O uso de incentivos econômicos é uma realidade na busca do desenvolvimento sustentável. No setor da drenagem urbana não é diferente. Para este setor a sustentabilidade é a reprodução do comportamento hidrológico natural de uma área, utilizando técnicas descentralizadas de micro-gestão, representada pelo Desenvolvimento Urbano de Baixo Impacto (Low Impact Development – LID). O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi analisar o uso de incentivos econômicos para a drenagem urbana, de modo a induzir e financiar o planejamento sustentável em desenvolvimento consolidados e novos, em escala de lote urbano, segundo as técnicas do LID. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidas três etapas metodológicas: (i) a aplicação do planejamento sustentável da drenagem urbana em desenvolvimentos consolidados e novos; (ii) o desenvolvimento dos incentivos econômicos; e (iii) a validação dos incentivos econômicos. Para aplicar as etapas metodológicas foram utilizadas três micro-bacias urbanas do município de Porto Alegre/RS com diferenças físicas, sócio-econômicas e quanto aos problemas relacionados à drenagem urbana. O planejamento sustentável foi simulado nos lotes com características médias nas micro-bacias. A partir destas simulações, e das próprias características das micro-bacias, foram estabelecidos os incentivos econômicos. A validação dos incentivos foi realizada por meio da aplicação de questionários aos proprietários dos lotes, utilizando o Método de Valoração Contingente (MVC), para estimar a Disposição a Pagar (DAP) e a Receber (DAR) dos proprietários para resolver os problemas do setor. Os resultados sugerem que utilizar incentivos positivos é a melhor solução (por exemplo, redução de impostos). Com isso, o controle do escoamento pluvial seria efetivamente estimulado, pois os incentivos positivos são os mais aceitos pelos proprietários, e os custos envolvidos neste controle em escala de lote são inferiores aos normalmente obtidos com as técnicas de controle do escoamento pluvial na macrodrenagem. Constatou-se que a existência de problemas e já ter sofrido um prejuízo qualquer são as variáveis com maior correlação direta com o aumento da DAP e DAR. Como conclusão final, acredita-se que um incentivo econômico positivo serviria para um processo de educação ambiental na drenagem urbana com objetivo de formar cidadãos conscientes e atuantes na busca de um ambiente sustentável. / The use of economic incentives is a reality in the pursuit of sustainable development. In the sector of urban drainage is no different. For this sector sustainability is the reproduction of the natural hydrology of an area, using decentralized techniques of micro-management, represented by the Low Impact Development (LID). The objective of this research was to examine the use of economic incentives for urban drainage, in order to induce and fund its sustainable planning of old and new developments in scale urban lot, according to the techniques of LID. For this purpose, we developed three methodological steps: (i) the implementation of sustainable urban drainage planning in old and new developments, (ii) the development of economic incentives, and (iii) the validation of economic incentives. To apply the methodological steps were used three urban micro-basins of the municipality of Porto Alegre / RS with differences physicals, socio-economic and on the problems related to urban drainage. The sustainable planning was simulated in lots with average characteristics in micro-basins. From these simulations and the actual characteristics of micro-basins were established economic incentives. The validation of the incentives was accomplished through the use of questionnaires to the owners of the lots, using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to estimate the Willingness to Pay (WTP) and Receivable (WTR) for owners to resolve those problems. The results suggest that use positive incentives are the best solution (eg, tax cuts). With this control would be effectively encouraged, because the positive incentives are more accepted by the owners, and the costs involved in controlling scale batch are lower than those generally obtained with the control techniques in macrodrainage. It was found that the existence of problems and that they suffered any damage variables are more directly correlated with the increase in DAP and DAR. As a final conclusion it is believed that a positive economic incentive to serve a process of environmental education in urban drainage aiming to educate citizens aware and active in seeking a sustainable environment.

This diploma thesis discusses the problem of asymmetrically distributed information between economic agents who interact with each other. It describes the historical development of asymmetric information in economic theory. It mainly focuses on possible emergence of inefficiencies due to asymmetrically distributed information. It describes the model of adverse selection. The thesis also points out how it is possible to apply this model of adverse selection together with knowledge of contract theory to partly overcome these inefficiencies. The aim of the study is to show on concrete examples how to design optimal contract and how these optimal contract can minimize the impact of asymmetric information on economic efficiency.

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第25473号 / 地環博第259号 / 新制||地環||53(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)教授 竹内 憲司, 教授 西前 出, 准教授 TRENCHER Gregory, 教授 浅利 美鈴 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

La thèse s’intéresse à l’émergence de la déforestation tropicale comme problème que doivent traiter les négociations internationales sur le changement climatique. Depuis 2005, les représentants gouvernementaux du monde entier investiguent les moyens d’organiser l’action internationale pour inciter, économiquement, à maintenir sur pied le stock de carbone des forêts tropicales. D’un tel projet découle une foule de problèmes que la thèse propose d’analyser par une enquête ethnographique et multisite. Certains sont engendrés par la dimension mondiale de l’entreprise : il faut décider entre Etats souverains, trouver des méthodes de mesure comparables et concevoir des systèmes de redistribution monétaires. Quand d’autres sont plus spécifiques aux pays forestiers tropicaux et leur forte dépendance à l’aide au développement : il faut faire avec les défaillances de l’administration et tenir compte de la parole des populations dites locales. La thèse montre que ces problèmes engendrent une activité distribuée, fragile et sélective. Parce que la coercition n’est pas possible, les ambitions de cet aménagement international sont modestes et les montages conçus pour inventer un mode de décision internationale, pour négocier la justesse des mesures du carbone ou pour induire des conduites morales font proliférer les médiations. / My work is about the constitution of tropical deforestation as a problem for climate change negotiations. Since 2005, governmental representatives have been investigating the means through which international action could be organized in order to maintain the carbon sequestered by tropical forests using economic incentives. This initiative has been fostering a range of issues that I analyze through a multisite ethnographical inquiry. Some of these problems are related to the initiative’s global dimension: sovereign states have to collectively decide, comparable measurement methods have to be created, and monetary redistribution systems have to be elaborated. Other problems are more specific to the situation of developing countries strongly dependent on development aid. In this latter case, public administration weaknesses cannot be ignored and the demands formulated by the so-called local communities cannot be bypassed. I show that these issues produce a distributed, fragile and selective activity. Since coercion is not an option, the ambitions of these international adjustments are modest and the arrangements created to invent international decision-making, to negotiate the right measure or to induce moral conducts make mediators proliferate.

The deficiency of sub-Saharan Africa urban land use planning regimes has received extensive discussion in the literature. As yet, little is known of the extent and magnitude of the economic impact of these planning regimes on the economic wellbeing of individuals and the society. This situation is further compounded by the lack of simplified and bespoke methodologies for calibrating economic impacts of planning policies even in the developed world where there are relatively huge volumes of organised data. This study aims to prescribe a simplified quantitative methodology, which is subsequently employed to gauge the economic impacts of these regimes. It proceeds on the central argument that planning regimes in the sub-region are weak with low compliance with planning regulations, partly because they do not provide incentives for property owners/developers/land users. The study adopts a cross-sectional survey strategywith questionnaires and administrative data extraction to procure the requisite data from Accra, Ghana to feed the devised methodological framework. The study establishes that Ghana’s urban land use planning regime, in its current form, imposes huge cost on residential property owners compared to its benefits; it creates a disincentive for property owners. A substantial amount of this cost emanates from pipe-borne water, and tarred roads and concrete drain infrastructural facilities. It is further established that the cost of title formalisation requirement constitutes a huge portion of the cost on express requirements under the planning regime. A major portion of this cost results from the cost other than official fees. However, on individual basis the requirement generates marginal net benefit. Incidental costs for the other express requirements, architectural design and building permit are also substantial. In terms of benefits, tarred roads and concrete drains, formalised title, electricity and pipe-borne water, individually, are found to generate the most benefits under the planning regime. The study makes a number of recommendations. These include formulation of planning policies on the basis of providing incentives to property owners/developer/land users, strategies for reduction of infrastructural and amenities costs, as well as incidental cost relating to compliance with the subject planning regime express requirements.

Background: Electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM) is something that lately has gained increasing relevance and importance when it comes to consumers purchase decisions. Online reviews are considered to be the most important and reliable form of eWOM and it refers to when consumers communicate with other consumers online regarding their previous shopping experiences. In order to increase the generalizability and understanding of motives that influence consumers intention to write online reviews, authors of previous studies have suggested that future research should intend to focus on motives that influence intention to write online reviews in other contexts that are not aimed towards the service industry. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explain how personal- and social motives influence consumers intention to write online product reviews. Methodology: For this explanatory study, a quantitative strategy with a cross-sectional research design were used in order to test the model founded on two major hypotheses. The data was gathered through a self-completed questionnaire with a sample of 222 respondents. Findings: In this study, two major hypotheses were conducted in order to explain how personal motives and social motives influence consumers intention to write online product reviews. After analysing the data that emerged from the survey, a conclusion can be drawn that the hypothesis concerning personal motives and its influence on consumers intention to write online product reviews was accepted whereas the hypothesis concerning social motives was rejected. Conclusion: In this study, it has been recommended that future studies should test the suggestions found in this study with a more diverse sample in order to increase the generalizability of the theoretical implications. Furthermore, directions for future research will also recommend testing the modified model that emerged in this paper in order to detect if there are any additions that need to be added to increase the predictability of the findings.

Les sécheresses des années 1970 accentuées dans les années 1980 et les aménagements hydroagricoles ont eu pour conséquence une certaine dégradation des ressources naturelles du delta intérieur du fleuve Niger (DIN). Cette dégradation des ressources naturelles associées à la pression croissante de la population sur le milieu a conduit à une gestion conflictuelle de ces ressources. De plus, le système d’exploitation actuel des ressources et le fonctionnement hydrologique font du DIN un écosystème complexe à gérer. Dans ces travaux, nous adoptons une approche intégrée et pluridisciplinaire pour aborder la problématique de gestion des ressources du DIN. L’approche mobilise l’hydrologie, la sociologie, l’agronomie et l’économie. L’analyse des données hydrologiques a permis de mettre en évidence une différence significative entre les dates de passage des maximums des fleuves Niger et Bani qui alimentent le DIN. Cette différence impacte les calendriers des principaux systèmes de production contribuant ainsi à exacerber les conflits. Les stratégies de gestion élaborées avec les parties prenantes, allient des pratiques de sécurisation et de maîtrise de l’eau, d’intensification, de régénération des ressources, de renforcement des capacités et des incitations économiques. Par ailleurs, dans un contexte de variabilité climatique accrue, nous avons analysé les perceptions d’un échantillon de pêcheurs, d’éleveurs et de cultivateurs sur la prévision du climat et sur l’intérêt des prévisions climatiques et des crues. Il ressort que les besoins en information climatique des usagers d’une plaine inondable comme le DIN se rapportent surtout aux dates de début de saison, de passage des maximums de crue, de la date d’arrivée des crues et des hauteurs maximales de crue. L’intérêt économique simulé de l’information climatique pour un système agraire de riziculture inondée présente un gain moyen de 10%. Par contre le coût des éventuelles erreurs de prévision serait particulièrement élevé pour les producteurs avec un déficit moyen sur le revenu de 24%. / The droughts of the 1970s intensified in the 1980s and the development of irrigation schemes upstream of the Inner Niger Delta in Mali (IND) have resulted in the degradation of natural resources. This degradation of natural resources associated with the increasing population pressure on the environment has led to a more conflictive management of these resources. In addition, the current operating system of resources and the hydrological functioning of the IND make the management of the ecosystem more complex.In this work, we adopt an integrated and multidisciplinary approach to address the IND resource management issues. The approach mobilizes hydrology, sociology, agronomy and economy.The analysis of hydrological data has highlighted a significant difference between the maximum passing dates of the two rivers that supply the IND. This difference impacts the schedules of the main production systems thus contributing to exacerbate conflict. The management strategies developed with stakeholders combine the practices of security and water control, intensification, resource regeneration, capacity building and economic incentives. Moreover, in a context of increased climate variability, we analyzed the perceptions of a sample of fishermen, herders and farmers on climate prediction and their interest of climate and flood forecasts.. It appears that the need for climate information of floodplain users as IND relate mainly to the onset date of rainy season, flood maximum passaging date, the arrival of floods and flood peak heights.The simulated economic value of climate information for an agrarian system of flooded rice obtains an average gain of 10%. As against the cost of possible prediction errors is particularly high for producers with an average deficit on income of 24%.

A presente dissertação analisa como a ausência de incentivos adequados no seguro saúde ocasiona o surgimento do fenômeno conhecido como risco moral e suas conseqüências na determinação da demanda de serviços médicos. O trabalho envolve a revisão da literatura e a estimação de um modelo econométrico que avalia a efetividade dos mecanismos de regulação no controle do risco moral por parte do paciente. A principal conclusão é que o risco moral por parte do paciente é importante para os serviços ambulatoriais, mas não ocorre nos serviços hospitalares. / This dissertation analyses how the lack of appropriate incentives motivates the emergence of moral hazard in health insurance and its consequences in the determination of medical services demand. The involves the literature review and the estimation of a econometric model, which evaluates the effectiveness of rationing mechanisms in the control of moral hazard motivated by the patient. The main conclusion is that moral hazard motivated by the patient is significant for ambulatory care, but it does not occur for inpatient care.

This dissertation consists of three essays, taking different perspectives on human capital. The first essay looks at human capital from a growth perspective. Essays two and three focuses on the individual’s occupational decision and its relation to family background. The first essay attempts to capture the effects on long run economic growth and transitional dynamics of the interaction between human capital and R&amp;D. We do this by allowing for endogenous human capital accumulation in an economy where the number of products and technologies expands because profit maximizing entrepreneurs do R&amp;D. We find that, in the absence of scale effects, long run growth is determined by the economy’s capacity to accumulate human capital. A relative lack of R&amp;D capital causes the economy to grow slowly during its transition to the steady state, while a relative abundance of R&amp;D capital gives high growth rates during transition. In the second essay, the classical Roy-model of selection on the labor market is extended in order to analyze intergenerational mobility. This is done through the introduction of ability uncertainty that is linked to family background. In contrast to to additional human capital models of intergenerational mobility, this mechanism rather than differences in access to capital markets links occupational oucomes of offspring to parents. We study the effects of income redistribution on mobility and talent allocation. It is found that redistribution has implications for intergenerational mobility and talent allocation through its influence on individual occupational choices. However, we conclude that the presence of a trade-off between redistribution and intergenerational mobility depends on the extent of similarity of occupations with regard to ability sensitivity and wage rates, and on the degree of individual risk aversion. Whether redistribution occurs only within an occupation or simultaneously within and across occupations is also inportant for the implicatons for mobility and talent allocation. In essay three, a model of occupational choice and human capital investment is developmed and tested. The model allows family background to influence occupational choice through access to economic resources, differences in costs of schooling, and ability uncertainty linked to background similar to that discussed in essay two. It is predicted that life time utility of children from less well-off background is more sensitive to economic incentives when risk aversion is strong. The model also predicts that people are more sensitive to economic incentives when considering occupations distant from their parent occuations. The implications of the theoretical model are tested and largely confirmed on Swedish data using a mixed multinominal logit framework which explicitly accounts for unobserved ability heterogeneity. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 1998</p>