This study investigated factors associated with two mortality events: avian botulism in waterfowl and mortality associated with hatching asynchrony in prefledgling Franklins gulls (Larus pipixcan). The initial focus of my research was on the spatiotemporal relationship between mortality of Franklins gulls and the onset of botulism outbreaks in waterfowl, and the suitability of gull carcasses for proliferation and toxigenesis of Clostridium botulinum. From 1999 to 2001, dead hatch-year Franklins gulls were by far the most abundant carcasses, and the only source of toxin-laden maggots found on transects prior to the occurrence of avian botulism in waterfowl. Nest density was a significant predictor of hatch-year gull carcass density. High density of toxic material from gull carcasses prior to the onset of botulism in waterfowl coincided with high densities of susceptible birds; hence, mortality of Franklins gulls has the potential to be a major initiating factor for botulism outbreaks at Eyebrow Lake, Saskatchewan. The causes of gull mortality were conditions or diseases associated with starvation, stress, or immunosuppression, and most mortality occurred in third-hatched chicks. To separate effects of laying order from effects of hatching asynchrony on prefledgling survival, a cross-fostering experiment was conducted to create clutches containing asynchronously hatching eggs of the same laying order, and of similar egg mass, egg volume, and female quality. Hatching order, independent of laying order, significantly affected survival to fledging, whereas laying order had no observable effect, indicating that intraclutch variation in egg quality does not predetermine the fate of prefledglings, and may be less important than hatching asynchrony for survival of prefledgling Franklins gulls. Relationships among hatching asynchrony, laying order, mass, corticosterone, immune function, growth, and survival at two stages of development were complex. Hatching asynchrony significantly affected early and late prefledgling survival, and was directly or indirectly associated with mass, corticosterone level, and cell-mediated immune responses at early and later stages of development. Both hatching asynchrony and mass appeared to play key roles in mediating life history trade-offs among cell-mediated immune function, growth, and survival. In contrast to cell-mediated immune responses, primary humoral immune response was not directly affected by hatching order or mass, nor was it associated with survival to fledging. Rather, it was associated with laying order, neonatal testosterone, corticosterone at 2 weeks, growth of leg length, and clutch initiation date, illustrating the importance of examining more than one branch of the immune system in studies of life history trade-offs. This study is a step toward using a multipronged and multidisciplinary approach to demonstrate interactions and trade-offs among life history traits, the physiological mechanisms that produce these relationships, and how these relationships may change depending on stage of development.

Common measures of egg quality have been survival to specific developmental stages, higher hatching rate of fertilized eggs and final production of fry. Determinants of egg quality are variable among and between teleost species and no common unified criteria have been established. Maternally inherited genes influence egg quality and early embryo development is partially programmed by the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). Among the genes, the insulin family is important for growth functions and the presence of their transcripts in the ovary, oocytes and embryos implies their involvement during the reproductive process and their relevance to egg quality. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has three components, the ligands IGF-I and II, the IGFBPs (insulin-like growth factor binding proteins) and the IGF receptors that mediate biological activity of the ligands. Vitellogenin (Vtg) is the major source of nutrients for the developing embryo and elevated levels in female fish plasma signals gonadal development preceding spawning. In oviparous fish where the developing embryo is dependent on the stored food in the yolk, vitellogenin levels in the egg could indicate its capability to support embryonic growth. This study aimed to develop molecular tools, specifically probes for IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-IR, for the evaluation of fish egg quality. These probes would be used to determine expression levels of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-IR during egg development to assess their potential as molecular indicators for egg quality. In addition, this study also aimed to establish an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) for quantifying Vtg in fish eggs and determine if differences in Vtg levels could be linked to fertilization and hatching success. Through reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) putative complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) fragments of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-IR were cloned and sequenced from mullet (Mugil cephalus) and grouper (Epinephelus coioides). The relative expression ratio of the three genes in the eggs of mullet and grouper were assayed by quantitative PCR (QPCR) and calculated using the Pfaffl method (Pfaffl, 2001). Levels of vitellogenin in different batches of mullet eggs were quantified by ELISA. Spawned eggs of grouper were grouped into low (<60%) or high (>60%) fertilization rate (FR) and the fertilized eggs that were incubated until hatching were grouped into medium (>90%) or high (>90%) hatching rate (HR). Samples were categorized into sinking eggs, late embryo and hatched larvae. Relative expression ratio of IGF-II was significantly high (P<0.01) compared to IGF-I and IGF-IR in all samples examined. All three genes were strongly expressed in sinking eggs compared to either late embryo or hatched larvae. However, there was no significant interaction effect between the genes and the samples analyzed. Mullet samples all came from a high FR and high HR group and were categorized into sinking, multicell stage, blastula, gastrula, late embryo and hatched larvae. There was a significant interaction effect (P<0.01) between gene and stage, showing that genes are differentially expressed during embryonic development. IGF-II was strongly expressed relative to the other genes in all stages examined and was highest during the gastrula stage. Vtg levels were examined in mullet oocytes and egg samples that were grouped into 4; oocytes from females that subsequently spawned, had fertilized eggs which hatched (Group A); oocytes from females that did not spawn, therefore no fertilization and no hatching (Group B); eggs that were stripped, artificially fertilized but no hatching (Group C); and eggs that were spawned, assumed to be fertilized but did not hatch (Group D). Group A showed a trend of higher Vtg levels than the other three but this result was not statistically significant.

L'étude porte sur l'allocation de ressources aux œufs d’oiseaux selon les caractéristiques du male partenaire ou de l’environnement. les données étudiées sont : taille de la ponte et caractéristiques des œufs (masse, masse des constituants, concentration de testostérone, lysozyme, ovotransferrin). les caractéristiques du male prises en compte sont s'il est choisi ou non par la femelle et son statut social. en plus, l’effet du bruit et d’un vaccination couple avec un surproduction des œufs sont pris en compte. Deux expériences ont été menées sur le canari domestique (Serinus canaria) en laboratoire, au sein du LECC de Paris Ouest Nanterre. Deux expériences ont eu lieu en milieu semi-naturel au DiSIT de l’Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale (Italie) sur la perdrix grise (Perdix perdix) et rouge (Alectoris rufa).Chez la perdrix grise, nous observons effets positifs de la préférence et du statut social sur la testostérone et sur le taux d’éclosion. cette hormone peut rendre les oisillons nidifuges plus compétitifs vis-à-vis des couvées voisines. Chez le canari, on observe un effet positif de la préférence sur le poids des œufs et sur le lysozyme, important substance antimicrobienne. en plus, on a trouvé un influence négative du bruit sur la sélection sexuelle et sur le numéro des œufs pondues.Chez la perdrix rouge, nous observons variations significatives des components de l’oeuf en relation a la surproduction des œufs (épuisement des ressources). En conclusion, la femelle n'est pas seule à déterminer les caractéristiques des œufs. le male partenaire et l’environnement ont aussi une influence sur leur composition et donc sur le développement des jeunes. / The study focuses on the allocation of resources to eggs of birds according to the characteristics of the male partner or the environment. The data studied are: clutch size and egg characteristics (mass, mass constituents, testosterone, lysozyme, ovotransferrin). Male characteristics taken into account are if it is selected or not by the female and his social status. In addition, the effect of noise and a vaccination coupled with an overproduction of eggs are taken into account.Two experiments were conducted on the domestic canary (Serinus canaria) in the LECC laboratory of Paris Ouest Nanterre.Two experiments were carried out in semi-natural condition to DiSIT laboratory of the Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale (Italy) on grey partridge (Perdix perdix) and red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa).In the grey partridge, positives effects of preference and social status are observed on testosterone and hatchability. This hormone can make precocial chicks more competitive with neighboring broods.In canaries, there is a positive effect of preference on egg weight and lysozyme, an important antimicrobial substance. In addition, a negative influence of noise is found on sexual selection and number of eggs laid.In the red-legged partridge, significant changes in the egg components are observed in relation to the overproduction of eggs (depletion).In conclusion, the female is not only to determine the characteristics of eggs. The male partner and the environment also have an influence on their composition and therefore on the development of chicks.

MAGALHÃES. Kelliani de Sousa. Uso da torta de mamona não destoxificada na indução da muda forçada em poedeiras comerciais. 2011. 44 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2011 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-02T15:24:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_ksmmucida.pdf: 372555 bytes, checksum: b75840a3b3a55679fa42d1927f40fdb9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-02T15:24:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_ksmmucida.pdf: 372555 bytes, checksum: b75840a3b3a55679fa42d1927f40fdb9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T15:24:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_ksmmucida.pdf: 372555 bytes, checksum: b75840a3b3a55679fa42d1927f40fdb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / This study aimed to evaluate the effects of changing diets containing different levels of non-detoxified castor bean meal (TM) in the induction of molt and compare them with the method of fasting. Used 120 Lohman LSL strain hens at 81 weeks of age were assigned to completely randomized design with four treatments and five replicates of six birds each. Treatments were the induction of molt by the method of fasting as a treatment, and others using diets change, being composed of approach ration containing castor bean at levels of 20, 30 and 40% (T2, T3 and T4 ). The method was applied to fast for 11 days and the other treatments, was established to suspend the declaration of change when the birds reached 23% loss of initial weight or up to 21 days supply. Blood samples were collected, one bird per replicate / treatment at the end of induction of changes were analyzed. Significant differences were observed between the methods of molt induction to the parameters measured during the induction of changes in performance of birds after molting. However, the quality of the eggs did not vary significantly among the evaluated methods. In general, the use of feed containing 40% of changes of TM enabled to obtain similar results in the production and egg quality to those obtained with the method of fasting, but with less alteration of blood parameters. The use of feed containing 20% or 30% of TM promoted in the period after the changes, performed significantly lower than other methods. The ration of changes made by laying diet containing not detoxified castor bean meal in the level of 40% proved to be a viable alternative to using the method of fasting. / A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do uso de rações de muda contendo diferentes níveis de torta de mamona não destoxificada (TM) na indução da muda forçada em poedeiras comerciais. Foram utilizadas 120 poedeiras da linhagem Lohman LSL, com 81 semanas de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições de seis aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiram na indução da muda forçada pelo método do jejum e, os demais, utilizando rações de muda, composta pela mistura de ração postura com torta de mamona nos níveis de 20, 30 e 40%. O método do jejum foi aplicado por 11 dias e, para os demais tratamentos, estabeleceu-se a suspensão da ração de muda quando as aves atingiram 23% de perda do peso inicial ou até 21 dias de alimentação. Diferenças significativas foram observadas entre os métodos de indução da muda forçada para os parâmetros medidos durante a indução da muda e no desempenho das aves após a muda. Entretanto, a qualidade dos ovos não variou significativamente entre os métodos avaliados. No geral, o uso de ração de muda contendo 40% de TM possibilitou a obtenção de resultados semelhante na produção e qualidade dos ovos aos obtidos com o método do jejum, mas com menor alteração dos parâmetros sanguíneos. O uso de ração contendo 20% ou 30% de TM promoveu, no período após a muda, desempenho significativamente menor que os demais métodos. O uso de ração de muda composta por ração de postura contendo torta de mamona não destoxificada no nível de 40% se mostrou uma alternativa viável ao uso do método do jejum.

BRAZ, Nádia de Melo. Níveis de fibra na ração de crescimento e seus efeitos no desempenho de duas linhagens de poedeiras nas fases de crescimento e postura. 2010. 56 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2010 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-09T14:33:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_nmbraz.pdf: 397136 bytes, checksum: 132b9c875e3ec92bd018fe2e87934a6e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-09T14:33:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_nmbraz.pdf: 397136 bytes, checksum: 132b9c875e3ec92bd018fe2e87934a6e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T14:33:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_nmbraz.pdf: 397136 bytes, checksum: 132b9c875e3ec92bd018fe2e87934a6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) levels in the diet of two different laying hens strains on the 7 th to the 17 th week of age on the metabolism of dietary energy, development of digestive and reproductive systems and the subsequent effects on sexual maturity, performance and egg quality in laying phase. A total of 1,296 pullets were used and distributed in a completely randomized design in 2 x 3 factorial arrangement (two strains X 3 NDF levels) with four replicates of 54 birds per treatment. Two laying hens strains, light and semi – heavy – weight were evaluated and NDF levels of 14.5; 16.5 and 18.5% were tested. At the end of the growth phase, the birds were transferred to the laying house, kept at the same experimental design, whit each experimental parcel consisted of 14 birds. There was no significant interaction between factors (NDF levels x strain) on the variables in all phases. In the growth phase, it was observed that the increasing the level of NDF in the diet did not affect the feed intake and organ weights of the reproductive system, however, decreased weight gain and average weight of birds at the end of phase growth, increased feed conversion, reduced of metabolizable energy of the dietary and increase the relative weight of the intestines. In the laying period, it was observed that increasing levels of NDF received by the birds in the growth phase did not affect significantly the variables of performance, the constituents and quality of the eggs. During the growth of the brown birds it was observed that they had higher feed intake, greater weight gain and final body weights, feed conversion, increased relative weight of gizzard, increased weight of the contents of the gizzard and intestines, reduced relative liver weight and ovarian than light birds. In the laying period, birds were precocious, had lower weight and egg mass, lower feed conversion, eggs with a higher proportion of yolk, reduced proportion of albumen, higher specific gravity and lower Haugh units. We conclude that, in spite of lineage, the increased level of NDF in the diets offered to the chickens during 7 th to the 17 th weeks of age until the level of 18.5% may influence the metabolizable energy of the dietary and the development and performance of broilers, resulting in raising pullets weighed less at the end of the growth phase, and these effects do not influence age at sexual maturity, performance and quality of eggs from the birds at the production stage. / A presente pesquisa teve como objetivos avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) das rações oferecidas para as frangas na fase de 7 a 17 semanas de idade sobre o desempenho, metabolização da energia da ração, desenvolvimento dos sistemas digestório e reprodutor de duas linhagens de poedeiras comerciais, bem como os efeitos subseqüentes na maturidade sexual, no desempenho e na qualidade dos ovos na fase de postura. Inicialmente 1.296 aves foram distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (três níveis de FDN x duas linhagens), com quatro repetições de 54 aves. Foram testados os níveis de 14,5, 16,5, 18,5% de FDN para aves de uma linhagem de poedeiras leve e uma semipesada. Ao final da fase de crescimento, as aves foram transferidas para o galpão de postura, mantendo-se o mesmo delineamento experimental, sendo cada parcela experimental composta por 14 aves. Não houve interação significativa entre os fatores (níveis de FDN x linhagem) sobre as variáveis avaliadas em todas as fases experimentais. Na fase de crescimento, observou-se que o aumento do nível de FDN na ração não influenciou significativamente o consumo de ração e o peso relativo dos órgãos do sistema reprodutor, entretanto, promoveu redução no ganho de peso e peso médio das aves ao final da fase de crescimento, piora na conversão alimentar, redução na metabolização da energia da ração e aumento do peso relativo dos intestinos. Na fase de postura, observou-se que os níveis crescentes de FDN recebido pelas aves na fase de crescimento não influenciaram significativamente as variáveis de desempenho e os constituintes e a qualidade dos ovos. Em relação às linhagens, observou-se que na fase de crescimento as aves semipesadas apresentaram maior consumo de ração, maior ganho de peso e peso médio final, melhor conversão alimentar, maior peso relativo da moela, maior peso dos conteúdos da moela e dos intestinos, menor peso relativo do fígado e do ovário que as aves leves. Na fase de postura, as aves leves foram mais precoces, apresentaram menor peso e massa de ovos, pior conversão alimentar, ovos com maior proporção de gema, menores proporção de albúmen, maiores valores de densidade específica e menores valores de unidades Haugh. Conclui-se que, independente da linhagem, o aumento do nível de FDN nas rações oferecidas para as frangas na fase de 7 a 17 semanas de idade até 18,5% pode influenciar na metabolização da energia da ração e no desenvolvimento e desempenho das aves, resultando na obtenção de frangas menos pesadas ao final da fase de crescimento, sendo que esses efeitos não influenciam na maturidade sexual, no desempenho e na qualidade dos ovos dessas aves na fase de produção.

Cleaner fish, including ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) have been proposed as a sustainable solution to sea lice infestations affecting farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) globally. However, in order to become sustainable, ballan wrasse need to be farmed. This thesis investigated the establishment of captive broodstock and protocols to optimise hatchery performance and productivity of ballan wrasse. High throughput sequencing was used to develop a panel of novel single nucleotide polymorphic markers (SNPs). These SNPs were used to investigate the phylogeographic structuring of ballan wrasse populations within northern geographic ranges including the UK and Norway. Results indicated fine scale population structuring within the UK suggesting that founder broodstock should be sourced locally to minimise the risk of genetic introgression with wild ballan wrasse. Secondly, captive breeding was benchmarked from harems to determine total egg production over the spawning season. Data quantified the spawning periodicity and seasonal changes in egg quality parameters. In addition, microsatellite markers identified the parental contribution to each spawning event of captive broodstock. Results confirmed, for the first time, the repeat-batch spawning behaviour and suggested that spawning events were single-paired matings. Furthermore, bottlenecks in commercial production were investigated including the benthic adhesive eggs and complex spawning behaviours of ballan wrasse within broodstock tanks. Experiments were conducted to optimise the spawning dynamics and egg productivity using fragmented spawning zones and coloured substrates. Finally, an effective bath treatment for removal of the adhesive gum layer of eggs using the proteolytic enzyme alcalase® was found to assist in egg disinfection and incubation. Overall, this research provides important baseline data on the management of broodstock and the optimisation of hatchery protocols to improve the commercial productivity and performance of ballan wrasse for use as a biological control of sea lice of farmed Atlantic salmon.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The experiment was conducted in an experimental avian located at the Polytechnic School of the Federal University of Santa Maria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant effect of vitamin E, Canthaxanthin and Organic Selenium on the quality of stored eggs (0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days) and production rates of commercial layers from 40 to 55 week of age. In total, 320 hens females of lineage Novogen Brown were distributed in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments with 8 replicates of 8 hens each. The treatments were: T1 (DNC) - Diet Negative control; T2 (DCTX) - Diet with added 6ppm of Canthaxanthin; T3 (DVitE) - diet with 200 ppm of Vitamin E; T4 (DSe) - Diet with 0,4ppm Selenium; T5 (DCTXVitESe) - Diet with added 6ppm of Canthaxanthin + 200ppm of vitamin E + 0,4ppm of Selenium . The experimental phase was divided into four periods of 28 days. The laying rate was significantly affected in hens fed with DSe in the 3rd and 4th period. Hens from DSe and DCTXVitESe had higher egg weight in the 1st period and hens fed with DCTX had better egg weight in the 4th period. The DSe provided a better feed conversion per dozen eggs in the 4th period. The feed conversion by egg mass was better for hens fed DCTX, DSe and DCTXVitESe in the 4th period. Hens fed DCTX and DCTXVitESe had higher egg weight when stored for 28 days in the 1st period. Hens from DCTX had a better percentage yolk in eggs stored for 28 days in the 3rd period and, the 4th period for eggs without storage and in eggs with 14 days of storage. In the 4th period the hens fed with DVitE had a better percentage of yolk and albumen for eggs without storage and in the eggs with 21 days of storage. The albumen percentage was better in eggs with 28 days of storage and without storage from hens fed with DCTX in the 4th period. Hens fed DSe had a better yolk index in eggs stored for 28 days in the 1st period. Eggs of hens had a better yolk color with diets DCTX and DCTXVitESe in all periods. The use of the DSe was better for the variable Unit Haugh of eggs stored for 7 days in the 1st period. The lower content of substances which react with thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) was on egg yolks of the hens fed with DVitE in the 21 days of storage. There were no differences for the variables: feed consumption, body weight, vitelline membrane strength, percentage and thickness of shell, pH of albumen and specific gravity (P>0.05). The use of different additives contributes to improve of production rates and quality of eggs. / O experimento foi conduzido em um aviário experimental localizado no Colégio Politécnico da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito antioxidante da Vitamina E, Cantaxantina e Selênio Orgânico sobre a qualidade de ovos armazenados (0, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias) e índices produtivos de poedeiras comerciais da 40ª a 55ª semana de idade das aves. Foram utilizadas 320 fêmeas poedeiras da linhagem Novogen Brown distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em 5 tratamentos com 8 repetições de 8 aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiram em: DCN - Dieta Controle negativo; DCTX - Dieta com adição de 6ppm de Cantaxantina; DVitE - Dieta com 200ppm de Vitamina E; DSe - Dieta com 0,4ppm de Selênio; DCTXVitESe - Dieta com adição de 6ppm de Cantaxantina + 200ppm de Vitamina E + 0,4ppm de Selênio. A fase experimental foi dividida em 4 períodos de 28 dias. A taxa de postura foi afetada significativamente em aves que receberam a DSe no 3º e 4º período. As aves que receberam DSe e DCTXVitESe apresentaram maior peso de ovos no 1º período, no 4º período a DCTX obteve melhor peso de ovo. A DSe proporcionou uma melhor conversão alimentar por dúzias de ovos no 4º período. A conversão alimentar por massa de ovos foi melhor para aves alimentadas com DCTX, DSe e DCTXVitESe no 4º período. As aves alimentadas com DCTX e DCTXVitESe apresentaram maior peso de ovos quando armazenados por 28 dias no 1º período. As aves que receberam DCTX apresentaram um melhor percentual de gema em ovos armazenados durante 28 dias no 3º período, no 4º período para ovos sem armazenamento e em ovos com 14 dias de estocagem. No 4º período as aves alimentadas com DVitE apresentaram um melhor percentual de gema e de albúmen para ovos sem armazenamento e com 21 dias de estocagem. O percentual de albúmen foi melhor em ovos de aves alimentadas com DCTX no 4º período com 28 dias de armazenamento e sem armazenamento. Aves alimentadas com DSe apresentaram um melhor índice de gema em ovos armazenados por 28 dias no 1º período. Obteve-se uma melhor coloração de gema através da DCTX e DCTXVitESe em todos os períodos. A utilização da DSe foi melhor para a variável unidade Haugh em ovos armazenados por 7 dias no 1º período. O teor mais baixo de substâncias que reagem com o Ácido Tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), foi em gemas de ovos de poedeiras alimentadas com DVitE com 21 dias de armazenamento. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas para as variáveis de consumo de ração, peso corporal, resistência da membrana vitelina, percentual e espessura de casca, pH de albúmen e densidade específica (P>0,05). A utilização dos diferentes aditivos contribui para a melhora dos índices produtivos e de qualidade de ovos.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:54:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 211825 bytes, checksum: 08902de86d8829c08d2e7d452e0c62a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-06 / This research was conducted at the Poultry Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, aiming to evaluate the performance and mineral deposition in the tibia of Japanese quail fed diets containing different levels of calcium and available phosphorus. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized in factorial scheme 4x3, with twelve treatments and seven replicates and eight birds per experimental unit. Diets were isonitrogenous (19.3%), isocaloric (2800 kcal ME/kg) and isoaminoacídics. There was a significant interaction only for the intake and calcium intake. Significant quadratic and linear levels of available phosphorus on the consumption of diet and calcium in diets containing 2.0 and 2.5% calcium, respectively. No significant effect of available phosphorus levels was observed in diet containing 3.0% calcium. The feed conversion by egg mass and production of commercial eggs, were influenced by the level of available phosphorus in the diet linearly. For the quality parameters of eggs, there was a linear increase of weight and percentage of bark and linear reduction in weight and percentage yolk depending on the levels of dietary calcium and for the specific weight, increased levels of calcium diet improvement provided in linear and increasing levels of available phosphorus, linear reduction of specific weight. For the mineral deposition in the tibia of quail, there was significant interaction between levels of available calcium-phosphorus diet on phosphorus and ash in the tibia. There was a linear increase in the levels of available phosphorus on the phosphorus content in the tibia of chicks fed a diet containing 3.0% calcium and linear and quadratic effect on the ash content in tibia of broilers fed diets containing 2.5 and 3.0% calcium, respectively. For the calcium content in the tibia, there was increased even with increased levels of available phosphorus in the diet, in a linear fashion. The other parameters were not influenced by levels of calcium and available phosphorus in diets. Diets containing levels of 2.0% calcium and 0.10% available phosphorus, corresponding to a daily intake of 555.4 mg of calcium and 27.07 mg of phosphorus available in the bird meets the requirements of these minerals to obtain satisfactory performance and egg quality of Japanese quails from 26 to 38 weeks of age. / Esta pesquisa foi realizada, no setor de Avicultura do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, objetivando-se avaliar o desempenho e a deposição mineral na tíbia de codornas japonesas alimentadas com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de cálcio e fósforo disponível. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x3, com doze tratamentos, sete repetições e oito aves por unidade experimental. As dietas foram isoprotéicas (19,3%), isocalóricas (2.800 kcal de EM/kg) e isoaminoacídicas. Verificou-se interação significativa apenas para o consumo de ração e consumo de cálcio. Houve efeito quadrático e linear dos níveis de fósforo disponível sobre o consumo de rarção e de cálcio em dietas contendo 2,0 e 2,5% de cálcio, respectivamente. Efeito não significativo dos níveis de fósforo disponível foi observado em dieta contendo 3,0% de cálcio. A conversão alimentar por massa de ovos e a produção de ovos comercializáveis, foram influenciadas pelo nível de fósforo disponível na dieta de forma linear. Para os parâmetros de qualidade dos ovos, verificou-se aumento linear do peso e da percentagem de casca e redução linear do peso e da percentagem gema em função dos níveis de cálcio da dieta e, para o peso especifico, aumento nos níveis de cálcio da dieta proporcionaram melhora de forma linear e para o aumento dos níveis de fósforo disponível, houve redução linear do peso específico. Para a deposição mineral na tíbia das codornas, verificou-se interação significativa dos níveis de cálcio x fósforo disponível da dieta sobre os teores de fósforo e cinzas na tíbia. Observou-se aumento linear dos níveis de fósforo disponível sobre o teor de fósforo na tíbia de aves alimentadas com dieta contendo 3,0% de cálcio e efeito quadrático e linear sobre o teor de cinzas na tíbia de aves que receberam dietas contendo 2,5 e 3,0% de cálcio, respectivamente. Para o teor de cálcio nas tíbias, verificou-se aumento do mesmo com aumento dos níveis de fósforo disponível na dieta, de forma linear. Os demais parâmetros não foram influenciados pelos níveis de cálcio e fósforo disponível nas dietas. Dietas contendo níveis de 2,0% de cálcio e 0,10% de fósforo disponível, correspondendo ao consumo diário de 555,4 mg de cálcio e 27,07 mg de fósforo disponível por ave, atende as exigências desses minerais para obtenção satisfatória do desempenho e da qualidade de ovos de codornas japonesas no período de 26 a 38 semanas de idade.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a desova induzida hormonalmente e a qualidade dos ovos do ariacÃ, Lutjanus synagris. Foram avaliadas as fecundidades absoluta e relativa, o diÃmetro dos ovos e de suas respectivas gotÃculas de Ãleo, a porcentagem de ovos flutuantes, a taxa de fecundaÃÃo, a taxa de eclosÃo e sobrevivÃncia das larvas apÃs consumo da reserva vitelÃnica. O estudo foi desenvolvido no Centro de Estudos Ambientais Costeiros (CEAC) do Instituto de CiÃncias do Mar (LABOMAR) da Universidade Federal do Cearà (UFC). IndivÃduos juvenis foram capturados na natureza por meio de pesca com anzol, levados ao laboratÃrio e mantidos sob quarentena. Para finalizar o processo de maturaÃÃo gonadal os indivÃduos foram transferidos para o sistema interno, mantidos sob fotoperÃodo de 14 horas de claro e alimentados alternadamente com sardinha, camarÃo e lula. ApÃs a verificaÃÃo da maturaÃÃo gonadal foi iniciado o perÃodo de induÃÃo hormonal. Os animais foram capturados, anestesiados, medidos e pesados. O critÃrio de maturidade utilizado foi liberaÃÃo de sÃmen para os machos e diÃmetro mÃdio dos ovÃcitos maior que 400 &#956;m para as fÃmeas. As induÃÃes ocorreram entre os meses de novembro de 2009 e marÃo de 2010 com injeÃÃes de gonadotrofina coriÃnica humana (hCG) na base da nadadeira peitoral. Foram utilizadas doses de 1.500 UI kg-1 e avaliados dois protocolos. No Protocolo 50/50 foram aplicadas duas injeÃÃes contendo 50% da dose total e no Protocolo 70/30 a primeira dose foi de 70% e a segunda de 30% da dose total. A segunda injeÃÃo foi aplicada 24 horas apÃs a primeira. Os machos receberam dose Ãnica de 750 UI de hCG kg-1 no momento da segunda injeÃÃo na fÃmea. A proporÃÃo sexual (fÃmea:macho) utilizada foi de 1:2. A porcentagem de ovos flutuantes apresentou diferenÃa significativa com valores mÃdios de 78,18  39,71% e 33,68  41,02% para os Protocolos 50/50 e 70/30, respectivamente. NÃo foi observada diferenÃa significativa para nenhum dos demais parÃmetros avaliados. Os valores mÃdios para fecundidade relativa foram de 306.815,10  135.218,18 Ãvulos kg-1 (Protocolo 50/50) 404.511,27  261.545,16 Ãvulos kg-1 (Protocolo 70/30). A fertilizaÃÃo dos ovos flutuantes variou entre 92 e 100% com diÃmetro mÃdio de 726,0  16,89 &#956;m a 795,0  19,43 &#956;m e da gotÃcula de Ãleo de 122,5  8,07 &#956;m a 141,5  11,89 &#956;m. A eclosÃo ocorreu em 16 horas sob temperatura mÃdia de 29,3  0,9oC. Ovos com mÃltiplas gotÃculas de Ãleo apresentaram eclosÃo e sobrevivÃncia similares Ãqueles com uma gotÃcula. O ariacà se mostrou uma espÃcie que se adapta bem ao cativeiro respondendo positivamente ao manejo e à induÃÃo hormonal. Os resultados positivos mostram que o hCG à eficaz na reproduÃÃo induzida desta espÃcie, contudo a variabilidade dos dados encontrados no presente estudo revela que a tÃcnica precisa ser aprimorada / The aim of this study was to evaluate the hormone induced spawn and egg quality of lane snapper, Lutjanus synagris. The absolute fecundity, relative fecundity, egg and oil globule diameter, percentage of floating eggs, percentage of fertilization, hatching rate and larval survival up to yolk consumption were assessed. The study was conducted at Centro de Estudos Ambientais Costeiros (CEAC) from Instituto de CiÃncias do Mar (LABOMAR) from the Universidade Federal do Cearà (UFC). Wild juveniles were captured by hook, took to the laboratory and held in a quarantine system. Fishes were transferred to the internal system to complete gonadal maturation under a 14h-light photoperiod and fed fish, shrimp and squid. After gonadal maturation, induced spawn period was started. Individuals were captured, anesthetized and measured. Maturity criteria were running milt for males and mean oocyte diameter greater than 400 &#956;m for females. Induced spawns were attempted in the period between November 2009 and March 2010, by using human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injections at the base of the pectoral fin. Total doses of 1.500 IU kg-1 were used and two experimental protocols were evaluated. In the Protocol 50/50, injections of hCG were given in two doses of 50% of total dose while in the Protocol 70/30, the first dose was 70% and the second was 30% total dose. The second injection was given after 24 hours. Males received only one injection of 750 IU kg-1, at the time of the second injection to females. The sex ratio (female:male) was 1:2. The percentage of floating eggs was significantly different, with mean values of 78.18  39.71% and 33.68  41.02% for Protocols 50/50 and 70/30, respectively. There were no significant differences in any other evaluated parameters. The mean values of relative fecundity were 306,815.10  135,218.18 egg kg-1 (Protocol 50/50) and 404,511.27  261,545.16 egg kg-1 (Protocol 70/30). The percentage of fertilization in floating eggs ranged from 92 to 100% with mean egg diameters from 726.0  16.89 &#956;m to 795.0  19.43 &#956;m and oil globule diameters from 122.5  8.07 &#956;m to 141.5  11.89 &#956;m in Protocols 50/50 and 70/30. Hatching occurred 16 hours after spawning at mean temperature of 29.3  0.9oC. Spawns with eggs having multiple oil globules had a similar hatching rate and larval survival than those with simple oil globule. Lane snapper can successfully adapt to captivity conditions and positively respond to handling and induced spawn. The positive results show that hCG induced spawn is feasible, however the variability of the found data in the present study reveals that this technique needs to be improved

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:48:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sandra_Elisa_Schneider.PDF: 294647 bytes, checksum: 05675a02350b5b1d8181899f53ffda67 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-30 / Two experiments were carried with the aiming at determining the nutritional requirement of digestible lysine for brow-egg laying hens. The first experiment was performed at the end of the first production cycle, in the period from 50 a 66 weeks of age and the second with birds in the period from 74 to 90 weeks of age. In both experiments, 150 layers Shaver Brow laying hens, distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments (digestible lysine levels: 0.79, 0.82, 0.85, 0.8 and 0.91%), six replications and five birds for experimental unit. The experimental period lasted 16 weeks and it was divided in four periods of collection of the eggs, being each one corresponding to 28 days. The parameters evaluates were the productive performance (production, mass and egg´ weight), of the intake consumption (feed and lysine), of the feed conversion (mass and egg dozen), egg components (albumen, yolk and shell), of the egg quality (albumen and yolk index, Haugh units and egg shell specific quality). In the first experiment, the productive performance, the feed intake, the feeds conversions, the components percentage, egg quality and yolk index were not influenced (P>0.05) by the levels of digestible lysine, except for the lysine intake which show a linear response (P<0.05) with increase in the digestible lysine levels. For the albumen index and Haugh units, the LRP model (Linear Response Plateau) adjusted better to the data, estimating at 0.832% and 0.883 % of the lysine digestible, respectively. In the second experiment, was observed a linear increase (P<0.05) of lysine intake increased as the level of dietary lysine and quadratic effect (P<0.05) of the yolk percentages, estimating the level of 0,837% digestible lysine for the lowest percentage of yolk. Variables such as performance, consumption, feed conversion, components percents and egg quality had not shown significant differences (P>0.05). Based on productive parameters that were not influenced by levels of lysine diets in both experiments, suggested the level of 0.79% of lysine, for brow-egg laying hens in the period from 50 to 66 weeks and 74 to 90 weeks of age / Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de determinar a exigência nutricional de lisina digestível para poedeiras semipesadas. O primeiro experimento foi realizado ao final do primeiro ciclo de produção, no período de 50 a 66 semanas de idade e o segundo com aves no período de 74 a 90 semanas de idade. Em ambos os experimentos, foram utilizadas 150 poedeiras semipesadas da linhagem Shaver Brow, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) contendo cinco tratamentos (níveis de lisina digestível: 0,79; 0,82; 0,85; 0,88 e 0,91%), seis repetições e cinco aves por unidade experimental. Cada período experimental teve duração de 16 semanas, subdividido em quatro períodos de coleta dos ovos, sendo cada um correspondente a 28 dias. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de desempenho (produção, peso e massa de ovos), de consumo (ração e lisina), de conversão alimentar (dúzia e massa de ovos), de componentes dos ovos (porcentagem de gema, de casca e de albúmen) e de qualidade interna e externa dos ovos (índice de gema e de albúmen, unidade Haugh e gravidade específica). No primeiro experimento, o consumo de ração, as conversões alimentares, os percentuais dos componentes, a qualidade externa e o índice de gema dos ovos não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos níveis de lisina digestível, com exceção para consumo de lisina que aumentou linearmente (P<0,05) conforme aumentou o nível deste aminoácido na ração. Para o índice de albúmen e unidade Haugh, o modelo LRP (Linear Response Plateau) melhor se ajustou aos dados, estimando em 0,832% e 0,883% de lisina digestível, respectivamente. No segundo experimento, observou-se aumento linear (P<0,05) sobre o consumo de lisina conforme aumentou o nível deste aminoácido na ração e efeito quadrático (P<0,05) sobre a porcentagem de gema, estimando-se o nível de 0,837% de lisina digestível para menor valor desta variável. Os parâmetros de desempenho, consumo, conversão alimentar, porcentagens dos componentes, qualidade interna e externa não apresentaram diferenças significativas (P>0,05). Com base nos parâmetros produtivos que não foram influenciados pelos níveis de lisina das rações em ambos os experimentos é sugerido o nível de 0,79% de lisina digestível, para poedeiras semipesadas nos períodos de 50 a 66 semanas e de 74 a 90 semanas de idade