L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les interactions allélopathiques dans la forêt de chêne pubescente en région méditerranéenne et d’envisager comment ces interactions peuvent être affectées par le changement climatique. Nous avons montré que l'arbre dominant Q. pubescens et ses espèces compagnes A. monspessulanum et C. coggygria ont des potentialités allélopathiques différentes en fonction du stade phénologique des feuilles ce qui pourrait affecter la germination et la croissance des plantes herbacées de sous-étage. Ces différences d'effet allélopathique peuvent résulter non seulement de différences dans la quantité des composés allélopathiques produits, mais aussi de différences qualitatives observées en fonction du stade phénologique. Cela suggère que l’effet allélopathique puisse varier dans le temps de manière à correspondre au stade de développement des plantes herbacées cibles. Sur l’une des plantes cibles utilisées dans les bioessais, les effets allélopathiques ont d’autre part été accentués en changeant les conditions environnementales (hydriques et/ou thermiques) ce qui suggère des modifications éventuelles des potentiels allélopathiques des plantes à attendre avec le changement climatique. Nos résultats en pépinière ont montré le potentiel allélopathique de cotinus et pinus sur la croissance des plantules de chêne, quelques soient les conditions d’arrosage (stressé ou non stressé. En affectant notamment la biomasse du système racinaire dont la croissance est un élément clé des espèces méditerranéennes pour résister à la sécheresse estivale prolongée, ces interactions pourraient jouer un rôle important dans les processus de régénération du chêne pubescent. / The aim of this thesis is to study allelopathic interactions in the downy oak forest in the mediterranean region and to consider how these interactions can be affected by climate change. We have shown that the dominant tree Q. pubescens and its companion species A. monspessulanum and C. coggygria have different allelopathic potentialities, evaluated in vitro on herbaceous target plants, depending on the phenological stage of the leaves, which could in natura affect the germination and growth of understory herbaceous plants. These differences in allelopathic effect may result not only from differences in the quantity of allelopathic compounds produced, but also from qualitative differences observed as a function of the phenological stage. This suggests that the allelopathic effect may vary over time to match the stage of development of the target herbaceous plants. On one of the target plants used in the bioassays, the allelopathic effects were further accentuated by changing the water and / or thermal conditions which suggests possible modifications of the allelopathic potential of the plants to be expected with climate change.Our results in the plant nursery showed the allelopathic potential of cotinus and pinus on the growth of oak seedlings, whatever the watering conditions (stressed or unstressed). By affecting in particular the biomass of the root system, the growth of which is a key element of the mediterranean species to resist the prolonged summer drought, these interactions could play an important role in the regeneration processes of downy oak.

Terrestrial inputs of organic matter contribute greatly to the functioning of aquatic ecosystems, subsidizing between 30-70% of secondary production. This contribution of terrestrial resources is especially important in boreal lakes that are largely nutrient-poor and thus more responsive to these additions. Yet the mechanisms underlying initial processing of terrestrial resources by microbial communities at the base of lake food webs remain poorly understood. With this in mind, this thesis aims to advance our understanding of lake sediment microbial community assembly and functioning along abiotic gradients, primarily reflecting variation in terrestrial organic matter inputs that are predicted to increase with future environmental change. Chapter 1 reviews current knowledge on the terrestrial support of lake food webs and highlights gaps in understanding the factors influencing the microbial processing of terrestrial resources. It also provides an overview of metagenomics methods for microbial community analysis and their development over the course of the thesis. Chapter 2 tests how much of ecosystem functioning is explained by microbial community structure relative to other ecosystem properties such as the present-day and past environment. Theory predicts that ecosystem functioning, here measured as CO2 production, should increase with diversity, but the individual and interactive effects of other ecosystem properties on ecosystem functioning remain unresolved. Chapter 3 further questions the importance of microbial diversity for ecosystem functioning by asking whether more diverse microbial communities stabilize ubiquitous functions like CO2 production and microbial abundances through time. It also aims to identify the biotic and abiotic mechanisms underlying positive diversity-stability relationships. Chapter 4 then explores how microbial communities assemble and colonize sediments with varying types and amounts of terrestrial organic matter in three different lakes over a two-month period. Understanding how microbial communities change in relation to sediment and lake conditions can help predict downstream ecosystem functions. Finally, Chapter 5 discusses the main findings of the thesis and ends with proposed avenues for future research.

Dans les écosystèmes, tels que les rivières, les marais salés, les mangroves, les dunes côtières, qui sont exposés à des flux hydrogéomorphologiques fréquents et réguliers (c’est-à-dire à des perturbations physiques), des rétroactions se mettent en place entre la géomorphologie (eau, sédiments et formes fluviales) et les plantes (par exemple Populus nigra L., Salix alba L., Salix purpurea L. dans les rivières). L’établissement de la végétation est contrôlé par des processus hydrogéomorphologiques qui, en retour, sont modulés par la végétation. De telles rétroactions contrôlent la dynamique des écosystèmes riverains. Dans cette thèse, nous avons abordé deux questions principales afin de mieux comprendre les rétroactions entre la végétation riveraine et les processus hydrogéomorphologiques : (i) comment la végétation riveraine répond-elle aux contraintes hydrogéomorphologiques ? (ii) comment et dans quelle mesure les plantes ingénieures, une fois établies, affectent-elles la géomorphologie fluviale ? Nous avons étudié ces questions sur la rivière Allier (France) à travers une approche emboîtée multi-échelles allant de l’échelle du patron paysager au trait de plante. Nous avons testé l’applicabilité de la méthode de photogrammétrie pour quantifier la réponse et l’effet de la végétation riveraine et des rétroactions biogéomorphologiques à différentes échelles spatio-temporelles (corridor, banc alluvial et individu). À l’échelle du corridor, nous avons recherché la signature topographique de la végétation riveraine dans le paysage, en utilisant des données photogrammétriques et LiDAR. À l’échelle intermédiaire du banc alluvial, nous avons étudié l’aptitude des trois espèces pionnières dominantes riveraines de Salicaceae (P. nigra, S. purpurea, S. alba) à s’établir et à agir comme ingénieurs d’écosystème en piégeant les sédiments fins. À l’échelle la plus fine du trait de plante, nous avons quantifié la relation existante entre les attributs de trait de réponse des jeunes plantes de P. nigra et leur exposition à trois niveaux différents de stress mécanique (tête de banc fortement exposée, queue de banc moins exposée, chute alluviale). Nous avons identifié les difficultés et les erreurs à ne pas commettre pour appliquer correctement la photogrammétrie dans les études des rétroactions biogéomorphologiques. En tout état de cause, la photogrammétrie s’est avérée être un outil performant pour quantifier un ensemble de paramètres pertinents pour répondre à des questions de recherche fondamentale aux trois échelles spatiales considérées. À l’échelle la plus large, la signature topographique de la végétation est particulièrement difficile à identifier en raison de la dynamique complexe des formes fluviales de la rivière Allier. Cependant, en concentrant les observations sur des zones de taille réduite et fortement connectées (bancs alluviaux bordant le chenal), la signature de la végétation a pu être identifiée par cette méthode. Elle semble augmenter avec la croissance de la hauteur végétale (progression temporelle de la succession biogéomorphologique), ce qui est en accord avec le modèle de succession biogéomorphologique fluviale (SBF). À l’échelle intermédiaire du banc alluvial, les rétroactions biogéomorphologiques pouvaient être bien identifiées. La capacité des plantes riveraines à s’établir et à agir comme ingénieurs d’écosystème dépend à la fois des espèces et de leur physionomie, de leur âge et de leur position respective sur les bancs alluviaux. À l’échelle la plus fine de l’individu, nous avons capturé la réponse morphologique et biomécanique contrastée de P. nigra à l’exposition aux différents niveaux de contrainte mécanique d’un point de vue de trait. Dans tous les niveaux hiérarchiques, des rétroactions biogéomorphologiques liées aux échelles ont été détectées et synthétisées dans un modèle conceptuel. [...] / N ecosystems, such as rivers, salt marshes, mangroves, coastal dunes which are exposed to frequent and regular hydrogeomorphic fluxes (i.e. physical disturbances), feedbacks between geomorphology (water, sediment and landforms) and plants (e.g. Populus nigra L., Salix alba L., Salix purpurea L. in rivers) can occur. Vegetation esta¬blishment is controlled by hydrogeomorphic processes which in turn are modulated by vegetation. Such feedbacks control riparian ecosystem dynamics. In this thesis, we addressed two main questions in an effort to better understand feedbacks between riparian vegetation and hydrogeomorphic processes: (i) How does riparian vegetation respond to hydrogeomorphic constraints? (ii) How, and to what extent, do established engineer plants affect fluvial geomorphology? We studied these questions through a nested multi-scale approach from landscape pattern to plant trait scales on the dynamic wandering Allier River (France). We tested the applicability of the method of photogrammetry to quantify the response and the effect of riparian vegetation and biogeomorphic feedbacks at different spatio-temporal scales (i.e. corridor, alluvial bar and individual). At the corridor scale, we searched for the topographic signature of riparian vegetation in the landscape, using photogrammetric and LiDAR data. At the intermediate alluvial bar scale, we investigated the aptitude of three dominant pioneer riparian Salicaceae species (P. nigra, S. purpurea and S. alba) to establish and to act as ecosystem engineers by trap¬ping fine sediment. At the finest, plant trait scale, we quantified the relation between response trait attributes of young P. nigra plants and their exposure to three different levels of mechanical stress (a highly exposed bar-head, a less exposed bar-tail, a chute channel). We identified some difficulties or failures to properly apply photogrammetry in biogeomorphic feedback studies. However, photogrammetry appeared as a useful tool to quantify a set of relevant parameters to respond to fundamental research questions concerning biogeomorphic feedbacks at the three nested spatial scales. At the broadest, the topographic signature of vegetation was not easy to capture because of the complex shifting mosaic of landforms of the Allier River. However, by focusing on more connec¬ted, restricted areas (i.e. alluvial bars), the signature of vegetation could be captured. It seems to increase with increasing vegetation height corresponding to the evolutionary phases of the fluvial biogeomorphic succession (FBS) model. At the intermediate, alluvial bar scale, biogeomorphic feedbacks could be well identified. The capacity of riparian plants to establish and act as ecosystem engineers depended both on species and their physiognomy, their age and their location on alluvial bars. At the finest, individual plant scale, we captured the contrasting morphological and biomechanical response of P. nigra to variable mechanical stress exposure from a trait perspective. In all hierarchical levels, scale-related biogeomorphic feedbacks were detected and described in a conceptual model. The three scales were considered as cycles composed of four different phases, which can have a variable temporality. The broadest spatio-temporal scale represents the evolution over several decades of the landscape mosaic resulting from the balance between constructive (vegetation establishment, growth and succession) and destruc¬tive (floods) forces. [...]

Esta tese realiza uma pesquisa exploratória no âmbito do PJe, Processo Judicial Eletrônico, de modo a prover uma abordagem metodológica para orientar o processo de construção de um modelo de governança do ecossistema, que suporte o processo de implementação, sustentação e evolução do PJe e de seu ambiente e permita sua adoção de forma mais ágil, eficiente e eficaz. A pesquisa empírica contempla o estudo desse modelo de caráter normativo do ecossistema e da gestão do projeto PJe dentro desse contexto. O presente trabalho realiza uma revisão da bibliografia existente sobre o tema e das questões a ele associadas. A partir dessa revisão, foi possível desenvolver o modelo de pesquisa. As metodologias de pesquisa utilizadas foram o estudo de caso e a pesquisa-ação, o que permitiu ao pesquisador o aprofundamento em alguns aspectos da governança do processo de implementação do PJe. A pesquisa foi realizada com base em conversações, observações e proposições feitas durante a participação do pesquisador em reuniões do Comitê Gestor do PJe, do CNJ, Conselho Nacional de Justiça. Essas conversações, observações e proposições foram feitas com base no modelo de pesquisa. / This paper makes an exploratory research concerning the PJe - Electronic Legal Proceeding - in order to provide a methodological approach to guide the process of building an ecosystem governance template that supports the process of implementing, sustaining, and evolving the PJe and its environment, and that allows for it to be adopted in a quicker and more effective way. The empirical research provides for the study of this regulatory template of the ecosystem and the management of the PJe project in that context. This paper reviews the existing literature on the subject and the issues related to it. From that review, it was possible to develop the research model. The research methodologies used were the case study and the action research, which allowed the researcher to go deep into some aspects of the governance of the PJe implementation process. The research was conducted based on discussions, notes, and propositions made during the researcher\'s participation in meetings with the PJe Management Committee of the CNJ - National Justice Board. These discussions, notes, and propositions were made based on the research model.

Esta tese foca no papel dos misídeos em ecossistemas costeiros, considerando aspectos de sua distribuição, biologia e ecologia, tais como: distribuição zoogeográfica no Atlântico Sudoeste; dinâmica populacional dos misídeos no estuário de Cananéia, explorando sua distribuição espacial e temporal em relação às variáveis ambientais e abundância do zooplâncton; traços reprodutivos, produção anual e tolerância a gradientes de salinidade; taxas de alimentação, seletividade e respostas funcionais; predação inter- e intraespecífica; e predação sobre os misídeos. Atenção particular foi dada ao papel trófico dos misídeos no contexto da teoria da Biodiversidade e Funcionamento do Ecossistema em ecologia. Através de abordagens experimentais foram avaliados os efeitos da riqueza de espécies da comunidade de misídeos sobre sua seletividade alimentar e taxas de consumo. O efeito da riqueza de espécies da comunidade de predadores dos misídeos também foi considerado. Misídeos geralmente compõem a epifauna bêntica dominante em águas costeiras, tendo assim papel chave nas cadeias alimentares de regiões marinhas costeiras. No entanto, poucos estudos focaram esses organismos na América do Sul: apenas 31 de 1131 espécies de misídeos descritas no mundo foram registradas no Atlântico Sudoeste. No estuário de Cananéia, salinidade e temperatura foram parâmetros importantes na distribuição espacial e temporal dos misídeos. Maiores abundâncias e produção ocorreram na primavera, em decorrência de condições termohalinas mais favoráveis e a alta disponibilidade de alimento. Metamysidopsis elongata atlantica foi a espécie dominante numericamente, provavelmente por ser a única espécie de misídeo que consegue colonizar áreas de menor salinidade de forma efetiva, onde o alimento é mais abundante e as outras espécies de misídeos não ocorrem, evitando assim competição interespecífica e predação intraguilda. Metamysidopsis e. atlantica teve alta produção anual, fato que confirma a importância dos misídeos no fluxo de carbono em águas costeiras de regiões tropicas e subtropicais. Chlamydopleon dissimile, M. e. atlantica e Mysidopsis coelhoi tiveram comportamento alimentar oportunista sobre a comunidade de zooplâncton natural, mas houve evidência de que eles evitaram presas medindo entre 300 e 400 µm, compostas principalmente por Oithona spp. As taxas de ingestão tiveram um aumento não linear com o aumento da concentração de alimento, sugerindo resposta funcional do tipo II para as três espécies de misídeos. Houve tanto efeitos positivos (complementaridade) quanto negativos da combinação de espécies sobre a resposta alimentar das mesmas. Interações negativas estiveram provavelmente ligadas à predação intraguilda, resultando na redução da predação dos misídeos sobre o zooplâncton. Um aumento no número de espécies de predadores de misídeos resultou em um aumento na predação de misídeos em relação ao desempenho médio das monoculturas de predadores, mas não em comparação ao predador mais efetivo. Efeitos positivos da diversidade de predadores aumentaram com a heterogeneidade espacial, pois esta permitiu que efeitos de complementaridade interespecífica entre os predadores fossem melhor expressados. Além disso, a morte de predadores foi reduzida nos tratamentos com maior heterogeneidade espacial, provavelmente porque esta amenizou a ocorrência de predação intraguilda e/ou interações comportamentais negativas entre os predadores. E por último, efeitos de cascata trófica não foram observados, provavelmente em decorrência dos misídeos serem onívoros generalistas. / This thesis focuses on the role of mysids in coastal ecosystems. It considers aspects of their distribution, biology, and ecology, such as: zoogeographical distribution in the Southwest Atlantic; their population dynamics in the Cananeia estuary, exploring spatial and temporal distribution in relation to environmental variables and zooplankton abundance; reproductive traits, annual production and tolerance to salinity gradients; feeding rates, selectivity, and functional responses; inter- and intraspecific predation; and the suppression of mysid abundance by predators. Particular attention was put to the trophic role of mysids in the context of the Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning theory in ecology (BEF). Experimental approaches were employed to evaluate the effects of species richness of the mysid assemblage on their feeding selectivity and consumption fluxes. Also, the effect of species richness of the mysids predador assemblage was taken into account. Mysids are usually the dominant benthic epifauna in coastal waters, and thus they play a key role in marine coastal food webs. However, few studies focused on these organisms in the South American region: only 31 out of 1131 mysid species described worldwide have been registered in the Southwest Atlantic. In the Cananeia estuary, salinity and temperature were important factors influencing mysid spatio-temporal distribution. Higher abundance and production occurred in spring, when thermohaline conditions were more favorable and food availability was high. Metamysidopsis elongata atlantica was the numerically dominant species, probably because it is the single mysid species that effectively colonizes low salinity areas, where food is more abundant and other mysid species are absent, thus avoiding interspecific competition and intraguild predation. Metamysidopsis e. atlantica had high annual production values, confirming the importance of mysids in the carbon flux of tropical and subtropical coastal waters. Chlamydopleon dissimile, M. e. atlantica, and Mysidopsis coelhoi had opportunistic feeding behavior on the natural zooplankton assemblage, but there was evidence of avoidance of medium-size prey (300-400 µm), mostly comprised by Oithona spp. Ingestion rates showed a non-linear increase with increasing food concentrations, suggesting a type II functional response for the three mysid species. There were both positive (complementarity effect) and negative effects of species combinations on their feeding response. Negative interactions were probably linked to intraguild predation, resulting in a reduction of mysid predation over the zooplankton. An increase in the number of mysid predator species enhanced mysid suppression relative to the mean performance of predator monocultures, but not in comparison to the most effective predator. Positive effects of predator diversity increased with spatial heterogeneity, as it allowed interspecific complementarity effects between predators to be expressed. Moreover, mortality of predators was reduced in spatially heterogeneous treatments, most likely because it dampened intraguild predation and/or negative behavioral interactions between predators. Finally, trophic cascades were not observed, probably due to the omnivorous - generalist character of mysids.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-09-15T13:05:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliano Leite Forster_.pdf: 1427220 bytes, checksum: 91005b163b192d7f3008a7b74956572a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-15T13:05:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliano Leite Forster_.pdf: 1427220 bytes, checksum: 91005b163b192d7f3008a7b74956572a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / Nenhuma / O presente trabalho procura compreender de que forma o processo de orquestração influencia os ecossistemas de inovação para a geração de valor. O estudo inicia com um contexto do cenário atual sobre o mercado e o ambiente competitivo. Posteriormente é feito o levantamento bibliográfico procurando entender o que são os ecossistemas de inovação e também o conceito de orquestração,desde sua evolução a partir das capacidades dinâmicas. O estudo procurou compreender a forma como é feita a gestão de recursos compartilhados a partir da visão acadêmica, procurando informações que pudessem apresentar implicâncias práticas para o dia-a-dia degestores. O trabalho avança com o estudo de caso sobre o Paralelo Vivo – Hub de Inovações Sustentáveis contrapondo os documentos coletados e os dados levantados nas entrevistas com as tarefas da orquestração de ecossistemas apontadas pela academia. Por fim o estudo apresenta suas conclusões sobre o tema e evidenciando a influência da mobilidade do conhecimento, apropriação da inovação e estabilidade da rede no processo de orquestração de ecossistemas de inovação enquanto ferramentas práticas para gestores de redes com o intuito de gerar e capturar valor. O estudo possuí limitações que demonstram oportunidades para pesquisas futuras. É o caso da diversificação do objeto de estudo com o intuito de identificar padrões entre processos de orquestração e também o acompanhamento por períodos maiores dos ecossistemas pesquisados como forma de avaliar o desempenho de algumas tarefas ao longo do tempo de vida dos ecossistemas de inovação. / The present study aims to comprehend how the orchestration process influences the value creation in innovation ecosystems. The paper starts with an overview of the market and the competitive environment. Next it is made an overview of the literature trying to understand what isan innovation ecosystem and also the concept of orchestration, since the dynamic capabilities evolution. The study sought to understand how is managed the shared resources from an academic perspective, looking for information that could lead to practical influences on the daily management for orchestrators. The work goes with the case study of Paralelo Vivo – Hub de InovaçõesSustentáveis contrasting the data collected and interview with the network orchestration tasks. Finally, the report presents its findings on the subject and highlights the role of knowledge mobility, innovation appropriation and network stability in the process of orchestration of innovation ecosystem as a tool to create and capture value. The paper has limitations that present opportunities for future researches. The diversification of the study object in order to identify patterns between orchestration process and also to fallowing for longer periods the researched ecosystem in order to valuate the performance of some tasks along the life time of innovation ecosystem.

A perspectiva de elaborar planejamentos em áreas de floresta a partir da concepção de serviços ecossistêmicos, principalmente serviços hídricos, expandiu-se em muito pouco tempo, principalmente porque essa estratégia evidencia, claramente, como a perda desse sistema natural por atividades do homem pode causar perdas irreparáveis ao seu próprio bem-estar. Trabalhar planejamento ambiental sob esse enfoque exige adoção de uma forte base teórica sobre serviços hídricos; um modelo que permita comparar paisagens em diferentes condições de uso e conservação de floresta; e clareza sobre o tipo de valoração empregado na identificação dos limites de perdas de floresta, de forma a não comprometer a oferta necessária desses serviços. Este estudo defende que em Mata Atlântica é possível reconhecer a dependência direta entre quantidades de floresta, de usos humanos e de serviços hídricos em bacias hidrográficas e, por ela, valorar a oferta desses serviços e comparar paisagens. Para fortalecer esse argumento foram selecionadas 27 unidades territoriais da região do Vale do Paraíba (São Paulo, Br) a partir da aplicação de um modelo espacial baseado na extração de bacias hidrográficas originadas da intersecção de hexágonos com percentuais de floresta, campo antrópico e silvicultura. Em cada unidade foram obtidos dados de 13 parâmetros físico-quimico-biológicos nas estações seca e chuvosa, que foram hierarquizados pelo Random Forest de forma a aferir suas relações com a quantidade de floresta e formular índices de sete serviços hídricos. Os parâmetros que se mostraram mais adequados para monitoramento dos serviços hídricos frente aos ganhos de floresta, com grande peso hierárquico na formulação dos índices, foram turbidez, condutividade e sólidos totais dissolvidos. Os índices obtidos permitiram apontar que para manter 50% do potencial total dos sete serviços hídricos em paisagens com campos antrópicos são necessárias mais de 40% de cobertura florestal, mas os melhores ganhos potenciais de serviços ocorreram a partir de 60%. Quando a unidade territorial é a combinação entre floresta e silvicultura há maior oferta de serviços hídricos com menor quantidade de floresta, porém o manejo da madeira e a presença de áreas degradadas mudaram completamente esse cenário favorável / The possibility of elaborate planning in forest areas from notion of ecosystem services, especially water services, expanded in a short time, mainly because this strategy shows how the loss of this natural system by human activities can cause losses irreparable to their own well-being. Working environmental planning under this approach requires the adoption of a strong theoretical basis for water services; a model for comparing landscapes under different conditions of use and conservation of forest; and insight about the type of valuation used in the identification of the limits of forest loss in order not to compromise the necessary supply of these services. This study argued that in the Atlantic Forest is possible to recognize the direct dependency between amounts of forest, human uses and water services in watersheds and, through it, assess the provision of these services and compare landscapes. In order to defend this argument were selected 27 territorial units of the Vale do Paraíba region (Sao Paulo, Brazil) from the application of a spatial model based on the extraction of river basins originating hexagons intersection with percentages of forest, anthropic field and forestry. In each unit were obtained data from 13 physical-chemical-biological parameters in two seasons, which were ranked by Random Forest in order to support its relations with the amount of forest as well as the index formulation for seven water services. The parameters more suitable for monitoring water in front of services to forest gains, and with large hierarchical influence the formulation of the indices, were turbidity, conductivity and total dissolved solids. The indices obtained allowed to point out that to keep 50% of the total potential of the seven water services in landscapes with anthropic fields (pasture) are required more than 40% forest cover, but the best servi4e potential gains occurred from 60%. When the territorial unit is a combination of forest and forestry there is more supply of water services with less forest, but the management of timber and the presence of degraded areas completely changed this favorable scenario

Os paradigmas ecológicos atualmente em prática apresentam dificuldades quando aplicados na avaliação, monitoração e gerenciamento dos ecossistemas altamente deteriorados. No entanto uma abordagem baseada na metáfora da saúde ambiental promete vir a ser muito útil. Pela discussão a respeito do conceito de saúde ambiental, o presente ensaio propõe algumas definições bem como um modelo e métodos preliminares de diagnóstico, baseado nos protocolos de Avaliação de Risco Ambiental da agência norte americana. A proposta de avaliação da saúde dos ecossistemas deriva de um nova ciência integradora, a ecotoxicologia, a qual estaria a desenvolver procedimentos para diagnosticar as condições de saúde dos ecossistemas de forma semelhante a como se estima a condição da saúde humana. As principais idéias a respeito de saúde dos ecossistemas estão sendo condensadas em três capítulos principais. Em primeiro lugar é apresentada uma revisão da literatura referente ao conceito de saúde dos ecossistemas e às suas diferentes formas de estimação. Uma vez definidas as bases conceituais, e a modo de exemplo, passa-se a um estudo de caso no qual procura-se estimar alguns aspectos relacionados ao estudo da saúde da Represa de Salto Grande (Americana, SP) mediante a aplicação da metodologia de Avaliação de Risco Ambiental. Finalmente, são apresentadas algumas considerações a respeito do diagnóstico da saúde de reservatórios. / The assessment, monitoring and management of highly deteriorated ecosystems are not easily served for by existing environmental paradigms. The approach to the concept of ecosystem health metaphor is seen to be very useful. This essay proposes some definitions of ecosystem health along with a preliminary diagnostic model and methods based on the USEPA\'s Environmental Risk Assessment framework. The ecosystem health assessment idea derives from the emerging integrative science of ecotoxicology, which would be to seek a procedure about diagnosis of ecosystem health condition similarly to the diagnosis of human health condition. The main ideas about ecosystem health are condensed into three main sections. First, a review of the literature regarding definitions and general approaches of biophysical landscape health is presented. This background stage is followed by a case study, as example, which details how different phases of the USEPA\'s Environmental Risk Assessment framework can be applied to accomplish some aspects of the ecosystem health status from the Salto Grande Reservoir (Americana, SP - Brazil). At the essay\'s conclusion, some remarks regarding the tropical reservoir\'s health diagnosis are presented.

Despite educational reforms, the annual results from the National Assessment of Educational Progress continue to indicate that the majority of American fourth-graders struggle to master the crucial skill of reading. In the last decade, the percentage of students who read at or above a proficient level hovers around 30 percent, which draws attention to the fact that the academic institutions may not be fully to blame for the decline of reading competency (NAEP, 2011). The real reason for the incompetency could be attributed to the amount of time that children spend reading as average fourth-graders spend less than two hours a week reading (Juster, Ono, & Stafford, 2004, p. 11). This Digital Generation lives in a world full of distractions in which reading cannot compete. Although the American educational system is stressing reading instruction, children are not putting what they are learning into practice outside of school. Instead of reading, children immerse themselves into the world of interactive digital media and electronic devices. If children do not increase the time they spend reading, their proficiency will not improve. To revive reading within the Digital Generation, authors of children’s literature may need to reevaluate their role in the literacy problem because their traditional print-form content appears to be unsuccessful in reaching their young audience. To create reading material that children are eager to read, authors need to produce content in a format that will entice a response from the newest generation. One way children’s authors can accomplish this is by publishing transmedia storytelling ecosystems. By combining storytelling with digital media to meet the modern literary needs of today's children reading proficiency should begin to improve, along with a renewed interest in literature. This research provides insight into today’s “digital children” and suggests a methodology for creating transmedia literature using the Adobe® Digital Publishing Suite.

Abstract Context: Software startups are new companies that aim at developing innovative software-intensive products that stand out from those of other companies in the target market. A successful startup tries to scale its business rapidly, which in turn leads to job creation and an increase number in local products. Product development is an essential aspect of a software startup’s business, and therefore it is important to have a suitable startup ecosystem around a startup to support a new product idea from conception to development to a minimum viable product (MVP) and finally to a full-fledged product. Objective: The objective of this doctoral research is to understand the effect of the startup ecosystem elements on an initial MVP development in software startups and thereby assist startup companies in developing successful products. Method: To achieve the objective, two multivocal literature reviews and multiple empirical studies were conducted to examine: a) the elements in a startup ecosystem, b) initial MVP development in software startups, and c) the effects of startup ecosystem elements on the initial MVP development phase. Results: This doctoral research identified eight main elements in the startup ecosystem that affect the startup and its product development. Additionally, it was found that a product idea is based on a problem experienced by customers or on an unserved customer need. The requirements for developing an initial MVP from the product idea usually come from internal sources, and the elicited requirements are stored in text documents and prioritized based on their value to customers and stakeholders. These requirements are converted into product features, of which some can be used to develop a prototype that can act as an initial MVP. Furthermore, it was observed that the startup ecosystem elements can influence the initial MVP development phase. For instance, supporting organizations such as incubators and accelerators affect initial MVPs by assisting inexperienced founders with training and mentoring during MVP development. Conclusion: A prototype can be used as an initial MVP. Also, experienced founders prefer to develop an initial MVP by themselves, while, inexperienced founders need support from supporting organizations in a startup ecosystem during initial MVP development. / Tiivistelmä Konteksti: Ohjelmistoalan startup-yritykset ovat uusia yrityksiä, jotka pyrkivät kehittämään innovatiivisia tuotteita monille eri kohdemarkkinoille. Uuden yrityksen menestyksekkään käynnistämisen tavoitteena on nopea kasvu, mikä puolestaan luo työpaikkoja ja nostaa kotimaista tuotetarjontaa markkinoilla. Koska tuotekehitys on tärkeä osa ohjelmiston käyttöönottoa, on tärkeää, että uuden yrityksen ympärillä on olemassa sopiva ekosysteemi, joka tukee uutta tuoteideaa konseptista pienimmän toimivan tuotteen kehittämiseen ja edelleen täyteen tuotteeseen. Tavoite: Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on ymmärtää startup-ekosysteemin roolia ensimmäisen pienimmän toimivan tuotteen kehittämisessä ohjelmistoalan startup-yrityksissä ja sen kautta auttaa startup-yrityksiä menestyvien tuotteiden kehittämisessä. Menetelmät: Tutkimustavoitteen saavuttamiseksi tehtiin kaksi kirjallisuuskatsausta sekä useita tapaustutkimuksia, joissa tarkasteltiin a) startup-ekosysteemin elementtejä, b) ensimmäisen pienimmän toimivan tuotteen kehittämistä ja c) startup-ekosysteemin elementtien vaikutusta ensimmäisen pienimmän toimivan tuotteen kehittämisvaiheessa. Tulokset: Tutkimuksessa tunnistettiin kahdeksan tärkeää elementtiä startup -ekosysteemissä, jotka voivat vaikuttaa suoraan tai välillisesti yrityksen käynnistämiseen ja sen tuotekehitykseen. Lisäksi selvitettiin, että tuoteidea perustuu asiakkaiden kokemiin ongelmiin tai täyttymättömiin tarpeisiin. Pienimmän toimivan tuotteen vaatimukset ovat yleensä peräisin yrityksen sisäisistä lähteistä. Vaatimukset on tallennettu tekstidokumentteihin, ja ne priorisoidaan asiakkaille ja sidosryhmille syntyvän arvon mukaan. Vaatimukset muutetaan tuoteominaisuuksiksi, joista osaa voidaan käyttää, kun kehitetään prototyyppiä ensimmäiseksi pienimmäksi toimivaksi tuotteeksi. Edelleen havaittiin, että startup-ekosysteemin elementit voivat vaikuttaa pienimmän toimivan tuotteen kehittämisvaiheeseen. Esimerkiksi tukiorganisaatiot, kuten yrityshautomot ja -kiihdyttämöt, vaikuttavat pienimpiin toimiviin tuotteisiin kouluttamalla ja mentoroimalla kokemattomia perustajia. Päätelmät: Yksinkertaista prototyyppiä voidaan käyttää pienimpänä toimivana tuotteena. Lisäksi, kokeneet perustajat haluavat kehittää ensimmäisen pienimmän toimivan tuotteen itse, kun taas kokemattomat perustajat tarvitsevat tukea ulkopuolisilta organisaatioilta pienimmän toimivan tuotteen kehittämisessä.