Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-07T16:24:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação FINAL 3.pdf: 3130600 bytes, checksum: cc7a0deac92b5c66e5e7a17046de48cd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-09T20:34:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação FINAL 3.pdf: 3130600 bytes, checksum: cc7a0deac92b5c66e5e7a17046de48cd (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-09T20:34:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação FINAL 3.pdf: 3130600 bytes, checksum: cc7a0deac92b5c66e5e7a17046de48cd (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-03 / Os serviços ecossistêmicos (SEs) são considerados os benefícios que as pessoas recebem da natureza como qualidade da água e provisão de alimentos. A valoração como forma de subsídio ao pagamento por estes serviços pode auxiliar na mitigação dos fatores de degradação de um dos ecossistemas campestres mais importantes do mundo, os campos naturais do Pampa. O objetivo deste trabalho é adaptar à realidade deste bioma a metodologia TESSA (Toolkit for Ecossistem Service – Site-based Assessment) que é um conjunto de ferramentas que avalia e monitora os SEs com baixo investimento. O estudo foi realizado em duas propriedades certificadas pela Alianza del Pastizal no município de Lavras do Sul, RS, Brasil, sendo uma denominada de Conservada (CO) e a outra Em Recuperação (ER). A pesquisa quantitativa foi feita através da coleta de amostras de biodiversidade, massa de forragem e de solo, deformadas e indeformadas, nas profundidades de 0 - 5cm, 5 - 10cm e 10 -20 cm, em três transectas em toposequência (topo, encosta e baixada). A pesquisa qualitativa sobre os principais SEs e suas importâncias foi aplicada em pesquisadores da Embrapa Pecuária Sul e produtores do Sindicato Rural de Lavras do Sul na forma de workshops. Todos os dados foram submetidos a análise de componentes principais (ACP) e os dados de Estoque de Carbono e Valoração Econômica foram determinados por uma análise de duas vias seguida de pós teste de Bonferroni (p<0,05). Os testes de ACP foram feitos com as médias de cada toposequência com os resultados de cobertura absoluta das espécies encontradas, solo descoberto, altura, massa de forragem, carbono orgânico, densidade do solo, Ph, H+Al, alumínio, cálcio, magnésio, fósforo, potássio e Índice de Shannon e Pielou. Os resultados geraram 5 componentes principais, na qual o componente principal 1 explicou 99,6 % dos resultados, com os índices de massa de forragem e altura da pastagem, mostrando a correlação direta da conservação dos serviços ecossistêmicos com o histórico de uso destas áreas. Os resultados qualitativos mostraram que dentre os principais SEs percebidos pelos produtores e pesquisadores estão ambiente nativo, qualidade da água, qualidade da carne, modo de vida e beleza cênica, com exceção do carbono que foi citado apenas pelos pesquisadores. Como principais ameaças à conservação da biodiversidade estão sucessão familiar, infraestrutura, reforma agrária, ações do governo e a presença de espécies invasoras. No teor de COS na camada de 20 cm do solo foi encontrada diferença significativa tanto entre as duas propriedades como entre as toposequências. Os resultados transformados em dólares no mercado voluntário possibilitaram chegar à valores médios de U$ 359,32.ha-1 (74,85 ton.ha-1 CO2 equivalente x U$4,8) para CO e U$ 250,38.ha-1 para o ER. O mercado de carbono é voluntário, portanto seu valor poderá ser “qualquer valor acordado”, mas sua utilidade está em demonstrar as diferenças entre as áreas estudadas. A diferença de valores entre as duas propriedades é de U$108,94. As políticas públicas devem ser norteadas a partir das ameaças percebidas. O teor de C org dos campos naturais nas propriedades analisadas está atrelado ao histórico e manejo pecuário adotado. Os dados indicam que estes ecossistemas com boas práticas de manejo contêm estoques importantes de COS e, portanto, sua conservação é relevante para a mitigação das mudanças climáticas. Sugere-se, neste trabalho, que os valores para projetos de pagamento pelos serviços ecossistêmicos prestados por estes produtores pecuários seja ou pela diferença do Estoque de Carbono ou pela diferença entre o custo de oportunidade do arrendamento da terra, de U$ 140, comparado com alternativas produtivas de maior rentabilidade. / The ecosystem services are considered the benefits which the people got from nature. The evaluation of this services can aid in the mitigation of the factors of degradation from one of grasslands ecosystems more important of the world, the natural fields of Pampa. This work aims to adapt this biome into the reality to the methodology TESSA (Toolkit for Ecossistem Service – Site-based Assessment) a set of tools that acess and monitor ES, with low investment. For this purpose were chosen two certificated farms by Alianza del Pastizal in Lavras do Sul city, RS, Brazil. The amount was done through of samples of biodiverty, forage mass and soil, unshaped and shaped,in the depth of 0 - 5cm, 5 - 10cm e 10 -20 cm in two farms, called of Preserved (P) and in Recovering (R). They were chosen three transects on toposequence (top, encost and low), open trenches and collected. The qualitative research was done with researches from Embrapa Pecuária Sul and livestocks farmers from the Rural Sindicate of Lavras do Sul I the way of workshops were day pointed the main ES and graduated the importance. All data were subimited to Analysis of the Main Components (AMC) and the data of carbon stock and Economic Evaluation were determinated by an analysis of two ways followed by posttest of Bonferroni (p<0,05). The test of AMC with average from each toposequence with the results of absolute covering of each species found, uncovered soil, hight, forage mass, organic carbon, soil density, Ph, H + Al, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and Shannon and Pielou index had as result the main component 1 that explained 99,6% of the results, with the forage mass index and hight of grassland, showing the direct correlation of conservation of environmental services with the good practices of management in this ecosystem. The qualitative results showed that among the main ES noticed by farmers and researches are native environment, water quality, meet quality, way of life and the beauty of landscape, except the carbon, that wasn’t mentioned by farmers. As main threats to the conservation of biodiversity are the familiar succession, infrastructure, land reform, governmental actions and presence of invader species. The carbon organic amount in the layer of 20cm of soil was found significate difference either between the two farms or between the topo sequences. The results turned in to dollars in the volunteer market made possible to get to the average values of U$ 359,00 to the preserved grasslands and U$ 250,00. The carbon market is volunteer, therefore its value might be “any dealt value” but its utility is in demonstrate the differences between two farms studied. The difference of values between two farms is of U$ 108,00. The public policies must be led since from the threats noticed. The amount of organic carbon of natural grasslands in the farms analyzed is engaged to the historical and management livestock adopted. The data indicate that these ecosystems with good livestock management have good important stocks, therefore its conservation is relevant to the mitigation of climate changes. It is suggested in this paper that the values for the ecosystem service payment projects provided by these livestock farmers are or the Carbon Stock (U$ 108,00) of the difference or the difference between the opportunity cost of the land lease, from U$ 140, compared with production of more profitable alternatives.

Species which play particularly important roles in ecosystem patterns and processes are recognised as keystone species or ecosystem engineers. The conservation of these species is critical for the maintenance of the ecological role they play in ecosystem function. The aardvark, Orycteropus afer, is known to play a role in biopedturbation through digging for refuges and for prey, and as a consequence of these digging activities is expected to serve the role of an ecosystem engineer and keystone species. This study aimed to describe and quantify the ecological patterns and processes driven by the aardvark through their digging activities, within the eastern Karoo, and thereby evaluate the significance of aardvarks as ecosystem engineers and keystone species in a semi-arid environment. The landscape pattern (dig abundance and distribution) and soil displacement of aardvark forage and refuge digs in a semi-arid Karoo landscape, as well as the ecological processes (generating fertile, seed retention hotspots) driven by aardvark forage digs was measured. Refuge digs occurred in the highest densities in areas characterised by a specific suite of soil, vegetation and elevation features, while forage digs occurred in high abundance in most habitats measured, and were likely driven by prey availability. Forage digs served as litter and seed retention hotspots, with accelerated decomposition rates of litter as a function of increased soil moisture in digs. The functional processes (i.e. resource capture, shelter for plants and animals, germination sites, soil aeration, organic turnover, mineralization rates, fertile soil displacement and transport) driven by aardvark digs are not restricted to refuge digs. Forage digs occurred in most habitats measured and their functional role is unique and perhaps greater across the landscape in comparison to refuge digs. The aardvark has a disproportionate effect in ecosystems, in terms of its refuge and forage digs relative to its abundance and therefore its role as a keystone species and ecosystem engineer is confirmed. Conservation and protection of this species is therefore essential to maintain its important role in ecosystem function.

Drivers of environmental change in one location can have profound effects on ecosystem services and human well-being in distant locations, often across international borders. The telecoupling provides a conceptual framework for describing these interactions-for example, locations can be defined as sending areas (sources of flows of ecosystem services, energy, or information) or receiving areas (recipients of flows). However, the ability to quantify feedbacks between ecosystem change in one area and societal benefits in other areas requires analytical approaches. We use spatial subsidies-an approach developed to measure the degree to which a migratory species' ability to provide services in one location depends on habitat in another location-as an example of how telecoupling can be operationalized. Using the cotton pest control and ecotourism services of Mexican free-tailed bats as an example, we determined that of the 16 states in the United States and Mexico where the species resides, three states (Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado) are receiving areas, while the rest of the states are sending areas. In addition, the magnitude of spatial subsidy can be used as an indicator of the degree to which different locations are telecoupled to other locations. In this example, the Mexican free-tailed bat ecosystem services to cotton production and ecotourism in Texas and New Mexico are heavily dependent on winter habitat in four states in central and southern Mexico. In sum, spatial subsidies can be used to operationalize the telecoupling conceptual framework by identifying sending and receiving areas, and by indicating the degree to which locations are telecoupled to other locations.

The City relies on Nature‟s products and services for its wellbeing and its very existence. Smallbusinesses, the socio-economic fabric of the City, are mostly mainstream and not engaged insustainability. From their point of view, how do they connect to the Sustainable City?In one of the most competitive areas of central Paris, mainstream businesses and also frontrunners, thelatter already engaged in sustainability, were interviewed as a pilot to further explore transformationinto the Sustainable City. All were asked to reflect on their experience in managing change. They werethen encouraged to propose actions in face of the challenges of sustainability and the sustainable city,and react on a vision of the Sustainable City for Paris and its larger region. They expressed barriers tochallenges and to the vision proposed. And they also proposed ideas, expressed desires, opportunitiesand overall bridges for sustainability to be practically implemented. The findings presented theenterprises‟ interpretation of the concepts of trust and innovation. Reflecting on how the results couldcontribute to a transformation into a Sustainable City resulted in a practical list of actions. This pilotstudy showed a potential for sustainable development to emerge throughout the City through its mostimpactful yet promising actors, the small businesses.In order to contribute in building bridges between City and Nature, the exploration is inspired bysocial ecological research, looking for ways to harmonize the various elements and actors to transformcities into sustainable ones. The framework is mostly based on a business-inspired research design anda construct from the European Union Sustainable City challenges, resilience theory approaches and theFrench national strategy for sustainable development.

Reef habitats built by the tubiculous polychaete Sabellaria spinulosa have been identified as a habitat with significant conservation importance, based on their historic decline across Europe and the assumption that, like many other biogenic reef systems, S. spinulosa reefs enhance biodiversity. Despite the high conservation status of this habitat very little work has been undertaken to explore the role that S. spinulosa reefs play in marine ecosystems, or their sensitivity to anthropogenic disturbance. Observations of the reproductive ecology and population dynamics of the reef building organism indicate that S. spinulosa exhibit life-history traits typically associated with r-strategists, indicating that this species is likely to have the ability to recover quickly following most anthropogenic disturbance events. A series of surveys on S. spinulosa reefs identified at the Thanet Offshore Wind Farm site, where the extent of the reef habitat was found to have increased between the pre-construction and post construction survey despite extensive cable laying and turbine installation, corroborates these findings. Detailed investigations into the macrofauna associated with S. spinulosa reefs in the eastern English Channel revealed that S. spinulosa reefs support macrofaunal communities that are comparable to those associated with adjacent muddy sandy gravel and gravelly muddy sand in terms of species composition, taxonomic breadth and beta-diversity. A consistent enhancement in species richness, abundance and biomass was identified in samples collected from S. spinulosa reefs when compared with adjacent sedimentary deposits, as well as a corresponding reduction in the equitability of species, indicating that some macrofauna are able to exist in higher densities within this habitat. The increase in macrofaunal biomass associated with S. spinulosa reefs was found to influence the diet of demersal fish species, with some species feeding on the reef organism itself while others feed on species found in high densities on the reefs. The high abundance of juvenile flatfish associated with this habitat also suggests that S. spinulosa reefs may provide an important nursery habitat.

Coral reef ecosystems are some of the most biologically diverse systems in the world, and provide a number of ecosystem services that humans depend on for their wellbeing. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a social-ecological intervention that while conserving these ecosystems, also have significant impacts on the communities that depend on them for their wellbeing. Community-based MPAs are growing in popularity with the assumption that by putting communities at the forefront of their planning and management, more participation will occur, ensuring positive social and ecological impacts. This study, through mixed qualitative and quantitative methods, examines two community-based MPAs in coastal Kenya (called tengefus) to understand how each tengefu was incepted, and how resource users perceive the impacts of the tengefu on ecosystem services and human wellbeing. Participation in and donor support for the tengefu were found to influence how resource users perceived impacts. Individuals who were more engaged in the project or held some type of leadership position perceived more positive impacts on ecosystem services and human wellbeing compared to those not involved. In the two cases, tangible benefits (e.g. fisheries spillover and ecotourism) from the marine enclosure itself are too few to benefit the community as a whole. For tengefus to be social successes, more attention should be given to engaging all resource-dependent community members in their planning, implementation and management, and to understanding the multifaceted role of donor funding in supporting these initiatives.

L'agriculture fait face à une crise environnementale qui rend nécessaire la prise en compte du fonctionnement des « écosystèmes ». Mais ce concept de l'écologie donne peu de prise à l'action dans le secteur agricole. Les champs de littérature sur les « biens communs » et sur les « services écosystémiques », qui traitent de la gestion des écosystèmes, ont été abondamment développés et relayés par les politiques publiques. La thèse montre qu'ils cristallisent souvent les conflits entre les objectifs agricoles et les préoccupations écologiques sans pour autant permettre l'exploration de nouveaux systèmes agricoles.Notre thèse en sciences de gestion met en évidence qu'un nouvel enjeu pour la recherche scientifique est d'apprendre à piloter les régulations écologiques au sein des agro-écosystèmes de manière à rendre l'agriculture durable. Elle cherche à définir les modalités d'une démarche de conception des agro-écosystèmes : peuvent-ils faire l'objet de démarches de conception innovantes ? Quelles sont les méthodes pour les concevoir ? Et quels sont les modes de gouvernance appropriés ?L'analyse historique des raisonnements scientifiques en agronomie et en écologie met en évidence les raisons qui rendent difficiles aujourd'hui la conception des agro-écosystèmes, malgré les connaissances de plus en plus fines sur les régulations écologiques. La thèse modélise une classe d'objets particuliers, les « fonds écologiques », que les scientifiques introduisent pour aborder les agro-écosystèmes en s'affranchissant des seuls schémas connus. Elle montre l'intérêt de ne pas considérer les fonds écologiques comme des biens communs mais comme des « inconnus communs ». Le modèle proposé, testé sur un archétype de la production intensive en région céréalière, permet d'élaborer une méthode de conception collective et innovante des agro-écosystèmes. / Agriculture is facing an environmental crisis that makes it necessary to take into account the “ecosystem” functioning. But this concept of ecology is difficult to handle in the agricultural sector. Fields of literature on the "commons" and the "ecosystem services", which deal with the management of ecosystems, have been extensively developed and relayed by public policy. The thesis shows that they often freeze the conflict between agricultural objectives and environmental concerns without allowing the exploration of new farming systems.Our thesis in management science highlights the fact that a new challenge for scientific research is to learn to manage environmental regulations within agro-ecosystems in order to make agriculture sustainable. It aims to define a design approach of agro-ecosystems: can innovative design be applied to them? What are the methods to design agro-ecosystems? And what are the appropriate modes of governance?The historical analysis of scientific reasoning in agronomy and ecology highlights the reasons why the design of agro-ecosystems remains so difficult, despite finer knowledge on environmental regulations. The thesis models a particular class of objects, the “ecological fund” that scientists introduced to deal with agro-ecosystems while escaping the already known patterns. It shows the importance of considering the ecological funds not as common goods but as "common unknowns”. The proposed model, tested on an archetype of an intensive cereal production area, makes it possible to develop a method of collective and innovative design of agro-ecosystems.

No description available.

Les pertes de récolte dues aux ravageurs et aux maladies constituent une menace sérieuse pour les revenus et la sécurité alimentaire de milliers de familles rurales dans le monde entier. L'évaluation de ces pertes de récolte (baisse de rendement et préjudice économique) et de leurs causes est nécessaire pour améliorer la mise au point d'agroécosystèmes capables d'offrir de bons rendements de culture, une régulation des ravageurs et des maladies et d'autres services écosystémiques. Ce mémoire de doctorat vise à contribuer à la recherche dans le domaine des pertes de récolte en proposant des approches expérimentales et de modélisation susceptibles d'être utilisées pour estimer les pertes primaires et secondaires subies dans les cultures pérennes, et analyser leurs causes. La culture pérenne étudiée est celle du caféier à Turrialba au Costa Rica, où la culture du café se pratique dans des plantations qui vont de la monoculture à pleine exposition solaire à des systèmes agroforestiers hautement diversifiés, et qui sont soumises à une gamme de situations de production (topolimat, fertilité du sol, types d'ombrage) et de stratégies de gestion (pratiques culturales et intrants). Les trois questions de recherche principales ont été les suivantes : Quel est l'impact des stratégies de gestion et des situations de production sur les ravageurs et les maladies et les rendements en café ? Comment les pertes de rendement en café associées à des profils de dégâts donnés varient-elles en fonction des stratégies de gestion et des situations de production ? Quels types d'agro-écosystèmes à base de caféiers permettent de minimiser les pertes en café (baisse de rendement et préjudice économique) et de maximiser les avantages globaux retirés (services écosystémiques) ? / Crop losses due to pests and diseases are a major threat to incomes and food security of thousands of rural families worldwide. The assessment of crop losses (yield and economic losses) and their causes is needed to improve the development of agroecosystems capable to offer good crop yields, regulation of pests and diseases, and other ecosystem services. This doctoral research aimed to contribute to the research field of crop losses, by providing experimental and modeling approaches that could be used in perennial crops to estimate primary and secondary losses and analyze their causes. We worked in a perennial crop such as coffee, in Turrialba, Costa Rica, where coffee is grown in plantations from monocultures at full sun exposure to highly diversified agroforestry systems, and under a range of production situations (topoclimate, soil fertility, types of shade) and management strategies (agricultural practices and inputs). The three main research questions were: What is the impact of management strategies and production situations on pests and diseases and coffee yields? How do coffee yield losses caused by injury profiles vary in function of management strategies and production situations? Which types of coffee agroecosystems are capable to obtain the lowest coffee losses (yield and economic) and highest overall benefits (ecosystem services)? This research was developed through two experimental designs. The first was an experimental coffee parcel under controlled conditions (three-year experiment) to quantify primary and secondary yield losses by comparison of treatments, and to identify the main predictors of yield losses by structural equation modeling. The second experimental design was based on surveys in a coffee research plot network (coffee plots of smallholder farmers), where, during two years, we measured indicators of yields and indicators of four ecosystem services: regulation of pests and diseases, provisioning of agroforestry products, maintenance of soil fertility, and carbon sequestration. Yield losses in this network were estimated through modeling using the predictors identified in the experimental coffee parcel. Analyses of data included several statistical techniques, from analysis of variances, linear regressions to multivariate techniques. The results were organized in four manuscripts, and then discussed integrally. The main findings were: i) Both production situations and management strategies determine coffee yield and pest and disease injuries, effects of interactions altitude x management x types of shade must be considered; ii) Injury profiles depend on particular combinations of production situations and management strategies, with impacts on yield losses especially in a year of high coffee production (primary yield losses), but compromising also the yields of the next year (secondary yield losses); iii) Diversified agroforestry systems have better chances to regulate pests and diseases (reduce yield and economic losses), and simultaneously provide goods for family benefits, maintain soil fertility, and increase carbon sequestration, without implying trade-offs among these ecosystem services. The main prospects of this research are related to perform similar studies in coffee and other perennials at regional levels, develop an injury profile simulator for coffee, and prototyping of coffee agroforestry systems to optimize the provision of multiple ecosystem services.

Forest is a resource that is increasingly utilized for multiple purposes. The balance between energy demands and the long-term capacity of ecosystems to support biodiversity and other ecosystem services is crucial. The aim of this project was to increase the knowledge on and to develop methods and tools for trade-offs and synergies analysis among forest ecosystem services based on different forest management policies. Paper I provides an overview of existing models for integrated energy-environment assessment. A literature review was conducted on assessment models and their ability to integrate energy with environmental aspects. Missing environmental aspects concern land use, landscapes and biodiversity. In Paper II a modelling framework was set up to link a landscape simulator with a habitat network model for integrated assessment of bioenergy feedstock and biodiversity related impacts in Kronoberg County. In Paper III we continued with the same management scenarios, while the analysis was expanded to five ecosystem services by developing the Landscape simulation and Ecological Assessment (LEcA) tool: industrial wood, bioenergy, forest carbon stock, recreation areas and habitat networks. In Paper IV we present two heuristic methods for spatial optimization – simulated annealing (SA) and genetic algorithm (GA) – to find optimal solutions for allocating harvest activities, in order to minimize the impacts on habitat networks. In Paper V, as response to the findings in Paper I, we linked the energy model MESSAGE with our LEcA tool for forest bioenergy demand assessment while applying environmental and transport restrictions, in a study of Lithuania. We found trade-offs between industrial wood production and bioenergy on one side, and recreation values, biodiversity, and to some extent carbon storage on the other side. The LEcA tool integrated forest simulation and management with assessment of ecosystem services, which is promising for integrated sustainability assessment of forest management policies. / <p>QC 20171023</p>