Dans un premier temps, nous avons conduit une étude épidémiologique transversale et descriptive dont les objectifs sont de décrire les caractéristiques sociales et professionnelles du personnel du service des urgences et les contraintes psychosociales et organisationnelles du travail. Les résultats de cette enquête, une fois analysés, sont resitués d’une part dans leur environnement politico-institutionnel en décrivant les caractéristiques du système de santé algérien et son évolution et quelques indicateurs reflétant les réponses du système aux défis représentés par la prise en charge de la santé de la population et d’autre part, dans leur environnement théorique et méthodologique, par l’élaboration d’une revue de littérature sur les risques psychosociaux encourus en milieu de soins. Dans un second temps, il nous a semblé propice d’approfondir les résultats de ces investigations épidémiologiques par une étude plus fine des situations de travail. Ceci nous a conduits à observer de près les situations de travail aux urgences moyennant la concrétisation, dans une première phase, d’une intervention ergonomique puis, dans une deuxième phase, l’organisation de Groupes de rencontres du travail (GRT). La démarche ergologique a permis de mieux expliquer les facteurs susceptibles de donner lieu aux conflits de valeurs, aux difficultés de coopérations, aux attitudes hostiles et aux dénis de reconnaissance. Les conséquences majeures de ces risques psychosociaux en sont la démotivation, l’épuisement et le déploiement de stratégies défensives individuelles et collectives. / Initial results have encouraged us to closely observe the work of the emergency situations through the realization of an ergonomic intervention at first and then ergologia (GRT) in a second time. To bring out the elements that may lead to the identification of difficult work situations, we conducted comprehensive and systematic observations leading to the formulation of a local and general diagnosis. We have proposed operational action tracks, one of which is the organization of a meeting of the Working Group (GRT). Writing and putting into words the activity of nurses, caregivers and physicians was difficult. The general tone of the speeches has reported difficulties, collective discomfort or pain at work. The protagonists of work relate currently functions lips and near absence of management. As to the issue of psychosocial risks, the epidemiological study has highlighted the strong professional constraints and the lack of recognition of novice general practitioners and young orderlies.The major consequences are the demotivation and the deployment of defensive strategies as the medicalization of their health seeking an exemption from custody or a transfer to another service.Keywords :Medical and surgical emergencies; Psychosocial risks; Ergonomic; Activity; Psychosocial risks; ergologia; Meeting of the Working Group.

Maternal and newborn health is one of the main indicators of a good health system. The study wished to develop a strategy to improve the referral system for maternal and newborn care. To identify issues for improvement, the researcher explored the appropriateness of referrals, referral pathways and challenges, and provider costs for maternal and newborn care at health centres and hospitals levels. The researcher selected a sequential explanatory mixed method research design. Two primary hospitals and six health centres were purposively selected for participation. The first phase collected quantitative data by reviewing the health facilities’ medical records for services provided and health service costing, respectively. Data collection covered one Ethiopian fiscal year (8 July 2017 to 7 July 2018). Based on the existing human resource arrangement and care needs, the health service costing found that a single midwife at health centre level spent half of the expected time for delivery care. The cost estimates of various types of care delivery care indicated that delivery care at health centre and hospital levels cost $27.5 to $30.2, and $34.7 to $37.8, respectively. The primary hospitals incurred four times the cost for newborn intensive care units and Caesarean sections compared to normal delivery care. In the second phase, the researcher collected qualitative data from 26 purposively selected key informants in interviews. The findings indicated that the selected hospitals and health centres had a referral system, but several factors impeded its effective implementation. Knowledge of referral pathways determined the referral practices at the lower level of the system. The number of inappropriate referrals to primary hospitals indicated a need to mobilize and educate the community on the services available and protocols of care. In general, most referrals could have been managed at health centre level. Emergency medical transportation is a critical component of the referral system; delays in transportation determine the outcome of care at hospital level. Ambulance management was generally poor, lacked a tracking system, and was negatively affected by confusion and lack of coordination between facilities. The available ambulances were not well equipped or well-staffed for emergency management. Moreover, there were frequent breakdowns due to limited budget for maintenance and running costs. The quality of maternal care depends on the quality of the labour monitoring. However, partograph utilization was not consistently practised. Admitted cases were not properly monitored because of the high caseload and limited supervision support. In many cases, healthcare professionals tended to “treat charts” rather than promote evidencebased practice while providing care. The quality of practice was challenged by insecurity in the working environment but strengthened by good teamwork and available consultation support. The implementation of the existing referral system depended on the people involved; the use of performance indicators; follow up by management, and an accountability framework. The findings of the two phases of the study and review of other countries’ experiences on the identified problems, led to the development of draft strategy and then a consultation with relevant experts produced the final strategy. The strategy includes interventions to improve the practices at the sending and receiving facilities as well as suggestions to improve the communication, transportation and overall governance system. Then, taking into consideration all the phases of the study, the researcher makes recommendations for practice and further research. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Healht Studies)

En el mundo hípico, los caballos sufren frecuentes lesiones debido al esfuerzo que exigen las continuas competencias. Es por ello, que requieren atenciones veterinarias por emergencias con la visita o atención de un veterinario. Por lo anterior, estas atenciones se complican debido a que no se conoce la disponibilidad del veterinario, ni la distancia hacia el punto de origen de la emergencia, por ende, no pueden concretar las visitas, algunas emergencias se quedan sin atención poniendo en riesgo la salud y la vida del equino y en consecuencia se pierden ventas de productos y/o medicinas. Nuestro proyecto se basa en la automatización del proceso de Ventas por Emergencia gracias al desarrollo de una aplicación móvil que se encargará de que los clientes puedan emitir una alerta de emergencia veterinaria, a su vez, pueden visualizar en un mapa los veterinarios disponibles y con ello saber cuál es la distancia y tiempo aproximado de llegada hacia la emergencia, así como también, los veterinarios podrán emitir sus indicaciones médicas y los pedidos necesarios para ser atendidos en un corto plazo. Esta reducción de tiempos y aumento en la atención de emergencias que brinda la ejecución de este proyecto contribuye a optimizar la atención y la satisfacción del cliente, el incremento de las ventas y sobre todo el cuidado de la salud y la vida de los equinos que dependen de estas atenciones médicas veterinarias. / In the equestrian world, horses frequently suffer injuries due to the demands of continuous competition. That is why they require assistance from veterinarians due to emergencies or just routine appointments. These visits become complex because the veterinarian's availability is unknown or how remote the vet is from a location. As a result, veterinarians don't show up to the scheduled visits. In some cases, emergencies are left unattended, risking the health and life of the equine, missing on the selling of products and medication. Our project is based on the automatization of the process of emergency sales thanks to the development of a web and mobile application allowing clients to enter a vet alert. Clients can access a map and view all available veterinarians in the area to identify the distance and estimated arrival time to the emergency. The veterinarians can also forward their medical recommendations and any necessary short-term request. This reduction in times and increase in emergency care provided by the execution of this project contributes to optimizing customer service and satisfaction, increasing sales and, above all, the health and life care of the equines that depend on of these veterinary medical cares. / Tesis

Title: Preventive measures of emergencies in the region of Liberec Objectives: The aim of this work is to analyze of preventive measures of emergencies in the region of Liberec Methods: In this thesis were used methods of descriptive - analytical character, synthesis and statistical data analysis. Results: Overview of the structure of the integrate rescue systém, definitions of basic terms, division of emergencies, brief characteristics of the region of Liberec and its development in the period 2013 - 2018, analysis of preventive measures in fire protection, thein development and comparison with consequences of emergencies. Keywords: emergencies, prevention, Liberec region, fire protection

Conflict crises have a devastating impact on education. In response, international organisations have increasingly implemented Education in Emergencies (EiE) interventions in seeking to improve the access to education. However, little is known about the impact of these interventions in the context of armed conflict. The literature has mostly focused on the physical barriers that conflict brings to educational access and most of the previous research on the effectiveness of EiE interventions comes from stable low- and middle-income countries. By answering the question ‘How do Education in Emergencies interventions affect the access to education in conflict crises?’, this study seeks to contribute to this understudied field by first discussing the non-physical ‘opportunity costs’ conflict barriers to educational access. Subsequently, this study moves on to demonstrate the significance of particular components that EiE interventions may hold that are able to address these specific conflict barriers. The argument is tested through a qualitative comparative study of two international organisations that implement EiE programmes in Colombia. The empirical findings demonstrate the importance of a variety of different components of EiE interventions in improving access to education in conflict contexts, with indeed many of these addressing ‘opportunity costs’.

During the 2013/16 Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa, numerous restrictions were placed on the movement and public gathering of local people, regardless of if the area had active Ebola cases or not. Specifically, the district of Koinadugu, Sierra Leone, preemptively enforced movement regulations before there were any cases within the district. This research demonstrates that ongoing regulations on movement and public gathering affected the livelihoods of those involved in agricultural markets in the short-term, while the outbreak was active, and in the long-term. The forthcoming thesis details the ways in which the Ebola outbreak international and national response affected locals involved in agricultural value chains in Koinadugu, Sierra Leone.

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The global ‘refugee crisis’ is increasingly affecting Europe and especially Greece, which has been the country through which many people on the move enter Europe. Within refugee education the role of teachers is recognised as the key facilitator of education, yet there are few studies which centre on teachers. This paper aims to explore and compare how teachers re/construct their ideas about the value of education, their vision on education and their role as a teacher as a result of their experience working in refugee education. Key concepts of the study are a holistic approach to teachers’ professional development, construed as teacher identity, and refugee education. The study centralises the narratives of eight teachers of different nationalities who worked or are working in Greece, either on the mainland or on the islands. Data was collected through narrative interviews applying the biographical method. An inductive coding process led to four themes: teachers’ development, teachers’ profile, educating refugees, and vision on refugee education. Similarities and differences between the stories of teachers form the basis of comparisons about teaching refugees of different ages, female refugees, and at other locations. The findings are discussed in light of the principles and concepts of Life Course Theory and Transformative Learning Theory. The findings show that teachers’ choices and actions in teaching refugees are embedded in the contemporary context of time and place, motivated by the current global crisis. The experiences of teaching refugees impact teachers personally and shape not only individual but also collective attitudes through principles of linked lives, time, and place. Teachers describe their ongoing and cumulative teacher identity re/construction, including altering their perspectives on the narrative of refugees due to their work experiences, which aligns with key concepts and principles of (adult) learning in the Life Course Theory and Transformative Learning Theory.

This research investigates existing and new HR practices that have impacted public health employee retention in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic. It builds on social support theory and social exchange theory to better understand the relationships between HR practices and retention, and uses quantitative methods to examine the hypotheses based on a conceptual framework. While OLS regression is employed to analyze the relationships between HR practices and retention, path analysis (bootstrapping) is used to examine the mediator variable. Based on 417 valid questionnaires distributed to public health employees in Saudi Arabia's central, western, and eastern regions, the analysis illustrates that while training and emphasis on work-life-balance as existing HR practices had a positive effect on retention, social support (supervisory support) and promotion of mental well-being as new HR practices also had a positive effect on retention during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the hypothesis that compensation and occupational health and safety would improve retention was not supported. These results indicate that financial benefits and providing safety materials did not lead to employee retention. Meanwhile, safety training programs, psychosocial support, and promotion of well-being have been essential HR practices during the pandemic. Regarding the mediation hypotheses, interestingly, the results show that organizational commitment has mediated relationships between safety training and mental (psychological) well-being on one hand and public health retention on the other during the pandemic.