Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-11-13T15:19:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariliza Rech_.pdf: 1257701 bytes, checksum: 546cd419f5bb00fe6c735ae0ec2cc4c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-13T15:19:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariliza Rech_.pdf: 1257701 bytes, checksum: 546cd419f5bb00fe6c735ae0ec2cc4c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / Nenhuma / A energia elétrica, um produto não-armazenável e cuja geração pode variar em curtos períodos de tempo, é essencial para o funcionamento da sociedade e tem o preço como fator decisivo para a competitividade. Por outro lado, a gestão correta dos custos permite obter uma lucratividade superior. Uma das formas de avaliar a magnitude dos custos é medir a eficiência das operações. Portanto, melhores resultados alcançados estão diretamente relacionados à melhor eficiência econômica atingida pelas empresas do setor de energia e, assim, as características que tornam uma empresa mais eficiente representam elementos importantes a serem identificados. Considerando-se a contribuição que a eficiência relativa de empresas sob padrões internacionais podem acrescentar para o desenvolvimento do setor esta pesquisa cross-country analisa os determinantes da eficiência econômica relativa das empresas de capital aberto do setor elétrico brasileiro e da península Ibérica. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado com dados do período de 2010 a 2014. Por meio da aplicação de métodos econométricos procurou-se determinar a eficiência econômica relativa de uma população de 38 empresas, que geraram 190 observações. Como resultado do estudo, identificou-se que pertencer à península Ibérica representa um impacto positivo sobre o Ebitda, gerando resultados mais elevados em relação à amostra brasileira. Dentre as empresas que apresentaram escores mais elevados de eficiência, a empresa espanhola Endesa figurou como benchmarking para as demais. A empresa Cemig – GT destacou-se dentre as empresas brasileiras. Quanto às variáveis analisadas, o consumo per capita (GWh), o ativo imobilizado e o número de funcionários foram identificados como fatores explicativos para a obtenção da eficiência. Concluiu-se que as empresas que apresentam uma maior eficiência econômica, obtiveram-na por meio da utilização mais eficiente dos seus recursos de imobilizado e de funcionários, bem como apresentaram reduções de consumo per capita e aumentos do Ebitda. / Electricity, as a non-storable product which varies in short periods of time, is essential for the functioning of society and has its price as a decisive factor for competitiveness. On the other hand, the correct management of costs allows obtaining a superior profitability. An alternative to determine the magnitude of costs is to measure the efficiency of operations. Therefore, the best results achieved are directly related to the better economic efficiency achieved by energy companies, and thus the characteristics that make a company more efficient represent important elements to be identified. Considering the contribution that the relative efficiency of companies under international standards may add to the development of the sector, this cross-country research analyzes the determinants of the relative economic efficiency of public companies in the Brazilian electric sector and the Iberian Peninsula.. It is a descriptive study, with a quantitative approach, carried out with data from the period of 2010 to 2014. Using econometric methods, the relative economic efficiency of 38 companies of the population was determined, which resulted in 190 observations. As a result of the study, it was identified that the fact of belonging to the Iberian Peninsula represents a positive impact on the Ebitda, generating higher results in relation to the Brazilian sample. The company Cemig - GT stood out among the Brazilian companies. Regarding the analyzed variables, per capita consumption (GWh), fixed assets and number of employees were identified as explanatory factors to obtain efficiency. It was concluded that the companies with the highest economic efficiency obtained through the more efficient use of their fixed assets and employees resources, as well as reductions in per capita consumption and Ebitda increases.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-06-05T15:40:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa de Quadros Martins.pdf: 783208 bytes, checksum: 14c6f9b86bad7348dfff007ab0755a52 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-05T15:40:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa de Quadros Martins.pdf: 783208 bytes, checksum: 14c6f9b86bad7348dfff007ab0755a52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-15 / Nenhuma / A Medida Provisória nº 579/2012 estabeleceu uma expressiva mudança na regulamentação aplicada ao setor de energia elétrica, sobretudo em relação à renovação das concessões dos serviços de geração, transmissão e distribuição de energia daquelas que tem o término do contrato entre 2013 e 2017. Além desta medida, as distribuidoras de energia elétrica estão passando pelo 3º Ciclo de Revisão Tarifária Periódica, fato que também prevê a redução de encargos que incidem sobre a energia elétrica. Assim, esta pesquisa analisa a eficiência econômica relativa nas empresas distribuidoras de energia elétrica. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado com dados do ano de 2012. Com a aplicação da metodologia da Análise Envoltória de Dados determinou-se a eficiência econômica relativa de 18 empresas da população. A eficiência econômica relativa atingiu o escore 100% em sete das 18 empresas analisadas. As empresas eficientes estão espalhadas pelo Brasil, porém nota-se uma concentração na região sudeste. O IDHM, o tamanho da área de concessão da distribuidora e a extensão da rede, bem como a densidade populacional não são fatores explicativos para a obtenção da eficiência. Na maioria das empresas as variáveis Ativo Total e Receita Líquida foram as que mais contribuíram para a obtenção dos escores. Entre os principais pontos que devem ser melhorados está o aumento do resultado do período e a redução do ativo imobilizado. / Provisional Measure N. º 579/2012 has established an expressive change in the applied regulations to the electric power sector, especially in relation to the renewal of concessions of power generation, transmission and distribution of those whose contract expires between 2013 and 2017. Besides it the electricity distributors are undergoing the 3rd Cycle of Periodic Tariff Review, a fact that also provides for the reduction of charges imposed on the electricity. This research has determined the relative economic efficiency in electricity distribution companies. This is a descriptive study with a quantitative approach based on data of 2012. With the application of the Data Envelopment Analysis methodology one has determined the relative economic efficiency of the 18 companies in the sample. The relative economic efficiency reached 100% score in seven out of 18 of the analyzed companies. The efficient companies are spread across Brazil, but one notes a concentration in the Southeast Region. It is possible to perceive that IDHM is not a determinant factor for obtaining efficiency. In most companies, the variables Total Assets and Net Revenues were the ones, which contributed the most to obtain the scores. The high population density is a factor that can add to a better efficiency ratio, as well as a smaller size of the network extension can be a factor that takes to the efficiency frontier. Among the main points thatshould be improved, there is the increase of income for the period and the reduction of permanent assets.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-10-07T13:35:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Edson Pedro Zambon_.pdf: 738746 bytes, checksum: 20ab8d48f31f98037ca55b7c6d6dfa55 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-07T13:35:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edson Pedro Zambon_.pdf: 738746 bytes, checksum: 20ab8d48f31f98037ca55b7c6d6dfa55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-25 / Nenhuma / O setor elétrico vem passando por importantes transformações em busca da redução das tarifas demandando práticas que tornem as empresas eficientes. Nesse cenário, tem-se a governança corporativa como um conjunto de mecanismos capaz de contribuir com a eficiência econômica das organizações. No entanto, os estudos acerca da relação entre governança e eficiência ainda não são conclusivos, em especial, no setor elétrico que possui características peculiares por se tratar de um setor regulado. Diante disso, o principal objetivo é identificar se há relação entre eficiência econômica e governança corporativa no setor elétrico. Para tanto, calcula-se a eficiência econômica através da técnica DEA. O nível de governança corporativa foi calculado através de 17 questões binárias listadas pela literatura especializada. Os dados foram coletados, no segundo semestre de 2013, por meio de levantamento (survey), no formulário de referência e das demonstrações financeiras padronizadas e disponibilizadas pela CVM. Como resultado da eficiência, constata-se que o escore médio de eficiência reduziu de 2010 para 2013. Em relação ao nível de governança, nota-se uma pequena evolução na estrutura interna, no entanto, o índice pode ser considerado relativamente baixo. Quanto à relação da eficiência econômica com o índice de governança, não se encontraram relações significativas. Verificou-se que alguns mecanismos como dualidade nos cargos, independência do conselho, prazo de, no máximo, dois anos tendem a relacionar-se, negativamente, com os escores. / The electricity sector has undergone important changes in order to minimize the rates demanding practices that make efficient companies. This scenario we have the corporate governance as a set of mechanisms able to contribute to the performance. However, studies on the relationship between governance and efficiency are not yet conclusive, especially in the electricity sector which has peculiar characteristics as it is a regulated industry. Thus, the main objective is to assess the relationship between economic efficiency and corporate governance in the electricity sector. Therefore, we calculate the economic efficiency by DEA. The level of corporate governance has been assessed using 17 binary questions listed in the specialized literature. Data were collected in the second half of 2013, through survey, the reference form and standardized financial statements and made available by the CVM. As a result of efficiency, it appears that the average efficiency score decreased from 2010 to 2013. In relation to the level of governance, there is a small evolution in the internal structure, however, the index can be considered relatively low. As for the relationship of economic efficiency with the governance index, not met significant relationships. It is found that such mechanisms as duality in office, board independence, within a maximum of two years tend to relate negatively with scores.

O presente trabalho teve como proposta a análise sobre a investigação econômica efetuada nos casos de atos de concentração empresarial, no período de 2000 a 2004, dentro do objetivo geral de avaliar o Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência. Procurou-se identificar aspectos que possam caracterizar o padrão e o modo com que são instruídos os processos sobre operações empresariais que são produzidos em razão da Lei 8.884/94. O referencial teórico para a análise foram os conceitos microeconômicos da teoria neoclássica e os da teoria industrial de potencial aplicação à defesa da concorrência. A justificativa para o presente estudo baseou-se no entendimento de que, por um lado, a importância da política de defesa da concorrência é crescente, tendo em vista a expansão freqüente e contínua dos mercados e empresas, o que impõe a necessidade de uma ordem econômica eficaz no papel de preservar a eficiência e o bem-estar econômico dos mercados; por outro lado, pela constatação de que a experiência antitruste brasileira é relativamente recente, pois ainda não se conhece, na prática, como, quais e em que níveis de limitação os conceitos e instrumentos econômicos disponíveis são aplicados no momento de análise dos casos de sua competência. O Guia para Análise Econômica de Atos de Concentração Horizontal, documento oficial do SBDC, foi a referência utilizada para avaliar o método de análise econômica do SBDC, tendo sido comparado com os guias de três das principais legislações antitrustes internacionais, a saber: os Estados Unidos, o Reino Unido e a União Européia. A conclusão geral é de que, a despeito de diversos problemas de aplicação metodológica do ferramental econômico utilizado, o modo de investigação econômica do SBDC não está muito distante daquele das principais agências de defesa da concorrência internacionais. A aplicação de métodos quantitativos como padrão de análise ainda é um desafio para o desenvolvimento da investigação econômica antitruste no Brasil, tendo em vista diversos fatores (estruturais e de natureza teórica) restritivos à sua aplicação. Um dos fatores seriam as limitações relacionadas à obtenção de dados adequados que possam permitir a construção de modelos realistas aos casos examinados e, de forma tempestiva, atender aos prazos legais de análise antitruste. Foram examinados pareceres econômicos realizados pela Secretaria de Acompanhamento Econômico (SEAE) e julgamentos efetuados pelo Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE) referentes a operações de concentração horizontal. Especificamente, buscou-se identificar o papel da SEAE como órgão de instrução econômica ao CADE e os instrumentos e conceitos utilizados por ambas as agências de defesa da concorrência. Considerando que o contexto econômico cada vez mais é o internacional, o presente trabalho discutiu a estrutura da Política de Defesa da Concorrência Internacional no âmbito dos principais acordos de cooperação internacionais atualmente existentes. Verificou-se que as recomendações da SEAE e boa parte de sua argumentação econômica são acompanhadas pelo CADE, o que sugere admitir que a primeira cumpre o papel de assessoria econômica às atividades de julgamentos antitrustes pelo segundo. / This work proposes to analyze the economic investigation carried out on cases of business concentration, during the period from 2000 to 2004, with the overall objective of evaluating the Brazilian Competition Defense System. It aims to identify aspects that may characterize the pattern and mode through which business operation processes are addressed, as a result of Law 8.884/94. Economic rulings presented by the Secretary for Economic Monitoring (SEAE) were analyzed and judgments (decisions, judgments and deliberations) made by the Administrative Council of Economic Defense (CADE) concerning horizontal concentration operations were verified. Another aim is to specifically identify the role played by SEAE as an economics consulting organ to CADE, as well as the tools and concepts used by both business competition defense agencies. Given the increasingly international context, this work addresses the structure of the international business competition defense policy within the scope of the main international agreements of cooperation currently made. The justification for this study is based, on the one hand, on the understanding of the growing importance of a business competition defense policy, as a result of a frequent and continuous expansion of the market and enterprises – which calls for the need of an effective economic order to preserve efficiency and well-being – and, on the other hand, on the realization that the Brazilian anti trust experience is relatively recent, lacking the practical knowledge of how, which, and at what levels of limitation the economic concepts and tools available are applied when analyzing domestic cases. The theoretical base used for the analysis is the microeconomic concepts of neoclassic and industrial theory with a potential application to business competition defense. The Guideline for Economic Analysis of Horizontal Concentration Acts, an official SBDC document, is the reference used to evaluate the method of economic analysis of SBDC and is compared to the guidelines of three of the main international antitrust legislations, namely, those of USA, UK, and EU. The overall conclusion is that, despite several problems of methodological application of the economic tools applied, the way the economic investigation of SBDC is conducted is not very different from that of the main international competition defense agencies. The application of quantitative methods as a standard of analysis is still a challenge for the development of anti trust economic investigation in Brazil, since several factors (of structural and theoretical nature) limit their use. One of the factors would be the limitations related to obtaining adequate data to allow the creation of realistic models for the cases examined and, in a timely way, be able to meet the legal deadlines of anti trust analysis. It was verified that SEAE recommendations and a considerable portion of its economic rationale are monitored by CADE, what leads to admit that the former performs the role of economic consultant to the latter’ s anti trust decision activities.

A cadeia produtiva do leite no Brasil se caracteriza pela carência na utilização de ferramentas de gestão e financeiras para o controle da atividade. Atualmente algumas linhas de pesquisa estão trazendo para o meio rural a utilização de indicadores de origem econômica e financeira para complementarem os já utilizados de origem técnica como indicadores de produtividade, escala de produção etc. Este trabalho objetivou correlacionar indicadores técnicos, econômicos e financeiros de propriedades produtoras de leite localizadas em Minas Gerais para buscar quais seriam os de eleição para acompanhamento e quais estariam mais relacionados à rentabilidade e retorno financeiro. Foram coletados dados mensais de 15 propriedades mineiras do período correspondido entre julho de 2012 e junho de 2013, além de visita e aplicação de questionário às mesmas. Os dados obtidos foram utilizados para o cálculo de índices técnicos, econômicos e financeiros e também para caracterização das propriedades. Sobre os indicadores foram aplicados os testes de Kruskal Wallis e Wilcoxon para comparar as médias entre as propriedades em relação aos três níveis de retorno sobre o Investimento da propriedade. Em seguida aplicou-se o teste de correlação de Spearman para cálculo dos indicadores de correlação de todas variáveis em relação aos indicadores de cunho econômico financeiro. Os indicadores econômicos e financeiros revelaram altos índices de correlação e diferenças entre médias entre si. Dos demais se destacaram, a relação de gasto com mão de obra /receita bruta e a perda com morte de animais. De acordo com os testes de correlação, a variável MARGEM DE EBITDA foi a que mais se correlacionou com os demais indicadores relacionados ao retorno financeiro da atividade e por isso foi a considerada a principal no controle financeiro das atividades produtivas. / Milk production chain in Brazil is characterized by deficiency in the use of financial management and to control the activity tools. Nowadays some researches are bringing to the rural environment the using of indicators of economic and financial source to complement those already used from technical origin as indicators of productivity, production scale etc. This study aimed to correlate technical, economic and financial indicators of milk-producing farms located in Minas Gerais state, Brazil, to find what indicators would be elected to follow and which would be more related to profitability and financial returns. Monthly data of 15 properties from Minas Gerais was collected between July 2012 and June 2013, as well as visiting and apllying questionnaire to all of them. The data were used to calculate the technical, economical and financial ratios and also to characterize the properties. The indicators were compared using Kruskal Wallis and Wilcoxon tests to compare means between the properties on three levels of return on investment. Then the Spearman correlation test was applied to calculate the indicators correlation of all variables in relation to financial end economical indicators. The economic and financial indicators showed high levels of correlation and mean differences between each other. The others that stood out was the ratio of spending on labor/gross income and losts with animal death. According to the correlation tests, the variable MARGIN OF EBITDA was more correlated with other indicators related to the financial return of the activity and therefore was considered the main financial control to use on productive activities.

<p>It is a well-known fact that there are significant differences in production output and business results of farms operating under rather similar natural and socio-economic conditions. Such differences can be attributed to biological factors, specialization level and production intensity, size of farms, implemented production practice, but also to the differences in capabilities of farmers, that is, their managerial capacities.<br />The starting point in selection of subjects for the research was significance of managerial capacities and the fact that not enough attention is dedicated to them, as well as the necessity of urgent improvement of competitiveness in production of poultry meat in our country. Therefore, the subject of the research in this doctoral dissertation is managerial capacities of broiler producers in Vojvodina. When analysing managerial capacities of broiler producers, not only were personal aspects taken into account (gender, age, education level, previous experience, etc.), but the subject of consideration includes characteristics of decision making process (planning, implementation and control) as well. The main objective of the study is to point out to the significance of managerial capacities, possibilities and methods implemented in their assessment, and to establish the reason why some of the broiler producers in Vojvodina, operating under rather similar conditions, are more efficient as compared to other farmers. In order to analyse managerial capacities of broiler producers and to judge whether and to what extent do they influence the production output (technical and economic efficiency), 30 broiler farms of different production capacities, all at the territory of AP Vojvodina, were comprised in the analysis.<br />One of the starting hypotheses in this study considers significant differences in technical and economic efficiency between the selected broiler farms. Technical and economy efficiency indexes, obtained by implemented DEA method, indicate that such hypothesis was justified. The obtained TE indexes point out that broiler producers in Vojvodina are relatively technically efficient (six out of thirty producers achieved maximum level of TE). However, the number of farms that achieved maximum level of EE is much lower (only one out of thirty farms achieves maximum level of EE), which indicates the market difficulties that producers are coping with, but also proves that it is possible to operate better under the existing conditions which are assumed to be the same for all. The number of economically inefficient farms could be reduced through decrease of production costs (primarily reduction of feed costs, increase of operation productivity, reduction of energy costs, etc.), which certainly requires, as one of preconditions, the adequate managerial capacities of producers.<br />The assumption that certain aspects of managerial capacities, such as personal aspects and decision making process, influence TE and EE has been confirmed with the results of Tobit regression. Statistically significant influence of achieved TE and EE is confirmed in 9 out of 82 variables included in the models. This certainly does not mean<br />VIII<br />that other aspects of managerial capacities are not significant, but that under current conditions, relatively small number of variables determines the number of farms that will manage to achieve or at least to nearly achieve &ldquo;the best possible practice&rdquo;.<br />Statistically significant influence was also proven in certain personal aspects of producers, as well as in some aspects of decision making process. Therefore, it is necessary to explain to producers and advisors the significance of the aforesaid aspects and to work on their improvement. The only aspect proven as significant both for TE and EE is the experience of farmers, which only explains the poor working environment that our producers operate in. The conclusion which can be derived from the aforesaid is that the most significant and irreplaceable managerial capacity of broiler producers is their experience. Such experience mainly refers to business relations and acquaintances obtained from long-lasting engagement in broiler production, but also to their ability to find their way and achieve success in conditions of the black economy.<br />The fact that there is no statistical significance in terms of influence of certain aspects of managerial capacities on TE and EE, actually points out to underdevelopment of the required managerial capacities of broiler producers. Therefore, the improvement of managerial abilities must be set as the permanent task, so competitiveness of poultry meat sector could be increased. To this effect, it is necessary to provide constant education through trainings and seminars, as well as regular cooperation with advisory service (particularly in terms of significance of keeping records, planning and control of the achieved results), but also through exchange of experience and cooperation with other producers.</p>

Vinte e quatro cordeiros cruzados, machos inteiros, com aproximadamente 70 dias de idade, com peso vivo inicial de 22 ± 1,61 kg e peso vivo final de 37 ± 2,16 kg, foram alimentados com quatro dietas com alto teor de concentrado, contendo diferentes tipos de grãos (milho quebrado, milho em grão, sorgo e milheto). Os animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições, alimentados por 66 dias e posteriormente abatidos. Durante o período experimental avaliou-se a espessura de gordura subcutânea e área de olho de lombo, entre a 12ª e 13ª costelas por ultrassonografia. Também foi avaliado o desempenho e digestibilidade dos animais. Após o abate, foram realizadas medidas de comprimento de carcaça, comprimento de perna e estabelecido o índice de compacidade das carcaças. Foram analisadas a maciez, cor e perdas por cocção. Também foram separados cinco cortes comerciais para determinação do rendimento, em relação ao peso da meia carcaça, assim como as aparas. Posteriormente foi realizada análise econômica das quatro dietas fornecidas aos animais. Os animais alimentados com milho em grão apresentaram melhor eficiência alimentar (P<0,05), sendo superiores àqueles alimentados com controle ou com sorgo, mas sem diferença do milheto. As digestibilidades de matéria orgânica, matéria seca e proteína bruta foram maiores (P<0,05) para o milho em grão e milheto, seguidos pelo sorgo e controle. Os valores de nutrientes digestíveis totais, energia digestível e energia metabolizável não diferiram entre as dietas (P>0,05). A área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea, maciez e perda por cocção não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelas diferentes fontes de grãos. O teor de vermelho (a *) foi maior na carne de animais alimentados com sorgo e milheto (P=0,0017), enquanto o teor de amarelo (b *) foi maior nos animais alimentados com dietas de grãos de milho e milheto (P=0,0025), quando comparado ao sorgo. As medidas morfométricas não diferiram entre os tratamentos, nem o rendimento dos cortes, exceto pelo lombo que teve maior rendimento nos animais que receberam milho grão e sorgo (P<0,05). Não houve diferença estatística entre a eficiência técnica dos quatro tratamentos (P>0,05). Os tratamentos à base de milho grão e milheto apresentaram maior eficiência econômica. O uso do milho quebrado em substituição ao milho grão só seria recomendado com segurança se seus preços fossem 24% mais baixos que o do milho grão. Diante dos comportamentos históricos dos preços do sorgo e do milheto, estes poderiam substituir o milho sem prejuízo estatisticamente significativo do desempenho zootécnico. / Twenty four male crossbred lambs, with mean weight and age of 22 kg and 70 days were fed with high concentrate level for 66 days in order to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of four different treatments (cracked corn, corn grain, sorghum grain and millet grain) on the carcass and meat quality. The animals were assigned to a randomized block design. During the trial period there were evaluated subcutaneous fat thickness and loin eye area, between 12th and 13th rib by ultrasound. There were also measured animals performance and digestibility. After slaughter, there were evaluated carcass and leg length and established carcass compactness index. There were analyzed shear force, meat color parameters and cooking losses. Moreover, there were separated five commercial cuts for determination of yield in relation to the half carcass weight, as well as chips. Economic analysis of the four treatments was realized. Animals fed corn grain were more efficient (P<0.05) than those fed control or sorghum, but no difference was observed to the millet treatment. Organic matter, dry matter and crude protein digestibility were higher (P<0.05) for grain corn and millet, followed by sorghum and control. The values of total digestible nutrients, digestible and metabolizable energy were not different among diets (P>0.05). Loin eye area, backfat thickness, tenderness and cooking losses were not affected (P>0.05) by different sources of grain. The red content (a *) were higher in meat from animals fed sorghum and millet (P=0.0017), while the yellow content (b *) was higher in animals fed corn and millet diets (P=0.0025) when compared to sorghum. Morphometric measurements and cut yields did not differ among treatments, except for loin, that presented higher yield in animals fed with corn grain and sorghum treatments (P <0.05). There was no statistical difference for the technical efficiency between the four treatments (P>0.05). Corn grain and millet showed highest economic efficiency. The use of cracked corn instead corn grain would only be recommended safely if corn grain prices were 24% lower than cracked corn. Given the historical behavior of sorghum and millet prices, these ingredients could replace corn without prejudice production performance.

Depuis l’amendement du Clean Air Act (1990), les marchés d’échange depermis d’émissions connaissent un succès grandissant. Un aspect peu étudié de leurfonctionnement est la participation des citoyens pour acheter et retirer des permisd’émissions. Cette thèse vise à étudier l’opportunité d’ouvrir le marché de permis auxcitoyens et à analyser les implications de leur participation. Dans un premier chapitre, nousrevenons sur le débat taxe versus marché. Nous montrons que lorsque le plafond depollution est strictement supérieur au plafond de pollution optimal, la participation descitoyens est socialement bénéfique et n’est jamais socialement dommageable, même enprésence de comportement de passager clandestin. Dans le deuxième chapitre, à partird’exemples de marchés mis en place aux États-Unis et en Europe, nous mettons enévidence l’émergence d’une demande de retrait de permis de la part des citoyens et desONG environnementales. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous montrons qu’il est possible delutter efficacement contre le problème de passager clandestin en subventionnant lademande de retrait de permis des citoyens. Par ailleurs, l’intervention d’une éthique baséesur un postulat de liberté et de souveraineté conduit à recommander l’autorisation descitoyens à participer au marché. Enfin, le dernier chapitre analyse la participation descitoyens dans le cadre d’un modèle de pollution régionale et apprécie leur implication selonla valeur des paramètres des coefficients de transferts de pollution. / Since the Clean Air Act Amendment (1990), the markets of tradable emissionpermits are becoming increasingly attractive. Very few works on the functioning of thesemarkets have analyzed the participation of citizens in order to buy and retire emissionspermits. This dissertation aims to study the effects of allowing citizens to participate inmarkets of tradable emission permits. In the first chapter, we show that when the pollutioncap is strictly greater than the optimal one, citizen’s participation is socially beneficial andnever socially harmful, even in the presence of free-riding. In the second chapter, based onoperating pollution markets in the US and Europe, we highlight the emergence of a demandto purchase and cancel emissions permits. In the third chapter, we show how it is possible topartly solve the free rider problem by subsidizing the citizen’s demand. Moreover, we arguethat an ethics based on the freedom and the sovereignty of citizens commands to allowcitizens participation in pollution market. In the fourth chapter, we focus on citizen’sparticipation in pollution markets with a regional pollution model. Such an implicationdepends on the value of transfer coefficients.

由於土地使用分區管制在制度上某些缺憾，因此，現今發展趨勢乃有不同 於傳統之意義，已有許多彈性方法陸續出現，容積獎勵即為其一，此一方 法正代表著已從傳統上的消極限制轉為積極鼓勵及彈性設計，國內目前也 逐漸運用容積獎勵為手段，做為獎勵公共投資之誘因。本研究乃思藉由經 濟理論之解釋，從效率面考量欲發揮容積功能之經濟因素，以做為政策制 定之參考。在本研究中，考量市埸需求、建築成本、建築產品售價等因素 對於容積獎勵之影響，以開放空間容積獎勵為例，籍由模擬分析方法，從 而觀察各項因素對容積獎勵之影響，最後提出本研究之結論與建議。

How New Zealand’s health-sector labour markets interact with District Health Board (DHB) Provider Arms is my thesis’ focus. Using health-service delivery data, workforce data, and DHB monthly financial information, I estimate the DHB Provider Arm economic production process and the interaction between DHBs and the health-sector labour and capital input markets. Production and input market interactions are modelled through simultaneously estimating a DHB production function together with the first order conditions for cost-minimisation in an econometric system-of-equations. Estimating a system-of-equations allows labour and capital market prices to interact with DHB marginal input productivities according to the first order conditions of cost-minimisation. Nationally-determined MECA labour prices influence health service output through their equality to DHB production-based input marginal productivities. Medical and nursing labour appears to have inelastic labour demand, providing scope for unions in those sectors to exploit market power. DHBs are employing fewer workers than they would and paying more for each worker than they should if the labour market was more competitive. New Zealanders are receiving less health care then they might, and experiencing more morbidity then they need bear, from the workforce restrictions generated in the health sector's labour market. The passed-through inflated labour costs are borne by taxpayers, who lack options for alternative provider care. The non-competitive labour market induce secondary labour market effects. Overseas-trained medical labour, attracted into New Zealand by above-competition wages, are denied employment within medical-skill-hungry DHBs. Graduate nurses over-supply a quantity-constrained labour market, generated entrenched unemployment. DHBs are induced to be allocative and technically inefficient through price distortions, creating higher output costs and an inefficient production input mix.