognição na qual o papel da linguagem não é meramente representativo, mas constitutivo. Neste quadro, o corpus analisado é constituído por dez cultos de duas igrejas neopentecostais, sendo cinco da Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (IURD) e cinco da Igreja Internacional da Graça de Deus (IIGD). Para a interpretação dos dados extraídos deste corpus, as recategorizações metafóricas são primeiramente discutidas no contexto religioso da enunciação - relativo, sobretudo, à abordagem dos temas de cada culto - e, em seguida, interpretadas à luz do contexto social mais amplo de composição do neopentecostalismo. Com isso, busca-se mostrar que as recategorizações metafóricas são fundamentais à constituição conceptual dos eixos argumentativos da retórica neopentecostal, aqui tratados sob a forma de "nichos metafóricos", um conjunto de proposições metafóricas superordenadas que permitem estabelecer com maior precisão o direcionamento da argumentação. Por fim, busca-se mostrar que sua singularidade, enquanto uma forma específica de construção de sentidos, permite uma rediscussão de conceitos fundamentais à análise textual-interativa / Abstract: Brazilian neopentecostal churches acquired, over the last years, great relevance and notoriety in the national religious board. Among the various hypotheses suggested in the field of Social Sciences to explain this phenomenon, it will be highlighted for this master's in Linguistics dissertation: i-) the constitution of the symbolic field in which a neoliberal ethics of consumption is not only legitimated but also stimulated; ii-) the capacity of symbolic exploitation, by its leaders, of the quotidian problems faced by most part of the urban Brazilian population. In the face of these hypotheses, where language is the protagonist, one of the motivations for the development of this text lies in the fact that, until now, there is no detailed study on the role of linguistic practices in the construction of the attached senses of their proper symbolic field. For this reason, our investigation has as its main objective to delimitate the function and explain the emergence of textual mechanisms of referential construction, the metaphorical recategorizations, on the context of neopentecostal rhetoric. This choice is justified over the hypothesis that this mechanism is very efficient in the persuasive act, making possible the use of biblical metaphors on the comprehension of the causes, and some possible solutions, to the adversities imposed by a neoliberal quotidian. Keeping these considerations in mind, the theoretical and methodological inscription here adopted is social-cognitive, of which the basic postulate refers to the inseparability between society and cognition, and has textual-interactive inclination, of which the basic premise is founded around a non specular relation between language and the world, giving rise to a social model of cognition in which the role of language is not merely representative, but constitutive. In this frame, the analyzed corpus is composed by ten neopentecostal churches cults: five from the The Universal Church and other five from the International Church of God's Grace. To interpret the data extracted from this corpus, the metaphorical recategorizations are firstly discussed in the religious context of the enunciation - relative, mainly, to the themes' approach in each cult - and, then, interpreted on the light of the larger social context of composition of the neopentecostalism. With that, it is showed that these mechanisms are fundamental to the constitution of the neopentecostal rethoric argumentative axis, here treated under the form of "metaphorical niches", a set of metaphorical superordenated propositions under which is possible to establish with greater precision the argumentative orientation. Finally, it is showed that the metaphorical recategorizations singularity, as a specific form of senses construction, allows a rediscussion over fundamental concepts to the textual-interactive analysis as a whole / Mestrado / Linguistica / Meste em Linguística

Este trabalho tem por finalidade verificar se há utilização de artigos no Crioulo Cabo-verdiano, variedade de Santiago (CCVS), e como são utilizados esses artigos: se há uma sistematização para seu uso, como propõe Bickerton (1981) para todos os crioulos, ou se artigos definidos, indefinidos e Ø (indicando a ausência de artigos ou outros determinantes) são utilizados indistintamente, como sugere Lucchesi (1994a). Nesta pesquisa, foi constatada a ocorrência de artigos em CCVS, podendo-se afirmar que a opção dos falantes pelos artigos, definidos ou indefinidos, ou por Ø, em SN\'s (sintagmas nominais) cujos núcleos sejam substantivos comuns, constitui um fato de variação, na qual Ø é a variável, já que a tendência predominante é a opção por ele em SN\'s (+F) (+O), cuja referência seja conhecida pelo falante e pelo ouvinte, (+F) (-O), cuja referência seja conhecida pelo falante, mas desconhecida pelo ouvinte, (-F) (-O), cuja referência seja desconhecida pelo falante e pelo ouvinte, nas posições de sujeito, objeto e predicativo do sujeito; já os artigos definidos, indefinidos e Ø são variantes combinatórias, já que não houve ocorrências de artigos indefinidos em SN\'s (+F) (+O) na posição de sujeito, assim como não surgiram artigos definidos e indefinidos, na posição de predicativo do sujeito, em SN\'s (+F) (-O) e (-F) (-O). / This work has for purpose to verify if has article use in the Capeverdean Creole, Santiago\'s variety (CCVS), and as these articles are used: if it has a systematization for its use, as Bickerton (1981) considers for all the creoles, or if definite and indefinite articles and Ø (indicating the article absence or other determinative ones) are used indistinctly, at it suggests Lucchesi (1994a). In this research, the article occurrence was evidenced in CCVS, being able itself to affirm that the option of the speaker for articles, definites or indefinites, or Ø, in NP\'s (nominal phrases) whose nucleus are substantive common, constitutes a variation fact, in which Ø is the variable, since the predominant trend is the option for it in NP\'s (+S) (+A), whose reference is known for speaker and for addressee, (+S) (-A), whose reference is known for speaker, but unknown for addressee, (-S) (-A), whose reference is unknown for speaker and for addressee, in the subject, object and predicate; already the definite and indefinite articles e Ø they are variant combinatories, since it did not have indefinite article occurrences in NP\'s (+S) (+A) in the subject posiction, as well as they had not appeared definite and indefinite articles, in the position of predicate, in NP\'s (+S) (-A) e (-S) (-A).

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:55:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elizete.pdf: 3150099 bytes, checksum: 1e4899bd6ac23e727559b22442277381 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-10 / This study aimed to verify the process of referral of the constitution written productions promoted by ninth graders of elementary education at a public school in Paraná. As proposed in ART and DAT projects, we observed the occurrence of anaphora present in the texts produced by following the scientific article and the theme "World Water Day". The initial hypothesis was established that the anaphora give evidence of the real intentions of the author to produce the information and make it public. It was considered that, if well exploited, the referrers elements reveal themselves allies in the development of linguistic competence of the student. Based on studies of Textual Linguistics, was based on works of researchers based on socio-cognitive and interactionist perspective of language, the language they consider a form of cognition socio-historical and highly interactive nature. Is focused as the process resumed occurred and what were the strategies most used in textual progression. Two texts were selected to compose the corpus, because they are representative of the most prevalent forms of identification. In order to make the didactic transposition so that they can apply these concepts to elementary education, attention reassembled the text as unit of analysis. To take account of the investigative process, this work was organized around three issues: language, text and anaphora. From the verification of how the student dealt with the resume in their written productions, judgmental and argumentative proposals were investigated. As a result, the study showed that, to have dominion over the handling of linguistic elements in the text, students need to enhance their capacity readers. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o processo de referenciação na constituição de produções escritas promovidas por aluno do nono ano do ensino fundamental de uma escola pública do Paraná. Conforme proposto nos projetos ART e DAT, observou-se a ocorrência de anáforas presentes nos textos produzidos seguindo-se o artigo científico e o tema Dia Internacional da Água . A hipótese inicial estabelecida foi a de que as anáforas dão indícios das reais intenções do autor ao produzir as informações e torná-las públicas. Considerou-se que, se bem explorados, os elementos referenciadores revelam-se aliados no desenvolvimento da competência linguística do aluno. Com base nos estudos da Linguística Textual, pautou-se em obras de pesquisadores fundamentados na perspectiva sociocognitiva e interacionista da linguagem, que consideram a linguagem uma forma de cognição sócio-histórica e de caráter eminentemente interativo. Enfocou-se como ocorreu o processo de retomadas e quais foram as estratégias mais utilizadas na progressão textual. Dois textos foram selecionados para a composição do corpus, por serem representativos das formas de referenciação mais recorrentes. No intuito de proceder à transposição didática de tal forma que se possam aplicar essas noções ao ensino fundamental, as atenções voltaram-se ao texto como unidade de análise. Para dar conta do processo investigativo, esta dissertação foi organizada em torno de três questões: língua, texto e anáfora. A partir da verificação do modo como o aluno lidou com as retomadas em suas produções escritas, foram averiguados juízos de valor e propostas argumentativas. Como resultado, o estudo demonstrou que, para ter domínio sobre a manipulação dos elementos linguísticos no texto, o aluno precisa aprimorar suas capacidades leitoras.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:55:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elizete Paludo.pdf: 3145239 bytes, checksum: 07a88e04610c7cfdc50171cabb6f22ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-10 / This study aimed to verify the process of referral of the constitution written productions promoted by ninth graders of elementary education at a public school in Paraná. As proposed in ART and DAT projects, we observed the occurrence of anaphora present in the texts produced by following the scientific article and the theme "World Water Day". The initial hypothesis was established that the anaphora give evidence of the real intentions of the author to produce the information and make it public. It was considered that, if well exploited, the referrers elements reveal themselves allies in the development of linguistic competence of the student. Based on studies of Textual Linguistics, was based on works of researchers based on socio-cognitive and interactionist perspective of language, the language they consider a form of cognition socio-historical and highly interactive nature. Is focused as the process resumed occurred and what were the strategies most used in textual progression. Two texts were selected to compose the corpus, because they are representative of the most prevalent forms of identification. In order to make the didactic transposition so that they can apply these concepts to elementary education, attention reassembled the text as unit of analysis. To take account of the investigative process, this work was organized around three issues: language, text and anaphora. From the verification of how the student dealt with the resume in their written productions, judgmental and argumentative proposals were investigated. As a result, the study showed that, to have dominion over the handling of linguistic elements in the text, students need to enhance their capacity readers / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o processo de referenciação na constituição de produções escritas promovidas por aluno do nono ano do ensino fundamental de uma escola pública do Paraná. Conforme proposto nos projetos ART e DAT, observou-se a ocorrência de anáforas presentes nos textos produzidos seguindo-se o artigo científico e o tema Dia Internacional da Água . A hipótese inicial estabelecida foi a de que as anáforas dão indícios das reais intenções do autor ao produzir as informações e torná-las públicas. Considerou-se que, se bem explorados, os elementos referenciadores revelam-se aliados no desenvolvimento da competência linguística do aluno. Com base nos estudos da Linguística Textual, pautou-se em obras de pesquisadores fundamentados na perspectiva sociocognitiva e interacionista da linguagem, que consideram a linguagem uma forma de cognição sócio-histórica e de caráter eminentemente interativo. Enfocou-se como ocorreu o processo de retomadas e quais foram as estratégias mais utilizadas na progressão textual. Dois textos foram selecionados para a composição do corpus, por serem representativos das formas de referenciação mais recorrentes. No intuito de proceder à transposição didática de tal forma que se possam aplicar essas noções ao ensino fundamental, as atenções voltaram-se ao texto como unidade de análise. Para dar conta do processo investigativo, esta dissertação foi organizada em torno de três questões: língua, texto e anáfora. A partir da verificação do modo como o aluno lidou com as retomadas em suas produções escritas, foram averiguados juízos de valor e propostas argumentativas. Como resultado, o estudo demonstrou que, para ter domínio sobre a manipulação dos elementos linguísticos no texto, o aluno precisa aprimorar suas capacidades leitoras

The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) – supervised by the European Court of Human rights (ECtHR) – coexists with other normative (human rights) instruments that have been created at the national, regional, and international level, both by State and non-State actors. The ECHR represents one legal piece of this normative ‘jungle’, characterized by legal ‘fragmentation’. Whereas a lot is said about the negative aspects of this diverse world, this doctoral thesis aims to focus on its positive sides. To support its interpretation and application of the ECHR, the Strasbourg Court makes reference to a diverse range of instruments other than the ECHR, which we call external instruments. The Grand Chamber-case of Demir and Baykara v. Turkey of 12 November 2008 provides a rare overview of the characteristics of this ‘referencing practice’. In this judgment, the Court included a separate heading to specifically explain its interpretative use of international law, discussing the legal basis as well as the type of instruments that it considers relevant. Two major conclusions follow from the Court’s explanations: firstly, it puts external referencing in the light of some rules on interpretation provided in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) (particularly in Article 31 paragraph 3 (c) VCLT); secondly, it stresses that soft and non-ratified external instruments might equally offer support for (evolutively) interpreting the ECHR. These statements are controversial; the Court has been criticized for misinterpreting the rules of the VCLT, for not well justifying its references as well as for exceeding its powers by incoherently relying on (non-binding) external materials for interpretative purposes.The case of Demir and Baykara v. Turkey left many questions open in respect of the importation of external instruments. There is some confusion about the functions and the weight of (non-binding) external instruments in legal reasoning. In addition, the justificatory arguments developed in this case lack precision and persuasiveness. Addressing these gaps, this study firstly offers an elaborate ‘mapping’ of the usage of external instruments by the ECtHR. For that purpose, all references in each Grand Chamber-case since Demir and Baykara v. Turkey of 12 November 2008 (until the end of 2015) have been analyzed and categorized. Secondly, this work develops arguments to better justify the Court’s practice of using external instruments. Both from a legality and a users’ perspective, this thesis demonstrates how external referencing may (under certain conditions) be a valid method to give meaning to the provisions in the ECHR. The ‘mapping’ of the referencing practice demonstrates that, to support the interpretation and application of the Convention in the ‘law’-section of the decision, external instruments have been invoked by the Grand Chamber in almost 70 percent of the examined cases. This interpretative technique covers a wide variety of instruments, diverging according to their origin as well as to their scope ratione materiae, ratione personae and ratione loci. The legal status of the instruments constitutes an additional root of diversity; the ECtHR imports legal instruments that have been ratified by the Member States, instruments that have not been ratified by some of the Member States and/or by the respondent State, soft instruments created by politically (non-)representative bodies, and finally, case law developed by other (quasi-)judicial bodies. The Grand Chamber references these instruments for different purposes: to dismiss their content, to establish interpretative rules, to support the interpretation of notions and requirements of the Convention, to enable the creation of harmony between the Convention and external legal requirements, or to consider a State’s freedom of manoeuvre when applying the ECHR. An example of a contested – but rather rare – usage of external instruments consists of comparing a mixture of binding and non-binding instruments in order to progressively evolve (and change) the Court’s case law. Overall, however, the Grand Chamber adopts a rather traditional approach to its interpretative ‘sources’, not according to non-binding instruments an independent decisive weight.In the Grand Chamber cases issued after Demir and Baykara v. Turkey, the Court did not undertake efforts to further justify and explain its referencing practice. In our view, two provisions might nonetheless operate as valuable vehicles to enhance the legality of some references. It concerns, more particularly, Article 31 paragraph 3 (c) VCLT, inciting the Court to take into account external applicable norms, and Article 53 ECHR, offering a ‘safeguard’ for human rights. Article 31 paragraph 3 (c) VCLT is regularly used by the Court in connection to the method of ‘harmonious interpretation’, accommodating the obligations of the ECHR with external obligations (that risk to conflict with the Convention). We agree that Article 31 paragraph 3 (c) VCLT – covering a principle of ‘systemic integration’ – offers a legal basis for a coordinative integration of external applicable requirements. Some caution is nonetheless required; the creation of convergence between the ECHR and external legal domains should not supersede the aim of effective and progressive human rights protection. Therefore, when a conflict arises between the ECHR and an external provision, this should be clearly acknowledged instead of being artificially ignored under a pretext of ‘harmonisation’ and ‘anti-fragmentation’. Subsequently, the conflict should be solved by means of ‘hierarchical integration’ (giving precedence to human rights law) rather than by ‘coordinative integration’.Although the Court references Article 31 paragraph 3 (c) VCLT to support harmonious interpretation between the ECHR and external instruments outside the human rights domain, this case law study demonstrates that it does generally not cite this provision in respect of references to human rights catalogues other than the ECHR. For that reason, a criticism claiming that the Court misuses Article 31 paragraph 3 (c) VCLT to expand the ECHR on the basis of external higher human rights provisions, largely misses ground. This does not mean, however, that Article 31 paragraph 3 (c) VCLT has no relevance in respect of the importation of other human rights catalogues. Although this does not accord with the Court’s general practice, we are of the opinion that Article 31 paragraph 3 (c) VCLT mandates the Court to integrate (higher) protection standards applicable in all Member States of the Council of Europe. In other words, the ideal of ‘systemic integration’ is not only relevant in relation to the landscape of (general) international law, but should also permeate the domain of human rights law. As a harmonizing principle, it is supposed to encourage the Court to take account of ratified external human rights catalogues, including their authoritative interpretation by external monitoring bodies. Article 53 ECHR supports this argument too. This provision offers a human rights safeguard ensuring peaceful coexistence between the ECHR and higher protection standards. The message of Article 53 ECHR towards the Strasbourg judges is twofold. In its procedural dimension, the Court should use it directly, to sanction a State that, on the national level, did not give precedence to the highest applicable human rights standard. In its substantive dimension, this provision has effects similar to those of Article 31 paragraph 3 (c) VCLT. When higher and binding human rights standards are applicable in all Member States, Article 53 ECHR obliges the Court to substantively integrate them into its interpretation of the ECHR. In addition, we argue that Article 53 ECHR offers a symmetric human rights safeguard, preventing a downward evolution of the ECHR on the basis of external human rights instruments offering lower standards. The proposed interpretation of Article 53 ECHR is innovative, yet controversial; so far, the Court has not used it in this manner. In line with Articles 31 paragraph 3 (c) VCLT and 53 ECHR, we argue that external instruments, under certain conditions, exercise a binding authority. Apart from that, referencing could be exercised in an optional manner, for instance in order to support argumentative purposes such as ‘evolutive’, ‘practical and effective’, and ‘autonomous’ reasoning and/or the establishment of a ‘margin of appreciation’. Essentially, these interpretation principles are covered by a holistic reading of the rules of the VCLT. A concept that catches well a combined reading of the rules of the VCLT, without losing sight of the specificity of human rights law, is the search for ‘opinio juris under the treaty’. Under this interpretative framework, an emerging or an ambiguous State consensus may suffice to develop a dynamic interpretation of the ECHR, provided that the incomplete consensus is confirmed by an opinio juris. To establish an emerging or ambiguous State consensus, ‘hard’ and ratified legal instruments (of national or international origin) are of particular relevance. In addition, a wide variety of (non-binding) external instruments might be useful to demonstrate the opinio juris. Besides legal provisions, some other, less formal, users’ arguments may validate some aspects of the referencing practice. The usage of external human rights catalogues – possibly containing higher protection standards, rights of other ‘generations’, or more specialized and specific provisions – contributes to the creation of human rights that are effective, universal and indivisible. This serves the rights holders who have an interest in equal treatment by a law that operates as a ‘ius gentium’, and in an adjudication process that does justice to all specificities of their identity and lived experiences. In addition, referencing could contribute to progressively evolve the protection of human rights. The referencing practice also enhances the coherence of the system, which is beneficial for ‘legal certainty’ vis-à-vis all users of human rights. Moreover, external referencing may contribute to a more nuanced and ‘shared’ decision-making, inspired by the positions and insights of various actors. Indeed, by means of comparative law, judges can build a dialectic network of mutual influences and communicative enrichment on a global scale. When we acknowledge that it is the Court’s task to translate pluralism in balanced outcomes and to canalize the different interests underlying a case, the importation of external views from across the globe may help the Court is assuming that responsibility. The Strasbourg judges find particularly valuable tools in external instruments. Not only could their usage enhance the procedural economy and the deformalization of the decision-making process, external citations may also make a reasoning more convincing and authoritative towards the audience. However, these benefits only play to the extent that external referencing is transparent, consistent and systematically relies on a solid legal framework.To optimize the justification of the referencing practice, this doctoral thesis recommends the Court to better embed its external citations in both formal and informal arguments. We have done several suggestions as to how such arguments might be developed in practice. Their use could boost the valid usage of external instruments, which, under certain conditions, offers good opportunities for a persuasive interpretation and application of the ECHRWe started our research with a sketch of the present normative environment; it is disordered and can be metaphorically compared to a jungle. The Strasbourg judges walk through this area and use lianas to make connections between all elements that compose this forest. Through their referencing practice, they communicate, learn, and argue. In an ecosystem, all organisms are dependent on one another; they cannot survive in isolation. Following the rules of nature, the organisms mutually profit from each other’s existence and finally, provide each other with oxygen. In order to be good rangers in this jungle, the Strasbourg judges should recognize and acknowledge the existence and the value of all the other organisms. In addition, to ensure a high degree of balance in the ecosystem, they should keep an eye both on the system’s rules (legality) and on the views and interests of those that benefit from the system (the users of human rights). By handling the lianas in such manner, the Court contributes to more coherence of the system (combating ‘fragmentation’) and caters for the users’ needs. This does not mean that one day, the jungle will be turned into a nicely organized cornfield. Some diversity in global times is inevitable and necessary. After all, it is the chaotic context that offers us tools to advance the law, to persuade the public, etc. The art is not to replace pluralism by unity, but to find a balance between divergence and convergence by creating a form of justice that is shared by all. / Doctorat en Sciences juridiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The current research sought to clarify the diverging relationships between counterfactual thinking and hindsight bias observed in the literature thus far. In a non-legal context, Roese and Olson (1996) found a positive relationship between counterfactuals and hindsight bias, such that counterfactual mutations that undid the outcome also increased participants’ ratings of the outcome’s a priori likelihood. Further, they determined that this relationship is mediated by causal attributions about the counterfactually mutated antecedent event. Conversely, in the context of a civil lawsuit, Robbennolt and Sobus (1997) found that the relationship between counterfactual thinking and hindsight bias is negative. The current research sought to resolve the conflicting findings in the literature within a legal context. In Experiment One, the manipulation of the normality of the defendant’s target behavior, designed to manipulate participants’ counterfactual thoughts about said behavior, did moderate the hindsight effect of outcome knowledge on mock jurors’ judgments of the foreseeability of that outcome as well as their negligence verdicts. Although I predicted that counterfactual thinking would increase, or exacerbate, the hindsight bias, as found by Roese and Olson (1996), my results provided some support for Robbenolt and Sobus’s (1997) finding that counterfactual thinking decreases the hindsight bias. Behavior normality did not moderate the hindsight effect of outcome knowledge in Experiment Two, nor did causal proximity in Experiment Three. Additionally, my hypothesis that self-referencing may be an effective hindsight debiasing technique received little support across the three experiments. Although both the self-referencing instructions and self-report measure consistently decreased mock jurors’ likelihood of finding the defendant negligent, and self-referencing instructions decreased their foreseeability ratings in studies two and three, the self-referencing manipulation did not interact with outcome knowledge to moderate a hindsight bias effect on either foreseeability or negligence judgments. The consistent pattern of results across the three experiments, however, suggests that self-referencing may be an effective technique in reducing the likelihood of negligence verdicts.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Este trabalho apresenta reflexões e sugestões sobre o ensino da escrita a partir de uma experiência desenvolvida na rede pública estadual de Sergipe. Para tanto, aplicou-se uma proposta de intervenção, durante a qual os alunos criaram um blog de fanfictions onde divulgaram e compartilharam seus escritos. O objetivo deste experimento é contribuir com a ampliação da competência escrita dos alunos a partir das atividades de reescrita e da exploração de algumas estratégias de referenciação presentes nos textos produzidos, além de promover a circularidade e o compartilhamento desses escritos no blog. Para a criação do blog, partiu-se das perspectivas do multiletramento, que envolvem a multiplicidade cultural e semiótica da sociedade. As reflexões sobre a língua partiram das teorias dos gêneros do discurso e da escrita como processo, culminando com os estudos sobre a reescrita e a avaliação. O corpus de análise constituiu-se de cinco produções coletivas elaboradas pelos alunos durante as aulas. Os resultados desta análise apontam para a melhoria da escrita dos alunos, decorrente das atividades de reescrita e da exploração de algumas estratégias de referenciação. Constatou-se, ainda, uma participação mais efetiva dos sujeitos em consequência do uso do blog como ambiente de trocas dialógicas e compartilhamento. Desta experiência, resultou como produto um caderno pedagógico, contendo orientações que podem ser ressignificadas em outras realidades educacionais.

IN ENGLISH The thesis deals with intertext and architext relations in some works of T. Pratchett. It tries to introduce some variants of intertextual referencing, their possibilities and above all to map the use of this literary phenomenon together with its interpretation. The aim of this work is to create at least an approximate map of links with their description. The method of work is primarily a thorough study of novels in translation and their originals. The introductory part of the thesis deals with the theoretical basis, the central part of the work is a summary of individual passages containing an intertext or architectext reference and their analysis.