The intracellular bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila is the etiological agent of Legionnaires’ disease, a severe pneumonia; it has also served as a valuable tool in studying host-pathogen interactions. The study of L. pneumophila pathogenesis has led to the discovery of novel biochemical and enzymatic mechanisms and a better understanding of host cell immune responses and signaling. L. pneumophila replicates within eukaryotic cells through the use of a type IV secretion system and over 330 effector proteins injected into the host cell. Only approximately 10% of these effectors have been characterized, but regardless of the small fraction, the complexity of L. pneumophila infection is clear. A good demonstration of this complexity is the large number of effector activities the bacteria uses to manipulate the small GTPase involved in ER to Golgi trafficking, Rab1. Six different effectors with eight separate activities modulate the activity of Rab1 to aid in the replication of the bacteria. We recently discovered that the protein SetA is yet another effector targeting Rab1. SetA glucosylates Rab1 using a canonical DxD motif and the glucose moiety interferes with both GTP hydrolysis and guanosine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) binding. Based on our findings, the role of SetA is likely to aid in maintaining a pool of free Rab1, increasing availability for use by other L. pneumophila effectors. Another example of the complexity of L. pneumophila pathogenesis is the use of metaeffectors. Metaeffectors are effectors that regulate other effectors, both being produced by L. pneumophila. Three mechanisms of metaeffector regulation have been identified: 1) removal of a modification on host proteins placed by the cognate effector, 2) direct modification of the cognate effector or 3) direct binding to the cognate effector. Through the use of Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), binding assays with purified proteins and bacterial two-hybrid analysis, we found the mechanism of regulation for the SidI metaeffector Lpg2505 to be inactivation through direct binding. Atypical of previously identified effector characteristics, the binding of SidI by Lpg2505 occurs within the bacterial cell prior to translocation. The expression pattern of both effectors in L. pneumophila in addition to the other findings suggest a temporal role for Lpg2505 activity in which inactivation of SidI occurs after sufficient bacterial replication has occurred.<br>

<p>The bacterial pathogen <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> modulates host immunity using effectors translocated by its Dot/Icm transporter to facilitate its intracellular replication. A number of these effectors employ diverse mechanisms to interfere with protein ubiquitination, a post-translational modification essential for immunity. Here, we have found that <i>L. pneumophila</i> induces monoubiquitination of the E2 enzyme UBE2N by its Dot/Icm substrate MavC(Lpg2147). Ubiquitination of UBE2N by MavC abolishes its activity in the formation of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains, which dampens NF-kB signaling in the initial phase of bacterial infection. The inhibition of UBE2N activity by MavC creates a conundrum because this E2 enzyme is important in multiple signaling pathways, including some that are important for intracellular <i>L. pneumophila</i> replication. Here we also show that the activity of UBE2N is restored by MvcA(Lpg2148), an ortholog of MavC. MvcA functions to deubiquitinate UBE2N-Ub using the same catalytic triad required for its deamidase activity. Structural analysis of the MvcA-UBE2N-Ub complex reveals a crucial role of the insertion domain in MvcA in substrate recognition. Our findings reveal that two remarkably similar proteins catalyze the forward and reverse reactions to impose temporal regulation of the activity of UBE2N during <i>L. pneumophila</i> infection.</p>

X-ray crystallography provides detailed information of the atomic structure of macromolecules that aides in the understanding of their molecular function. In this study, the three-dimensional structures of the Toluene-4-monooxygenase catalytic effector protein (T4moD), NAD(P)H oxidase and choline oxidase were determined. The structures of wild-type and two mutant isoforms of T4moD were solved up to 1.7 resolution. Results from the crystallographic studies indicate that there are significant differences between the X-ray structure and the structure previously solved by NMR. The high-resolution structures have helped to define the potential differences in electrostatic surfaces that may govern the feasibility of protein-protein interactions and also reveal a single, well-defined cavity suitable for toluene binding that has substantial different electrostatic properties among the effector protein family members. The structure of NAD(P)H oxidase from Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis was determined to 1.8 resolution. The flavoenzyme is of considerable interest as it catalyzes the oxidation of two equivalents of NAD(P)H and reduces one equivalent of oxygen to yield two equivalents of water without releasing hydrogen peroxide from the active site. The structure reveals the presence of a redox active cysteine residue that exists as a sulfenic acid and plays an important mechanistic role by reducing hydrogen peroxide to water. Additionally, a tightly bound ADP molecule was discovered in the enzyme which is hypothesized to play an important role in influencing the dual substrate specificity exhibited by the enzyme. The structure of choline oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis was solved to 1.86 resolution. Choline oxidase catalyzes the four-electron oxidation of choline to glycine betaine via two sequential FAD-dependent reactions. The structure reveals a cavity within the active site, which is suitable for choline binding. This allows for the identification of the putative binding site for choline and residues involved in substrate-binding and catalysis. Additionally, the structure reveals a highly distorted FAD cofactor that contains a C4a-adduct that is proposed to be either an FAD-C4a-OH or FAD-C4a-O2- complex.

Escherichia coli enteropatogênica atípica (aEPEC) é considerada um dos principais agentes etiológicos da diarreia em várias regiões do mundo. O mecanismo central da patogenicidade de aEPEC é a capacidade de causar lesões attaching-effacing (A/E) no epitélio intestinal, uma propriedade desencadeada por proteínas codificadas pelo locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). Enquanto algumas aEPEC utilizam a via de fosforilação de Tir (Y-P) para induzir a formação de pedestais, outras cepas podem empregar a proteína efetora EspFU (TccP/TccP2) para uma eficiente polimerização de actina. Neste estudo foi avaliada a prevalência e produção de EspFU, como também o papel desempenhado por esta proteína na interação com células epiteliais e colonização intestinal, aspectos essenciais da patogênese de aEPEC. O gene espFU foi detectado em 46% das cepas de aEPEC, com uma predominância do alelo tccP2. A maioria das cepas apresentou o tir fosforilado (Y-P), sugerindo que possam utilizar diferentes mecanismos redundantes para a polimerização de actina. As cepas positivas para tccP e tccP2 foram significativamente associadas com os filogrupos E, e B1, respectivamente. A produção de EspFU (TccP/TccP2) variou de cepa-a-cepa, independentemente dos genótipos e filogrupos. A deleção do gene espFU em uma cepa de aEPEC O55:H7 (BA320) resultou em menor aderência bacteriana e comprometeu a capacidade de induzir polimerização de actina em células HeLa após 6 h de infecção. Adicionalmente, o mutante em espFU apresentou uma menor eficiência na colonização intestinal em um modelo murino de infecção. A análise da cinética da formação de pedestais por aEPEC mostrou que, de modo geral, cepas expressando EspFU foram mais aderentes e induziram polimerização de actina mais rapidamente em comparação à via de TirY-P. A adesão bacteriana e formação de pedestais mediada por EspFU regulou negativamente a expressão de LEE, além de modular a resposta transcricional epitelial por meio da ativação de genes pró-inflamatórios, como NF-kB, IL-6, IL-8, entre outros. Em suma, a proteína EspFU é ampla e filogeneticamente distribuída em cepas de aEPEC, desempenha um importante papel na adesão bacteriana e colonização intestinal, e pode contribuir direta ou indiretamente para a indução de resposta inflamatória. / Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) is one of the most important pathogen causing diarrhea disease worldwide. The hallmark of aEPEC pathogenesis is the ability to cause attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions on intestinal epithelium, a property triggered by proteins encoded on a pathogenicity island called locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). While some aEPEC require tyrosine phosphorylation (Y-P) of Tir to trigger actin assembling, certain strains whose Tir is not tyrosine phosphorylated utilize the T3SS effector Tir-cytoskeleton coupling protein (TccP/TccP2) for efficient actin polymerization. In the present study, we evaluated the prevalence, production, and functions played by the EspFU protein on important aspects of aEPEC pathogenesis, such as interaction with epithelial cells and intestinal colonization. The tccP and/or tccP2 genes were detected in 45.8% of the aEPEC strains, with a predominance of tccP2 allele. Most of these strains carried tirY-P, suggesting that can trigger actin polymerization using both Tir tyrosine phosphorylation and TccP/TccP2 pathways. aEPEC strains carrying tccP or tccP2 were significantly associated to phylogroups E and B1, respectively. We also observed a differential production of TccP/TccP2 among the strains, regardless genotypes and phylogeny. Deletion of espFU from aEPEC BA320 (serotype O55:H7) significantly decreased bacterial adherence and impaired the ability to induce actin rearrangement in HeLa cells after 6 h of infection. Also, the espFU mutant showed lower colonization levels compared to the wild-type strain in a murine infection model. Analysis of the kinetics of pedestal formation showed EspFU-expressing strains were more adherent and induced actin rearrangement more rapidly than Tir-phosphorylated (TirY-P) producing aEPEC. Importantly, bacterial adherence and pedestal formation driven by EspFU downregulated the LEE expression, and also induced changes in the epithelial transcriptional response, specifically by activating pro-inflammatory genes such as NKFB, IL6 and IL8. In summary, our data suggest that EspFU protein is widely and phylogenetically distributed among aEPEC strains, and play an important role on bacterial attachment and intestinal colonization. Moreover, aEPEC could induce inflammation in a EspFU-dependent manner.

Toxoplasma gondii est un parasite intracellulaire et obligatoire. Ce protozoa est un des parasites les plus successifs qui infectent tous les animaux à sang chaud, y compris l’humain. Ce succès est probablement à cause de la sécrétion d’une des séries de protéines effectrices, qui sont impliquées dans la modulation des voies de signalisation de la cellule hôte. Cette modulation permet aux parasites d’établir une infection chronique qui dure un long terme, et qui favorise leur transmission à un nouvel hôte. Dans cette étude, nous avons identifié un nouvel effecteur dérivé par la granule dense, appelé GRA18, qui est sécrété dans le cytoplasme de cellule hôte par les tachyzoites intracellulaires. La mutation de gra18 résulte une diminution de virulence chez les parasites de type II, qui suggère l’importance de GRA18 dans la pathogénicité de ce parasite. Afin d’étudier le mécanisme d’action de GRA18, nous avons effectué un criblage à haut-débit d’une librairie humaine chez la levure. Ce criblage nous permet d’identifier β-catenin, GSK3α/β, and PP2A-B56, ce qui sont tous les régulateurs bien connus dans la voie de signalisation canonicale de Wnt. Nous avons confirmé l’intéractome de GRA18 par l’approche biochimique. La surexpression de GRA18 induit l’accumulation de β-catenin dans le noyau de la cellule hôte, aussi que l’induition de gènes régulés par la signalisation de Wnt. Ces effets indiquent GRA18 joue un rôle de régulateur positif de β-catenin. A part de son rôle dans la prolifération, polarisation et la différentiation de cellule, β-catenin est également un facteur de transcription connu pour contrôler la réponse immunitaire et l’inflammation. L’analyse transcriptomique en comparant les macrophages dérivés par la moelle osseuse (BMDM) infectés par le sauvage (WT) et le gra18 mutant parasites confirme un rôle possible de GRA18, la modulation d’expression génique de cellule hôte, surtout ceux qui codent pour les chemokines. Cette régulation est ensuite confirmée par l’ELISA. L’hypothèse possible est que Toxoplasma sécrète GRA18 dans la cellule hôte afin de réguler positivement la production de chemokine reliée à la réponse de Th2, qui par contre atténue la réponse inflammatoire de l’hôte. Cette modulation augmente la chance de dissémination et la persistance de ce parasite par la formation de kyste. / Toxoplasma gondii, the obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, is one of the most successful pathogen that infects virtually all warm-blooded animals including humans. This success of the infection is likely due to its perfect ability to modulate numbers of host signaling pathways through the effector proteins, including those involved in immune responses. This modulation allows the parasite to establish a long-term chronic infection without causing severe symptom in the hosts, which facilitates its transmission to the new hosts. In this study, we identified GRA18, as a novel dense granule derived effector protein that is secreted into the cytoplasm of the host cell by the intracellular tachyzoite. GRA18 deficiency in type II strains attenuated the parasite virulence in mice model, suggesting the importance of GRA18 in the parasite pathogenesis. In order to investigate the mechanism of action of GRA18, we first performed a high-throughput two-hybrid screen of a human library in yeast that led to the identification of β-catenin, GSK3α/β, and PP2A-B56, all which are well known regulators of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. We then validate the GRA18 interactome by biochemistry approach. The overexpression of GRA18 triggers the accumulation of β-catenin in the host cell nuclei as well as the induction of known canonical β-catenin target genes indicating that GRA18 is acting as a positive regulator of β-catenin. Besides its role in cell proliferation, polarization and differentiation, β-catenin is also a well-known co-transcription factor with important function in the control of inflammation and other immune responses. Transcriptomic analysis comparing mouse bone marrow–derived macrophages infected by wild type and GRA18-dificient parasite confirmed a possible role of GRA18 towards host gene expression and likely those encoding chemokines, which is further confirmed by ELISA experiments. An attractive hypothesis is that Toxoplasma delivers GRA18 to the host cell in order to regulate Th2-related chemoattractant chemokines, which in turn, dampens host inflammatory response leaving more chance for the parasites to disseminate and to cause the long-term persistence by forming the cyst.

No description available.

C. trachomatis est une bactérie Gram-négative intracellulaire obligatoire et un pathogène humain. Première cause de maladie sexuellement transmissible d'origine bactérienne, elle est également responsable, dans les pays en développement, d'infections oculaires pouvant conduire à la cécité (trachome). Son cycle de développement bi-phasique a lieu au sein d'un compartiment appelé inclusion. Grâce à un système de sécrétion de type 3 (SST3), Chlamydia sécrète des protéines dans le cytosol de la cellule afin de promouvoir sa survie et sa multiplication. Ces protéines sont désignées sous le terme d'effecteurs. / C. trachomatis is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria and a human pathogen. It is the most prevalent cause of sexually transmitted diseases of bacterial origin and a leading cause of preventable blindness in the developing world. During their biphasic developmental cycle the bacteria remains in a membrane-bounded cellular compartment called an inclusion. Using a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) they translocate effector proteins inside the cytosol of the cell to promote its survival and multiplication.The aim of the PhD was to study the function of CT622, a hypothetic protein from C. trachomatis. We showed that CT622 is an effector protein from the T3SS and that it is secreted early during the infection. We identified a bacterial protein that binds to CT622, and we showed that it acts as a chaperone, stabilizing CT622 and enhancing its secretion. We obtained bacteria lacking CT622 expression, thus demonstrating that CT622 is not essential for bacterial growth in vitro. However, preliminary studies indicate that in the absence of CT622 bacterial development is delayed and T3SS is defective.We identified several molecules interacting with CT622: geranylgeranyl diphosphate, Rab39 and Atg16L1 proteins. Future work will aim at understanding how these identified interactions, or other bacterial or cellular partners still to be discovered, contribute to the establishment of a niche favorable to bacterial development.

No description available.

Retinoic acid (RA) is a well-known neurodevelopmental signaling molecule. It is reported to induce effects on neurite formation in differentiating neurons and to interfere with the actin cytoskeleton. Therefore, this project aimed to investigate the mechanisms behind effects of RA on the actin cytoskeleton of developing neurons using the C17.2 neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in vitro model. The goal was to evaluate the morphological effects the growth cone had upon exposure to RA agonist and antagonist, and to analyze the expression of three genes: Coronin actin-binding protein 1C(Coro1c), Cdc42 effector protein 4 gene (Cdc42), and Fibronectin (Fn1). These genes were selected because of their relation to actin dynamics and/or their regulation by the Wnt pathway, which regulates/affects actin reorganization. Since the Wnt pathway was also shown to be affected by RA, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between RA and actin through the Wnt pathway. Cdc42 and Fn1 are related to both the Wnt pathway and actin dynamics, whereas Coro1cis a known actin-related protein. The expressions showed significant increase with Coro1c, while Cdc42 and Fn1 had a similar overall trend increase with the RA agonist. The RA antagonist showed no significant effect, except a trend decrease in all the genetic expressions. All genetic expression effects subside with the increase of RA agonist and antagonist concentrations. The results suggest the changes in actin filaments are related to a low dose effect of RA. The findings indicate a possibility of a regulation mechanism that controls actin-related gene expression in response to RA. This mechanism is possibly not restricted to the Wnt pathway seeing that a non-Wnt related gene was affected as well.