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The End of the Earmark Era: The New Politicization of Federal Agency SpendingKuhn, Brian M. 01 December 2017 (has links)
No description available.
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Uma contribuição à teoria das contribuições / A contribution to the theory of contributionsGabriel Demetrio Domingues 05 September 2014 (has links)
A insuficiente definição conceitual das contribuições, seja a nível constitucional, seja a nível do Código Tributário Nacional, tem possibilitado a instituição de contribuições especiais pela União Federal sem quase nenhum parâmetro de controle, exceto pelas exigências de afetação do produto da arrecadação a uma finalidade específica (social, econômica ou
profissional) e de referibilidade dos benefícios ao grupo de contribuintes. Ocorre que o primeiro requisito (da afetação) é de dificílimo controle e tem sido pouco observado, enquanto que o segundo (da referibilidade) é um conceito ainda muito aberto e sujeito a uma interpretação elástica pelos tribunais, que tem reconhecido a sua existência mesmo nos casos em que a atuação estatal não se refere direta e imediatamente ao grupo de contribuintes. Isso, na prática, abriu à União Federal um campo de incidência quase ilimitado a explorar por meio da criação de contribuições que muitas vezes não passam de meros impostos com destinação especial, agravando os problemas de escalada da carga tributária, concentração das receitas tributárias na União Federal, crescente dependência de Estados e Municípios de transferências federais e perda da racionalidade do já precário Sistema Tributário Nacional. Em vista disso, o presente trabalho visa contribuir para o desenvolvimento da teoria das contribuições, identificando novos parâmetros jurídicos para a sua classificação, estruturação e controle. Por meio desses aportes teóricos, busca-se também conferir maior racionalidade e coerência ao
Sistema Tributário Nacional, o que de maneira indireta também tende a contribuir para o desenvolvimento institucional do País. / The insufficient conceptual definition of contributions, both in the Constitution and in the National Tax Code, has enabled the establishment of special contributions by the Federal Government without almost any control parameter, except for the requirements of earmarking of the proceeds from the collection for a particular purpose (social, economic or professional) and linkage of the benefits to the group of taxpayers. However, the first requirement (earmarking) is very difficult to control and is rarely observed, while the second (linkage) is still a too open concept, subject to an elastic interpretation by the courts, which have recognized its existence even in cases where the state action does not directly refer to the group of taxpayers. This, in effect, ppened to the Federal Government an almost unlimited
field of taxation to explore through the creation of contributions that often are nothing more than simple "taxes with preestablished allocation", making even worse the problems of escalating tax burden, concentration of tax revenues on the Federal Government, growing dependence of states and municipalities on federal transfers and loss of rationality of the already precarious National Tax System. In view of this, the present work aims to contribute to the development of the theory of contributions, identifying new legal standards for its classification, structure and control. Through these theoretical inputs, it also seeks to bring
greater rationality and coherence to the National Tax System, what indirectly also tends to promote the institucional development of the country.
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Uma contribuição à teoria das contribuições / A contribution to the theory of contributionsGabriel Demetrio Domingues 05 September 2014 (has links)
A insuficiente definição conceitual das contribuições, seja a nível constitucional, seja a nível do Código Tributário Nacional, tem possibilitado a instituição de contribuições especiais pela União Federal sem quase nenhum parâmetro de controle, exceto pelas exigências de afetação do produto da arrecadação a uma finalidade específica (social, econômica ou
profissional) e de referibilidade dos benefícios ao grupo de contribuintes. Ocorre que o primeiro requisito (da afetação) é de dificílimo controle e tem sido pouco observado, enquanto que o segundo (da referibilidade) é um conceito ainda muito aberto e sujeito a uma interpretação elástica pelos tribunais, que tem reconhecido a sua existência mesmo nos casos em que a atuação estatal não se refere direta e imediatamente ao grupo de contribuintes. Isso, na prática, abriu à União Federal um campo de incidência quase ilimitado a explorar por meio da criação de contribuições que muitas vezes não passam de meros impostos com destinação especial, agravando os problemas de escalada da carga tributária, concentração das receitas tributárias na União Federal, crescente dependência de Estados e Municípios de transferências federais e perda da racionalidade do já precário Sistema Tributário Nacional. Em vista disso, o presente trabalho visa contribuir para o desenvolvimento da teoria das contribuições, identificando novos parâmetros jurídicos para a sua classificação, estruturação e controle. Por meio desses aportes teóricos, busca-se também conferir maior racionalidade e coerência ao
Sistema Tributário Nacional, o que de maneira indireta também tende a contribuir para o desenvolvimento institucional do País. / The insufficient conceptual definition of contributions, both in the Constitution and in the National Tax Code, has enabled the establishment of special contributions by the Federal Government without almost any control parameter, except for the requirements of earmarking of the proceeds from the collection for a particular purpose (social, economic or professional) and linkage of the benefits to the group of taxpayers. However, the first requirement (earmarking) is very difficult to control and is rarely observed, while the second (linkage) is still a too open concept, subject to an elastic interpretation by the courts, which have recognized its existence even in cases where the state action does not directly refer to the group of taxpayers. This, in effect, ppened to the Federal Government an almost unlimited
field of taxation to explore through the creation of contributions that often are nothing more than simple "taxes with preestablished allocation", making even worse the problems of escalating tax burden, concentration of tax revenues on the Federal Government, growing dependence of states and municipalities on federal transfers and loss of rationality of the already precarious National Tax System. In view of this, the present work aims to contribute to the development of the theory of contributions, identifying new legal standards for its classification, structure and control. Through these theoretical inputs, it also seeks to bring
greater rationality and coherence to the National Tax System, what indirectly also tends to promote the institucional development of the country.
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Pourboire : sociologie compréhensive du style de vie des employés de la restaurationPector-Lallemand, Jules 07 1900 (has links)
À partir d’une série d’entretiens ethnographiques auprès d’employés des bars et restaurants de Montréal, je me penche dans cette recherche sur le monde de « l’industrie » de la restauration. Au cours de l’enquête, j’identifie un style de vie spécifique composé de ce que j’appelle des « conduites dépensières ». Il s’agit pour ces employés d’un ensemble de pratiques ayant pour conséquence la dépense d’une partie importante de leurs revenus d’emplois dans les restaurants et les bars afin de s’offrir des soirées sociables alcoolisées et des sorties de découvertes gastronomiques. En tentant de rendre compte de ce style de vie, j’avance l’hypothèse que ces conduites sont sous-tendues par un véritable système culturel de coutumes, rituels, normes et valeurs. Au cœur de ce système culturel se trouve le brouillage des frontières entre le professionnel et le privé, le sérieux et le plaisir, le travail et le party. Ce brouillage a pour effet de rediriger une partie des revenus de mes informateurs à l’intérieur de leur univers professionnel. Cette redirection ne serait possible sans le marquage symbolique de l’argent-pourboire, tel que théorisé par Viviana Zelizer, qui fait en sorte que cette monnaie est socialement assignée à la dépense à l’intérieur de « l’industrie ». Au cœur de ma méthode d’enquête se trouve l’utilisation du feuilleton sociologique, véritable outil de validation et de construction des données. / Based on a series of ethnographic interviews with bar and restaurant staff in Montreal, I examine in this study the world of the restaurant “industry.” During the investigation, I have identified a specific lifestyle characterized by “spendthrift conducts.” These conducts are a set of behaviors leading to the spending of a significant portion of my informants’ income in gastronomic discoveries and nights of drinking in restaurants and bars. To account for this particular lifestyle, I argue that these behaviors are underpinned by a cultural system of customs, rituals, norms, and values. The blurring of the boundaries between the professional and the private, the serious and the fun, work and party, is central to this cultural system. As a result of this blurring, the informants’ income is reinjected within their professional universe. This would not be possible without the social earmarking of tip, as theorized by Viviana Zelizer. This currency is socially assigned for spending within the “industry.” While writing up this study the sociological feuilleton has turned out to be an original tool for validating and constructing data.
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The financing of a nonpure public good : the case of roadsNaude, C. M. (Clifford Marnetz), 1965- 06 1900 (has links)
This dissertation is concerned with the financing of roads in terms of public finance economic
theory. The theory of public goods is applied to the case of roads and it is concluded that
roads possess significant elements of privateness and are therefore nonpure public goods.
Given that roads are nonpure public goods, and that the market for roads has natural
monopoly characteristics, it is proposed that user charges have a role to play in the financing
of roads. Road user charging techniques such as licence fees, fuel levies, tolls, area licensing,
parking charges and weight-distance charges are evaluated. The advantages of user charging
versus tax earmarking and general fund financing are examined. A road financing system for
South Africa is proposed, whereby National roads are financed by user charges, and
Provincial and Local roads are financed partly by user charges and partly by general taxes. / Economics and Management Sciences / Thesis (M.Com.)--University of South Africa, 1996.
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Come affrontare il problema del traffico nelle città: road pricing versus charge subsidy / Dealing with Congestion in Cities: Road Pricing versus Charge-SubsidyFRISONI, ROBERTA 18 July 2007 (has links)
Da diversi anni la letteratura economica raccomanda l'utilizzo del road pricing come strumento efficiente per internalizzare le esternalità (ambientali e di congestione) prodotte dalla circolazione dei veicoli sulle strade. Tuttavia, l'accettabilità di questo strumento è in genere molto bassa. Pertanto, il lavoro di ricerca svolto è stato indirizzato allo studio di uno schema di road pricing più accettabile, giungendo alla elaborazione di una politica innovativa, il charge-subsidy road pricing (CSRP). Il CSRP prevede che gli automobilisti ricevano gratuitamente un certo numero di permessi che consente loro di guidare in un'area soggetta a pricing nelle ore in cui è in richiesto il pagamento. Inoltre, il CSRP consente a coloro che hanno bisogno di un numero maggiore di permessi di comprarne di aggiuntivi dentro pagamento di una charge; allo stesso tempo lo schema prevede che coloro che riescono a risparmiare parte dei permessi ricevuti possano restituirli e ottenere in cambio un beneficio (monetario/fiscale o in natura ) dall'amministrazione incaricata di gestire il sistema. L'idea di fondo che sta dietro il CSRP è il fatto che la distribuzione gratuita di un certo numero di permessi dovrebbe rendere il CSRP più accettabile di altre politiche di road pricing più tradizionali: il lavoro svolto testa questa ipotesi sia da un punto di vista teorico che empirico. / Economists tend to support road pricing for its efficiency properties in tackling road usage externalities (in particular, congestion and environmental impacts), but usually the acceptability of this instrument is really low both among the general public and politicians. Thus, this PhD research is an attempt to design and analyse a more acceptable road pricing scheme, i.e. a charge-subsidy road pricing scheme (CSRP) where car owners are allotted an amount of free units they can use in place of money to pay for the kind of road pricing scheme implemented. Under the CSRP those who want to drive more than the allowance provided are required to pay a charge, while a (monetary/fiscal or in kind) subsidy might be given to those who manage to spare some of the initially distributed rights. The presence of an initial amount of free units should make the CSRP more acceptable than other traditional road pricing schemes: indeed this work investigates this hypothesis by means of a theoretical and an empirical analysis.
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Seigniorage in der EWU : eine Analyse der Notenbankgewinnentstehung und -verwendung des Eurosystems /Rösl, Gerhard. January 2002 (has links) (PDF)
Univ. der Bundeswehr, Diss.--Hamburg, 2002.
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The financing of a nonpure public good : the case of roadsNaude, C. M. (Clifford Marnetz), 1965- 06 1900 (has links)
This dissertation is concerned with the financing of roads in terms of public finance economic
theory. The theory of public goods is applied to the case of roads and it is concluded that
roads possess significant elements of privateness and are therefore nonpure public goods.
Given that roads are nonpure public goods, and that the market for roads has natural
monopoly characteristics, it is proposed that user charges have a role to play in the financing
of roads. Road user charging techniques such as licence fees, fuel levies, tolls, area licensing,
parking charges and weight-distance charges are evaluated. The advantages of user charging
versus tax earmarking and general fund financing are examined. A road financing system for
South Africa is proposed, whereby National roads are financed by user charges, and
Provincial and Local roads are financed partly by user charges and partly by general taxes. / Economics and Management Sciences / Thesis (M.Com.)--University of South Africa, 1996.
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