Dans ce mémoire, une approche cohérente pour apprécier la redondance des ponts en béton armé, vis-à-vis de critères de service, a été présentée. La redondance est définie comme la capacité d'un pont à redistribuer les efforts dus aux charges extérieures, sur l'ensemble de ses éléments constitutifs. Afin d'étudier au mieux la redondance dans les ponts, nous avons envisagé d'intégrer un processus de dégradation et d'évaluer son impact sur la redondance dans les ponts en béton armé. Afin de prendre en compte les incertitudes liées aux variables dans l'évaluation des ponts endommagés, une approche probabiliste a été considérée. Les techniques classiques de la théorie de la fiabilité permettent aujourd'hui de calculer de diverses manières la probabilité de défaillance d'un élément particulier, sous réserve de disposer d'une caractérisation probabiliste des variables et d'un état limite explicite. Cependant, pour des ouvrages complexes, il est presque impossible de se procurer des états limites explicites ; la fonction d'état limite ne peut être évaluée que par calculs, notamment aux éléments finis. Les méthodes combinant les techniques de fiabilité avec le calcul aux éléments finis sont aussi appelées méthodes de fiabilité aux éléments finis (MFEF). Une approche consiste à construire « artificiellement » la fonction d'état limite en utilisant un polynôme ajusté aux résultats d'un nombre limité de calculs aux éléments finis. Cette fonction peut alors être utilisée pour évaluer la probabilité de défaillance au moyen de techniques classiques de fiabilité. Ce type d'approche est appelé méthode de surfaces de réponse (MSR). L'algorithme de construction de cette méthode a été mis en oeuvre au sein de la boîte à outils ReliabTbx, développée sous l'environnement Matlab©. Cette dernière fait appel soit au code de calcul aux éléments finis CESAR-LCPC© soit au code de calcul de structures à barres, SETRA-ST1© selon les cas, pour la réalisation des expériences numériques. Une étude originale sur la fiabilité des systèmes au niveau de l'ensemble de l'ouvrage, a été également abordée par la méthode de surfaces de réponse. L'analyse de la redondance d'un pont passe donc par l'ajustement d'une fonctionnelle décrivant son comportement global ; c'est ce que nous avons réalisé avec l'utilisation de surfaces de réponse. Il s'agit d'étudier la redondance, d'une part, d'un point de vue de la performance du système global et d'autre part, d'un point de vue de la réserve entre la performance des éléments individuels et celle du pont dans sa globalité. Cela exprime l'importance des éléments individuels sur la réserve d'un ouvrage, notamment endommagé.

Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how apparel and apparel brands are communicating their sustainability activities through marketing in the respective offline and online retail environments with the support of communication appeals to engage the consumer to purchase clothing items more sustainably. Method: The study implemented a qualititave research nature. Through a semi-structured interview, six department managers of three different apparel companies have been interviewed to give input concerning their sustainability marketing activities and their use of various communication appeals within the retail enviromnment. Conclusion: The communication of sustainability related marketing activities is still a major challenge for the clothing companies. It has been proven however that through the implementation of communication appeals with a focus on sustainability related marketing activities a change in the consumers’ purchasing behaviour can be achieved.

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

The problem with which this study dealt was an identification of the positive or negative factors affecting the creation, implementation, and retention or rejection of curriculum change efforts. As examples, the Fountain Valley, PEGASUS-PACE, and Wisconsin Design skills management systems (SMS) for reading were studied as each was an example of successful curriculum change efforts, in two different settings,

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No description available.

This study empirically examines the impact of quality effort orientation on the financial performance of certified Portuguese firms. The results of factor analysis revealed four quality efforts orientation factors. The results of cluster analysis revealed the existence of three distinct groups of firms with regard to quality efforts orientation and performance. The analysis of variance results revealed that firms with a quality efforts orientation focusing on the customer tends to outperform firms utilising other quality efforts orientation with regard to net profit after taxes.

This study investigates the influences for, methods of, and impact of sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE) on transgender individuals. SOCE uses methods such as religious practices, behavioral modification, cognitive reframing, and counseling as ways to change sexual orientation from homosexual to heterosexual (Fjelstrom, 2013). This phenomenological, multiple case study analysis examines individual cases of SOCE to find cross-sectional themes among participants. The study identified participants who were influenced to undergo SOCE due to familial attitudes towards transgender identity. Participants described various methods used to suppress their gender identity during SOCE. They reported being negatively impacted by SOCE, experiencing issues such as loss of faith, interpersonal harm, feelings of inauthenticity, lack of trust, negative self-esteem and sexual dysfunction. This study aims to advocate for policy change regarding SOCE and to bring awareness on the use of SOCE among transgender individuals.

No description available.

The school is an important actor in creating good future opportunities for children and youths, but despite the school's duty, the school absence is common in the municipal school. The purpose of the study was to illustrate how schools in Halmstad municipality work to promote school attendance and how they work to prevent pupils from ending up in a school refusal problem in elementary school, grade 7-9. The relational perspective, sociocultural perspective and sense of coherence (SOC) has been applied as a theoretical basis to get an understanding of how schools handle the complex situation of absence. The study has used a hermeneutic basis where conclusions have been drawn from an abductive approach. With the qualitative design, empirical data has been collected through four semi-structured interviews. The empirical work has then been analyzed through a qualitative content analysis, which resulted in three main categories that account for how the schools relate to absenteeism and meet pupils with interventions and measures to deal with the problem. The analysis resulted in the categories: Organizational efforts and approaches, Pedagogical efforts and measures for participation and Prerequisites for presence through the social environment. In summary, all schools attempted to maintain preventive and promotional efforts based on an organizational, pedagogical and social level at an early stage, where relationships were seen as the prime condition for promoting presence and preventing absence.