[pt] Esta pesquisa pretende contribuir com o mercado joalheiro apresentando aspectos importantes e limitações do uso de materiais não convencionais na joalheria. Atualmente diferentes materiais são acrescentados à joalheria, como o plástico, madeira, resina entre outros. O estudo tem por objetivo analisar os aspectos ecológicos que norteiam as decisões de compra e a percepção do consumidor deste tipo de jóia. O que especifica uma jóia não é mais o conjunto de materiais intrínsecos mas a capacidade criativa do seu autor na concepção e resolução de sua idéia agregando valores além do valor monetário. Para avaliar esta situação, realizou-se uma pesquisa com profissionais e consumidores do produto em questão, procurando identificar os significados e conceitos atuais que rodeiam este mercado. Esses valores e significados podem ser atribuídos pelo design e um deles é o valor ecológico, que será um dos focos desta dissertação. / [en] This research intends to contribute with the jewelry market presenting some important aspects and limitations of the use of non conventional materials in jewelry. Nowadays, some alternative materials are added in jewelry making such as plastic, wood, resin, etc. This work aims to analyze some of the ecological aspects that influences purchase decision and the consumer´s perception of this sort of jewel. A jewel is no longer defined by the usage of certain groups of material but by the author´s creativity in conceiving the idea. That contributes to increase the earned-value of the product - which is beyond the monetary value. To analyze this scenario, a survey was conducted - with professionals and consumers of these products - in order to identify the meanings and the current concepts that encircle this market. These values and meanings can be expressed by the design and one of them is the ecological value - which is one of this dissertation´s focus.

A reutilização aumenta e valoriza o ciclo de vida dos produtos sem necessidade da desintegração do material, proporcionando um destino adequado e o aproveitamento da configuração formal, da energia e matéria-prima agregadas e das propriedades inerentes ao produto que é descartado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar e propor parâmetros técnicos de resistência, absorção, recobrimentos e corte a laser, visando possibilitar a reutilização de tubos de papelão, provenientes de descarte, no desenvolvimento de produtos. Por meio do panorama sobre o descarte deste material no recorte geográfico da cidade de Porto Alegre, realizado através de visitas a empresas dos segmentos de confeccção e gráfico, selecionou-se como padrão de tubo a ser pesquisado o de diâmetro interno 76,2mm (encontrado geralmente nas espessuras 3mm, 4mm, 5mm e 6,5mm), cujo destino recorrente é o recolhimento por catadores de materiais recicláveis. Para a realização dos ensaios técnicos, efetuou-se a coleta dos tubos até ser atingida a quantidade necessária, aferiram-se suas medidas e confeccionaram-se os corpos de prova. Em seguida, após a caracterização do material através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e análise termogravimétrica (ATG), foram realizados ensaios técnicos de resistência à compressão axial e diametral; flambagem; absorção de água; testes de recobrimento, corte a laser e experimentações sobre métodos de união. Como resultados, a temperatura de combustão, identificada na ATG, indica que até os 210°C existe uma faixa de segurança na utilização dos tubos. Pelos resultados dos ensaios de compressão axial e diametral, concluiu-se que que a direção mais adequada e com maior relevância de utilização dos tubos de papelão é a vertical, com o sentido da carga aplicado paralelamente à seção transversal. O ensaio de flambagem permitiu verificar que as falhas apresentadas não são repentinas; a amostra permaneceu estável, já que não houve ruptura súbita. No teste de absorção de água, constatou-se que os tubos são higroscópicos, necessitando de impermeabilização; para reconhecer um material de recobrimento adequado para os tubos de papelão, refez-se o ensaio de absorção de água com os tubos revestidos por tintas e vernizes à base de água. O melhor resultado foi apresentado pelo verniz marítimo em três demãos, revestimento que foi analisado por MEV. Após ensaios técnicos, foram realizados experimentos de corte a laser e métodos de união dos tubos. Concluiu-se a viabilidade da aplicação da tecnologia de corte a laser no material, determinando-se a potência e velocidades adequadas para o corte mais eficiente em cada espessura; e os métodos de união estudados possibilitam elaborar uma variedade de combinações aplicáveis na configuração de produtos. Por fim, acredita-se que o estudo e reconhecimento de características peculiares de novos materiais é um ponto determinante para a inserção destes no Design. / The reuse increases and enhances the life cycle of the product without the disintegration of the material, providing a correct destination and use of formal configuration, energy and raw material and aggregate properties inherent to the product or material that is discarded. This study aims to identify the technical parameters of resistance, absorption, coatings and laser cutting to reuse cardboard tubes, from disposal in product development. Through the overview of the disposal of this material in the city of Porto Alegre, conducted through visits to businesses in the segments of clothing and printing industry, was selected as standard tube to be researched the inner diameter of 76,2mm (found usually in thicknesses 3mm, 4mm, 5mm and 6,5mm), whose destination is the collection by waste pickers. For conducting technical trials, performed the collection tubes until reach the required amount, have assessed up your measurements and sewed up the specimens. Then, after the characterization of the material by scanning thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA ) and electron microscopy (MEV), technical tests of resistance to axial and diametrical compression, buckling, water absorption, coating testing, laser cutting and experiments on joining methods were performed. As a result, the combustion temperature the ATG identified, indicates that even at 210°C there is a range of safety of the tubes. The results of the tests diametral and axial compression, it was concluded that the most appropriate and most important use of paper tubes is the vertical direction, with the direction of the load applied parallel to the cross-section. The buckling test has shown that the problems presented are not sudden, the sample remained stable, since there was no sudden break. In the water absorption test, it was found that the pipes are hygroscopic, requiring waterproofing; to recognize a material suitable for coating cardboard tubes, the water absorption test is remade and tubes were coated with paints and varnishes water-based. The best result was presented by three coats of marine varnish, coating was analyzed by MEV. After technical tests, experiments of laser cutting and joining methods were performed. The conclusion of the feasibility of applying laser cutting technology in the material, determining the appropriate speed and power for efficient cutting each thickness, and the possible joining methods studied prepare a variety of combinations applyable on a product’s configuration. Finally, it’s believed that the recognition and study of specific characteristics of new materials is a key factor on its insertion in product design.

[pt] A interface do lixo urbano com a questão do Ecodesign é o fio condutor deste trabalho. A conscientização da importância do comprometimento do homem com seu meio ambiente, tem direcionado a inserção do Design no cenário da sustentabilidade. A partir da relação do homem com seus objetos e o acúmulo do lixo urbano, são apresentados, um estudo da composição dos resíduos sólidos urbanos na sociedade contemporânea, e as medidas atuais de gerenciamento deste problema. O papel do designer, como agente inovador, assume uma função neste cenário investigando as alterantivas para evitar a formação do lixo urbano, sob o enfoque da sustentabilidade. O que está sendo proposto, neste trabalho, é acentuar as perspectivas que se descortinam, para gerenciar o resíduo que pode ser evitado. Com o foco na desmaterialização e na biodegradabilidade, são apresentadas as possibilidades para a realização deste novo gerenciamento.A importância da inserção do plástico biodegradável, no processo produtivo, é relatada através do panorama mundial e das pesquisas que estão sendo realizadas no Brasil acerca deste material. O Ecodesign, desta forma, possibilita o aparecimento de uma atitude projetual direcionada para a qualidade de vida do homem e para a sobrevivência do nosso planeta. / [en] The interface between urban wastes and the issue of Ecodesign is the central theme of this work. Increasing awareness of the importance of man's commitment to the environment has moved Design towards sustainability. On the basis on the relation between people and their objects and the accumulation of urban refuse, a study is made of the make up of solid waste in contemporary cities, and present management measures for dealing with this problem are examined. The role of the designer as innovator in this context is to investigate alternatives to avoid accumulation of urban waste, from the perspective of sustainability, stressing new ways of managing avoidable wastes. Novel management measures are proposed, with emphosis on dematerialization and biodegradability. The importance of introducing biodegradable plastic in the productive process is described in the context of the world situation and of ongoing research on this material in Brazil. In this way, Ecodesign gives rise to an attitude in project design that aims at improved quality of life for people and the survival of our planet.

Orientador: Afonso Lopes / Resumo: Na concepção do projeto e na fabricação de equipamentos, deve-se preocupar com a energia incorporada e com a quantidade de emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), de modo a atender às exigências ambientais, cada vez mais requeridas por organismos internacionais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo calcular a energia incorporada (MJ) e a emissão de GEE (kg CO2e) na fabricação de equipamentos para beneficiamento de algodão, considerando a matéria-prima, a hora trabalhada e a energia elétrica consumida. O trabalho foi realizado na análise de três equipamentos de uma usina de beneficiamento de algodão. Os referidos equipamentos foram fabricados com tecnologia nacional por uma empresa localizada no interior do Estado de São Paulo. O primeiro equipamento, alimentador extrator automático, teve emissão de 6,57 CO2e kg-1 e energia incorporada de, 102,54 MJ kg-1; o segundo equipamento, descaroçador, teve emissão de 6,82 CO2e kg-1 e energia incorporada de 107,64 MJ kg-1; e o terceiro equipamento, prensa hidráulica, teve emissão de 5,05 CO2e kg-1 e energia incorporada de 78,73 MJ kg-1. Verifica-se a relevância dos materiais metálicos, principalmente do aço-carbono e a importância da energia elétrica consumida no cálculo de energia incorporada. O tempo homem/hora não foi relevante nos resultados de emissão de CO2e kg-1 e energia incorporada. / Abstract: In conception of design and manufacturing equipment it must be concerned with the embodied energy and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), in order to meet the environmental requirements, which are increasingly required by international organizations. This paper aimed to calculate the embodied energy (MJ) and the emission of GHG (kg CO2e) in the manufacture of equipment for cotton processing, considering the raw material, the hour worked and the consumption of electric energy. The study analyzed three equipments of a plant of cotton benefit. These equipments were manufactured with national technology by a company located in the interior of the Brazilian state of São Paulo. The first equipment, automatic extractor feeder, had emission of 6.57 CO2e kg-1 and embodied energy of 102.54 MJ kg-1; the second equipment, ginning machine; had emission of 6.82 CO2e kg-1 and embodied energy of 107.64 MJ kg-1, and the third equipment, hydraulic press; had emission of 5.05 CO2e kg-1 and embodied energy of 78.73 MJ kg-1. Then was verified the relevance of metallic materials, mainly carbon steel and the importance of consumption of electric energy in the calculation of embodied energy. The man/hour time was not relevant in the results of CO2e kg-1 emission and embodied energy. / Doutor

The energy consumption of the use phase of buildings accounts for almost 30 per-cent of the global energy consumption and is expected to increase in the coming years (Santamouris and Vasilakopoulou, 2021). Furthermore, increasing demand for energy-efficient buildings can be expected due to the introduction of legislative frameworks, such as the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive and the Energy Efficiency Directive (European Commission, 2022b). With the use of building management systems, the energy use of a building can be monitored and optimized (Joseph, 2018). However, it is important not to shift the saved energy use of the building onto the large number of electronic devices needed in the systems. This can be prevented by using ecodesign, which refers to the integration of environmental aspects into the product development process (ISO, 2002).  This thesis aims to find solutions for reducing the environmental impact of electronic products in building management systems, both by finding redesign improvement options and improvement areas within the product development processes of the products. This involved a case study, conducted together with the R&D department at a multi-national company within the electrical equipment industry. Improvement options for four products within the building management system category were generated by using Quality Function Deployment for Environment, where normalized results from life cycle assessments of each product were used for environmental inputs. A total of six improvement options were developed, and the reduction in environmental impact that these would imply was quantified using life cycle assessments. For Product A, the prioritized option was to extend the lifetime of the product from 10 to 15 years. For Product B, changing the production country from Romania to Sweden would reduce the impacts the most. For Product C and Product D, introducing a power-saving mode was the most preferable option. Furthermore, improvement suggestions for environmental sustainability in the product development process at the company were developed by using a four-step method inspired by Charter and Tischner (2001), and ecodesign success factors identified by Johansson (2002). This resulted in nine improvement suggestions within the areas of management, customer relationships, development processes, and competence. Two aspects were considered to be of higher importance; 1. to specify the value and benefits of implementing ecodesign together with relevant stakeholders, and to identify activities and resources needed to achieve that; 2. to consider environmental aspects already at the first step of the product development process. It was also shown that it is of importance to create ecodesign implementation strategies and tools that are customized to the specific company considered for successful integration of environmental aspects in the product development process.

The aim of the Thesis is to give an overview of selected companies from various industries that have an ecological approach and utilize green marketing together with a following overall evaluation forecast of likely development of the subject, mainly in the Czech Republic environment in comparison with the world.

A crescente preocupação com a melhor qualidade do meio ambiente, seja por força da legislação ou pela conscientização da população, faz com que surjam novas técnicas que auxiliam as empresas a participarem ativamente da construção de um modelo de produção ambientalmente sustentável e economicamente viável. Dentre estas novas técnicas, destaca-se a aplicação dos conceitos do Ecodesign, que propõem a integração dos aspectos ambientais no projeto de novos produtos, que é o tema deste trabalho. A questão de pesquisa, refere-se a como as empresas do setor moveleiro tratam as questões ambientais, sob a ótica do Ecodesign. A partir desta questão, foi determinado o objetivo geral de identificar práticas e posturas associadas ao Ecodesign, nas empresas moveleiras filiadas ao Sindicado das Indústrias Moveleiras de Bento Gonçalves, no RS. Os objetivos específicos visaram verificar a postura ambiental das empresas pesquisadas, identificar as atuais práticas relacionadas ao Ecodesign e identificar as principais dificuldades de implantação dos conceitos, apontadas pelos gestores das empresas pesquisadas. Como base teórica, foi realizado um estudo do Ecodesign, comparando diferentes visões e uma revisão do atual panorama do setor moveleiro, em nível nacional e mundial. O método escolhido foi o estudo descritivo, com a utilização de um questionário composto por questões voltadas a atingir os objetivos propostos, aplicado em 27 empresas do setor moveleiro. Como conclusão deste estudo, verificou-se que as empresas pesquisadas possuem uma postura de receptividade média frente às questões ambientais, embora não atuem de forma pró-ativa, pois esperam a concretização de tendências para agirem. Há um grande potencial para implantação de técnicas que causem menor impacto ao meio ambiente, pois já são utilizadas algumas que podem ser relacionadas ao Ecodesign, mas ainda não são exploradas plenamente pelas empresas.

This goal of this thesis is to present an overview of thedesigner’s situation in Swedish companies in relation toenvironmental work in the product development process. Theoverall aim is to describe the designer’s situation andhis/her potential to minimize the environmental impact ofproducts. Awareness of the environmental problems has led to a newapproach to product development, and today EcoDesign is beingintegrated in many Swedish companies. However, if products areto be improved from an environmental aspect, it is not onlynecessary to integrate the issue in the product developmentprocess, but designers themselves must also be given thepossibility of actually designing environmentally friendlyproducts. This makes the designer a key actor in EcoDesign. There are different levels of support for designers duringthe various stages of product development. The most commonenvironmental work within Swedish companies is to perform LifeCycle Assessment (LCA) or to introduce an environmentalmanagement system (EMS), most commonly ISO 14000. In order tooptimize a product from an environmental view, it is necessarynot only to know how the product affects the environment butalso how to evaluate different solutions and concepts. In orderto do this, LCA can be a support but it does not lead to thefinding of new solutions or concepts. There is control of theproduct’s content and restrictions on substances thatcannot be used. The focus of the product’s environmentalimpact is not only in the manufacturing and use phase but alsoin the end-of-life phase. This focus is due to a new type oflegislation, the producer responsibility law. The overall aimof this regulation is to increase reuse and recycling. To makethis economically possible, the present efforts to adaptproducts to recycling must be vastly increased. Finally, in order to integrate the environmental issue inthe everyday work of designers it is necessary to have thefollowing conditions:     Environmental expertise available     An evaluation tool in order to confirm and choosealternatives     Education and information for designers to spreadknowledge and to motivate them     Constant stress on the importance of environmentaladaptation     Documentation routines and guidelines connected to theproduct development process to ensure that the issue isconsidered at every step Integrating the issue in the product development process canclearly make significant environmental product improvements.For all companies, however, the overall aim is to make as muchmoney as possible, and it is evident that any major productchanges also have to lead to an increased customer benefit. Ifsignificant product changes are necessary for environmentalimprovements, further driving forces, such as governmentalregulations, may be needed in order to develop suchproducts. <b>Keywords:</b>EcoDesign, designers, environmental productdevelopment, design for environment.

<p>This goal of this thesis is to present an overview of thedesigner’s situation in Swedish companies in relation toenvironmental work in the product development process. Theoverall aim is to describe the designer’s situation andhis/her potential to minimize the environmental impact ofproducts.</p><p>Awareness of the environmental problems has led to a newapproach to product development, and today EcoDesign is beingintegrated in many Swedish companies. However, if products areto be improved from an environmental aspect, it is not onlynecessary to integrate the issue in the product developmentprocess, but designers themselves must also be given thepossibility of actually designing environmentally friendlyproducts. This makes the designer a key actor in EcoDesign.</p><p>There are different levels of support for designers duringthe various stages of product development. The most commonenvironmental work within Swedish companies is to perform LifeCycle Assessment (LCA) or to introduce an environmentalmanagement system (EMS), most commonly ISO 14000. In order tooptimize a product from an environmental view, it is necessarynot only to know how the product affects the environment butalso how to evaluate different solutions and concepts. In orderto do this, LCA can be a support but it does not lead to thefinding of new solutions or concepts. There is control of theproduct’s content and restrictions on substances thatcannot be used. The focus of the product’s environmentalimpact is not only in the manufacturing and use phase but alsoin the end-of-life phase. This focus is due to a new type oflegislation, the producer responsibility law. The overall aimof this regulation is to increase reuse and recycling. To makethis economically possible, the present efforts to adaptproducts to recycling must be vastly increased.</p><p>Finally, in order to integrate the environmental issue inthe everyday work of designers it is necessary to have thefollowing conditions:</p><p>    Environmental expertise available</p><p>    An evaluation tool in order to confirm and choosealternatives</p><p>    Education and information for designers to spreadknowledge and to motivate them</p><p>    Constant stress on the importance of environmentaladaptation</p><p>    Documentation routines and guidelines connected to theproduct development process to ensure that the issue isconsidered at every step</p><p>Integrating the issue in the product development process canclearly make significant environmental product improvements.For all companies, however, the overall aim is to make as muchmoney as possible, and it is evident that any major productchanges also have to lead to an increased customer benefit. Ifsignificant product changes are necessary for environmentalimprovements, further driving forces, such as governmentalregulations, may be needed in order to develop suchproducts.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>EcoDesign, designers, environmental productdevelopment, design for environment.</p>

One of the legislative regulations aiming at reduced energy consumption in the European Union, is (EC) 640/2009 that imposes requirements of the efficiency of electric motors sold in the Union. This study aimed at examining the effectiveness of these legislative requirements. To illustrate the opportunities of reducing energy consumption by the introduction of more efficient motors, an efficiency measurement of electric motors that drive the fuel feed system in a cogeneration plant in Nybro was intended to be carried out. This was to enable a comparison between the efficiency of existing motors with motors which comply with the efficiency levels in (EC) 640/2009 and to calculate how much the energy consumption would decrease in this energy system if more efficient motors were introduced. The planed measurements could not be carried out to give a reliable result because the plant suffer from the same problem as many other industries in the EU, which is that the motors in this energy system are oversized and operate at low loads. Oversized motors do not operate at their rated efficiency and therefore a comparison of existing motors and motors that comply with the efficiency requirements in (EC) 640/2009 fails to give a correct result, since they would not operate at their rated efficiency if they were installed in this energy system due to the efficiency drop at low loads. Instead the load factor was determined with the Input Power Estimation Method that showed that all motors were operated far below their rated power, thus making this an inefficient energy system. This is a common problem, and an impediment for the directive to achieve its full potential energy savings because the efficiency of motors drops substantially if they are operated below their rated power. The results show that guidelines to avoid motor misapplications is just as important as raising the efficiency of electric motors. In the studied case higher energy savings can be achieved by replacing the tested motors to smaller motors instead of introducing new motors of the same size with a higher efficiency.