L'objectif principal de cette thèse est l’étude spectroscopique de molécules ou de complexes portant plusieurs centres chiraux en phase gazeuse, pour comprendre les effets de la stéréochimie sur leurs propriétés structurales. Des alcaloïdes dérivés de la Cinchonine ont été introduits intacts en phase gazeuse par ablation laser. Ils ont été étudiés en combinant un jet supersonique avec de la spectroscopie laser. Les deux pseudo-énantiomères Quinine et Quinidine ont montré des spectres électroniques et vibrationnels similaires, en accord avec leur structure similaire. Leurs propriétés en solution diffèrent davantage, comme le montrent les expériences de dichroïsme circulaire vibrationnel (VCD). Cette différence est encore plus marquée dans l’Hydroquinine et l’Hydroquinidine. Enfin la reconnaissance chirale a été étudiée dans des complexes ioniques dans un piège à ions. La stabilité des complexes formés entre S-camphre et les R et S-Alanine protonées indique une préférence homochirale. Cependant, l'énergie d'interaction calculée ainsi que les spectres IRMPD dans la région des empreintes digitales sont identiques. Le rôle des conformères plus hauts en énergie dans la reconnaissance chirale a été discuté. / The main objective of this thesis is a spectroscopic study of molecules or complexes bearing multiple chiral centres in the gas phase, to understand the effects of stereochemistry on their structural properties. Neutral cinchona alkaloids have been introduced intact in gas phase by laser-ablation. They have been studied by combining supersonic expansion with laser spectroscopy. The two pseudo-enantiomers Quinine and Quinidine show similar electronic and vibrational spectra, in line with similar structure. Their properties in solution differ more, as shown by Vibrational Circular Dichroism (VCD) experiments. This difference is further enhanced in Hydroquinine and Hydroquinidine. Lastly chiral recognition has been studied in ionic complexes in an ion trap. A homochiral preference has been shown in the stability of the complexes formed between S-Camphor and R and S protonated Alanine. However, the calculated interaction energy as well as the IRMPD spectrum in the fingerprint region are identical. The role of higher energy conformers in chiral recognition has been discussed.

O cloridrato de tramadol, analgésico sintético de ação central, possui dois centros quirais: o isômero cis é ativo e o isômero trans é uma impureza de processo. Ambos os enantiômeros do cloridrato de cis-tramadol contribuem para o efeito analgésico, mas através de mecanismos diferentes, complementares e interativos farmacologicamente. Os dois isômeros do cis-tramadol apresentam efeitos terapêuticos, e a presença de impurezas, incluindo os isômeros trans - decorrentes do processo de síntese ou devido à decomposição - podem comprometer a qualidade do produto comercializado. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e validar metodologia estereosseletiva para análise do cloridrato de cis-tramadol e das possíveis impurezas quirais ou não na matéria-prima e formulações farmacêuticas. Para a separação e quantificação dos enantiômeros do cloridrato de cis-tramadol e das impurezas trans-tramadol, 1,2-olefina e 1,6-olefina, foi utilizada a coluna Chiralcel® OD-H, fase móvel constituída por hexano (60% e 100% de n-hexano, 1:1, v/v):isopropanol:dietilamina:ácido trifluoracético (99,5:0,5:0,3:0,1, v/v/v/v), na vazão de 0,7 mL min-1 e detecção em 274 nm. A coluna Chiralpak® AD fase móvel constituída por hexano (60% de n-hexano):etanol absoluto:dietilamina (95:5:0,1, v/v/v), na vazão de 1,0 mL min-1 e o comprimento de onda para detecção dos compostos foi de 228 nm foi utilizada para a separação e quantificação das impurezas O-desmetiltramadol, N-desmetiltramadol e tramadol N-óxido. Os métodos desenvolvidos foram devidamente validados através dos parâmetros seletividade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão, intervalo, limite de detecção e limite de quantificação. Os resultados obtidos na validação mostraram que os métodos são adequados para a determinação do cis-tramadol e de suas impurezas na matéria prima e na formulação farmacêutica. / Tramadol hydrochloride is a centrally acting analgesic with two chiral centers; the cis isomer is the active drug and the trans isomer is a process impurity. Both enantiomers of cis-tramadol hydrochloride contribute to the analgesic effect through different, but complementary and interactive pharmacological mechanisms. Although both isomers of cis-tramadol hydrochloride show therapeutic effects, the presence of impurities, originated from the synthesis process or due to degradation, can compromise the quality of the marketed product. The aim of this present work was the development and validation of a stereosselective methodology for the analysis of the drug cis-tramadol hydrochloride and the possible chiral or non-chiral impurities in raw materials and pharmaceutical formulations. The separation and quantitation of cis-tramadol enantiomers and the impurities trans-tramadol, 1,2-olefin and 1,6-olefin were carried out using a Chiralcel® OD-H column, mobile phase of hexane (60% and 100% of n-hexane, 1:1, v/v):2-propanol:diethylamine:trifluoroacetic acid (99,5:0,5:0,3:0,1, v/v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0,7 mL min-1 and detection at 274 nm. For the separation and quantitation of the impurities O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol and tramadol N-oxide, a Chiralpak® AD column was used with a mobile phase of hexane (60% of n-hexane):ethanol absolute: diethylamine (95:5:0,1, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 1,0 mL min-1 and detection at 228 nm. The methods were validated using the parameters selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, range, detection limit and quantitation limit. The results obtained show that the methods are suitable for the analysis of cis-tramadol and its impurities in raw material and pharmaceutical formulation.

En les últimes dècades, el fenomen de l’enantioselectivitat ha adquirit una importància creixent per a la indústria farmacèutica a l’hora del desenvolupament de nous fàrmacs. Això és degut a la observació d’una diferent resposta per part de l’organisme en funció de l’estereoquímica de la molècula exògena administrada, ocasionada per l’elevada estereoselectivitat dels processos fisiològics. Diferents exemples es poden trobar a la literatura a partir del desastre produït pel fàrmac anomenat talidomida, en què es va responsabilitzar la forma S de l’efecte teratogen mentre s’assignà l’acció sedant a la R. Molts altres fàrmacs quirals presenten una dicotomia d’efecte pels enantiòmers. A mode d’exemple l’anestèsic prolocaïna presenta diferències d’activitat entre enantiòmers. En aquest cas la forma de configuració S posseix majoritàriament l’acció anestèsica, mentre que la R és responsable dels efectes tòxics del fàrmac, que pot produir metahemoglobinèmia. Així, doncs, l’adiministració, i per tant la comercialització de fàrmacs enantiomèricmanet purs, simplifica aspectes farmacològics, farmacocinètics, terapèutics i toxicològics de l’acció dels fàrmacs. Altres avantatges que s’aconsegueixen amb aquest procedir són la disminució de la dosi de fàrmac requerida per a produir l’efecte desitjat i la menor variabilitat interpersonal de l’efecte produït per una determinada dosi. Degut a la importància de l’administració de fàrmacs enantiomèricament purs, en el present treball s’estudia l’aplicació de la cromatografia en contracorrent (CPC/CCC) en la separació de mescles racèmiques. La CCC/CPC és una variant de la cromatografia líquida, en la què la fase mòbil i la fase estacionària estan formades per dos líquids immiscibles entre sí. Així, s’han dissenyat i sintetitzat noves entitats quirals derivades de l’aminoàcid L-prolina. Una vegada caracteritzades, s’ha estudiat la seva aplicació en la separació de racèmics, a la vegada que s’ha estudiat el seu mecanisme d’enantioreconeixment per poder establir unes pautes a l’hora de dissenyar nous selectors quirals (SQ). D’altra banda, la CCC/CPC al tractar-se d’una tècnica que es dona entre dos líquids immiscibles. S’ha estudiat l’aplicació de nous sistemes de dissolvents menys contaminats, com es el cas de l’etoxinonafluorobutà. Així, s’han construït diferents sistemes de dissolvents que contenen el dissolvent fluorat, a l’hora que s’han utilitzat SQs fluorats. / Nowdays, the significance of the enantiomèric purity in the chiral active ingredients used in drug manufacture is well recognized. In addition, the strict regulations established by health authorities on the commercialisation of chiral drugs, has led to the requirement for analytical and preparative methods for enantioseparation. Although diverse procedures exist, chromatographic techniques are amongst the most used to resolve mixtures of enantiomers at a preparative level. In the present doctoral thesis we intend to study the enantioselectivity phenomena of L-proline derivatives as chiral selectors in countercurrent chromatography (CCC) using diferent solvent systems. CCC is an effective separation technique base don the differences in partitioning of solutes in a sample between two non-miscible solvents or solutions that constitute the solvent system. Therefore, the mobile and the stationary phases in the chromatographic process are liquids. The absence of a solid support opens a whole range of possibilities to apply alternative elution modes alternatives to the classic one. The exchange between mobile phase and stationary phase during the separation, that CCC only involves the change of a valve position, allows the dual and mutidual mode. Also, the application of ph-zone refining, a kind of displacement chromatography that involve the addition of a displacement agent in the mobile phase, has been evaluated in order to improve the separation of ionizable racemates. Finally, the evaluation of the enantioselectivite capacity of fluorinated solvents and chiral selectors has been tested in CCC and in liquid membranes.

Obtaining enantio pure drug molecules is a long standing challenge in asymmetric synthesis implying that the identification of enantiomers and the determination of enantiomeric purity from a racemic mixture are of profound importance. In achieving this target NMR spectroscopy has proven to be an excellent analytical tool. It is well known that normal achiral NMR solvents do not distinguish the spectra of enantiomers. On the other hand, the conversion of substrates to diastereomers using one of the enantiopure chiral auxiliaries, such as, chiral solvating agent, chiral derivatizing agent and chiral lanthanide shift reagent, circumvents this problem. The imposition of diasteomeric interactions circumvents this problem. There is a pool of chiral auxiliaries available in the literature, each of which is specific to molecules of certain functionalities and has its own advantages and limitations. These classical methods have two limitations as they demand the presence of a targeted functional group in the chiral molecule and utilize only chemical shifts to visualize enantiomers. On the other hand in chiral anisotropic medium, due to differential ordering effect, the order-sensitive NMR observables, viz. chemical shift anisotropies (∆σi), dipolar couplings (Dij) and for nuclei with spin >1/2 the quadrupolar couplings (Qi) have enormous power of exhibiting different spectrum for each enantiomer permitting their discrimination. Numerous weakly ordered chiral aligning media have been reported in the literature. Nevertheless there is a scarcity of water compatible medium. Research work presented in this thesis is focused on various aspects, such as, the discovery of new chiral aligning medium for the enantiodiscrimination of water soluble chiral molecules, potential utility of DNA liquid crystal for discrimination of amino acids, on-the-fly monitoring of enzyme kinetics and the preparation of novel composite liquid crystals, hydrogels and thin films. The derived results are discussed in different chapters. Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction to NMR spectroscopy with special emphasis on the conceptual understanding of the tensorial interaction parameters, such as chemical shifts, scalar and dipolar couplings, quadrupolar couplings, effect of r.f pulses, basic introduction to 2D NMR experiments. Subsequently, a broad overview of the enantiomers, specification of their configurations, chirality without stereogenic carbon, chirality in molecules containing different atoms, are discussed. Following this a brief introduction to liquid crystals and their properties, their classification, their orientation in the magnetic field, order parameter are also discussed. The description on the chiral liquid crystals, the differential ordering effect, employment of the orientation dependent NMR interactions, utility of 2H NMR experiments for the visualization of enantiomers and the measurement of enantiomeric composition has been set out in brief. Chapter 2: As far as the organo soluble chiral molecules is concerned (in solvents such as, chloroform, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and dimethylformamide), it has been well established that an ideal choice of chiral liquid crystal for enantiodiscrimination is poly-�-benzyl-L-glutamate (PBLG). Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of weak aligning medium for water soluble chiral molecules. This chapter introduces the chiral liquid crystal derived from the polysaccharide xanthan, which has numerous applications. The detailed discussion on the preparation of polysaccharide xanthan mesophase is given. The appearance of the mesophse is established by detecting the quadrupole split doublet of dissolved water. Subsequently enantiodiscrimination power of this new medium has been investigated on deuterated D/L-Alanine and (R/S)-β-butyrolactone. For such a purpose the selective 2D-SERF (SElective ReFocussing) experiment has been employed. It has been convincingly demonstrated that the medium has wide applicability for the discrimination of enantiomers, enantiotopic directions in prochiral molecules, measurement of enantiomeric excess and the RDCs in medium sized molecules. The new medium is sustainable over a wide range of temperature and concentration of ingredients, the mesophase is reversible, reproducible, easy to prepare besides being cost effective. It is possible to have the controlled tuning of the degree of order for specific application. Chapter 3: In this chapter the real discriminatory potential of DNA liquid crystalline phase has been explored. It is unambiguously established that; i) the fragmented DNA liquid crystal is able to differentiate between enantiomers of structurally different chiral amino acids; ii) the T1 (2H) values for L/D (alanine) is nearly equal indicating the similar dynamics for both the enantiomers, thus permitting the measurement of ee from the integral areas of the peaks of the contours of 2D spectrum; iii) the enantiotopic discrimination in prochiral compounds has also been successfully explored. Furthermore the analyses of NMR results yielded fruitful information on the analytical potential of DNA chiral liquid crystal, such as, (a) the chiral discrimination is effective on a large range of amino acids with spectral differences ΔΔʋQ‘s and ΔʋQ‘s varying from 80 to 338 Hz, and 50 to 900 Hz respectively; (b) the discrimination phenomenon remain active irrespective of the structure and the electronic nature (polarity) of the fourth substituent around the stereogenic center; (c) compared to an alkyl moiety, the presence of a terminal –OH or –SH group seems to slightly increase both the degree of alignment of the solute and the enantiodiscrimination efficiency compared to alanine; (d) The enantiodiscrimination can be detected easily not only on CD3 and CD groups, but also on CD2 sites exhibiting inequivalent diastereotopic directions; (e) discriminations with rather large differential ordering effect were obtained even for the sites that are situated far away from the asymmetric center; (f) The relative position of quadrupolar doublets from one 2H site to another can be reversed with regard to the absolute configuration (L/D). Chapter 4: Racemases recognize a chiral substrate such as (L-Alanine) and convert it into its enantiomer, i.e., (D-Alanine) and vice versa. Alanine racemase plays a vital role for certain bacteria, providing D-Alanine for peptidoglycan cell-wall biosynthesis. Elucidating the mechanism of enzymatic racemization is crucial for designing new inhibitors that may be useful as a novel class of antibiotics. This requires techniques to discriminate L-and D-Alanine and follow their concentrations as a function of time, so that one can determine the kinetic parameters and study the effect of inhibitors. In this chapter the utility of DNA liquid crystal media for in situ and real-time monitoring of the interconversion of L-and D-alanine-d3 by alanine racemase from Bacillus stearothermophilus has been demonstrated. The enantiomeric excess has been measured at different time intervals to monitor the enzymatic racemization at different time intervals in pseudo 2D NMR. The study unambiguously ascertains the reliability and robustness of utility of NMR in chiral anisotropic phase for monitoring the enzymatic racemization. The method thus provides new mechanistic insight and a better understanding of enzymatic reactions, in particular for alanine racemase. Chapter 5: In continuation with the development of weakly ordered liquid crystals, this chapter reports the spontaneous formation of composite graphene oxide (GO)/double stranded DNA (dsDNA) liquid crystals at higher concentrations of ingredients, and hydrogels at lower concentrations of ingredients, the process of which involves simple mixing in an aqueous phase has been demonstrated. The liquid crystalline phases and hydrogels have been characterized using optical polarized microscopy (OPM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy and 2H NMR spectroscopy. The observation of strong birefringence in the optical polarized microscope gives evidence for the formation of GO/dsDNA liquid crystals. The strong interaction between the dsDNA and GO was confirmed using Raman spectroscopic analysis. Furthermore, GO/dsDNA thin films have also been prepared and characterized using SEM and OPM. The GO/dsDNA thin film was prepared and its liquid crystal nature was established using OPM and 2H NMR. Importantly, the GO/dsDNA hydrogels were formed without any heat treatment to unwind dsDNA molecules and the porosity of hydrogels can be controlled by changing concentration of the dsDNA. This novel multifunctional composite liquid crystals and hydrogels of GO/dsDNA thus opens up new avenues for many applications like security papers, optical devices such as circular polarizers, reflective displays and drug delivery as well as tissue engineering using GO composite hydrogels.

O carvedilol é um anti-hipertensivo disponível na clínica como mistura racêmica, sendo o (S)-(-)-carvedilol um bloqueador ? e ?1-adrenérgico e o (R)-(+)-carvedilol apenas ?1-adrenérgico. O carvedilol é metabolizado principalmente por glicuronidação e pelo CYP2D6 a hidroxifenilcarvedilol e pelo CYP2C9 a Odesmetilcarvedilol. O presente estudo avalia a disposição cinética e o metabolismo dos enantiômeros do carvedilol, hidroxifenilcarvedilol e O-desmetilcarvedilol em voluntários sadios não comedicados (n=13) ou comedicados com dose única oral de glibenclamida (5 mg) e metformina (500 mg) (n=13) e em pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (com bom controle glicêmico e em tratamento com glibenclamida 5 mg/8h e metformina 500 mg/8h; n=14), fenotipados como metabolizadores rápidos (n=26) ou lentos (n=1). Os voluntários e pacientes receberam dose única oral de 25 mg de carvedilol racêmico e amostras seriadas de sangue foram coletadas até 24h após a administração. A frequência cardíaca foi avaliada na situação de exercício isométrico com o handgrip durante 2 min a 30% da contratilidade voluntária máxima e durante o repouso. Os enantiômeros do carvedilol e metabólitos foram analisados em plasma por LC-MS/MS empregando coluna Chirobiotic® V. O método foi linear no intervalo de 0,05 a 100; 0,05 a 10 e 0,02 a 10 ng/mL para os enantiômeros do carvedilol, hidroxifenilcarvedilol e O-desmetilcarvedilol, os desvios do estudo de precisão e exatidão foram inferiores a 15% e não foi observado efeito matriz. A farmacocinética avaliada por modelo não compartimental mostra acúmulo plasmático dos enantiômeros (R)-(+)-carvedilol, (R)-(+)-O-desmetilcarvedilol e (R)-(+)- hidroxifenilcarvedilol. A disposição cinética e o metabolismo dos enantiômeros do carvedilol não diferem entre os grupos de voluntários não comedicados e comedicados com dose única oral de glibenclamida e metformina. No entanto, os valores de AUC de ambos os enantiômeros do metabólito O-desmetilcarvedilol [(R)- (+): 6,92 vs 10,40 vs 11,91 ng.h/mL e (S)-(-): 2,36 vs 4,26 vs 3,98 ng/h/mL] são menores no grupo de pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 quando comparados ao grupo de voluntários sadios não comedicados ou comedicados. Em compensação, os valores de AUC de ambos os enantiômeros do metabólito hidroxifenilcarvedilol [(R)-(+): 13,89 vs 6,60 vs 4,88 ng.h/mL e (S)-(-): 7,21 vs 1,50 vs 1,45 ng/h/mL] são maiores no grupo de pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Os parâmetros farmacocinéticos de um paciente metabolizador lento do CYP2D6, portador de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e em tratamento com glibenclamida e metformina, permite inferir redução na formação de ambos os enantiômeros do metabólito hidroxifenilcarvedilol compensada pelo aumento na formação de ambos os enantiômeros do metabólito O-desmetilcarvedilol. Logo, a disposição cinética de ambos os enantiômeros do carvedilol sob a forma inalterada não difere entre metabolizadores rápidos e lentos do CYP2D6. O modelo não linear de efeitos mistos para a análise da disposição cinética e metabolismo populacional dos enantiômeros do carvedilol foi desenvolvido no NONMEM v.7.2 é preciso e possui capacidade preditiva adequada avaliada por métodos visuais do ajuste do modelo aos dados e ii bootstrap. Os valores de biodisponibilidade estimados pelo modelo para os enantiômeros (S)-(-) e (R)-(+)-carvedilol, respectivamente 16,43 e 25,4%, não diferem entre voluntários sadios e pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em tratamento com glibenclamida e metformina. Os valores de clearance pelo CYP2D6 estimados para o (S)-(-)-carvedilol foram de 1,65 vs 7,28 L/h, respectivamente, para os voluntários sadios e para os pacientes diabéticos, enquanto os estimados para o enantiômero (R)-(+)-carvedilol foram de 2,69 vs 13,7 L/h. Em relação ao clearance pelo CYP2C9, os valores estimados para o (S)-(-)-carvedilol foram de 16,2 vs 7,71 L/h, respectivamente, para os voluntários sadios e para os pacientes diabéticos, enquanto os estimados para o enantiômero (R)-(+)-carvedilol foram de 25,6 vs 10,5 L/h. Os valores de clearance por outras vias metabólicas são maiores para o (S)-(-)- carvedilol do que para o (R)-(+)-carvedilol (28,2 vs 4,86 L/h) e não diferem entre voluntários sadios e pacientes. Os valores de clearance total de ambos os enantiômeros do carvedilol não diferem entre os voluntários sadios e os pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 [(S)-(-): 46,05 vs 43,19 L/h e (R)-(+): 33,15 vs 29,06 L/h], considerando que os menores clearances do CYP2C9 são compensados por maiores clearances do CYP2D6. A variação da frequência cardíaca induzida pelo exercício isométrico com o handgrip após a administração de dose única oral de 25 mg de carvedilol racêmico não mostra relação com as concentrações plasmáticas do (S)-(-)-carvedilol. / Carvedilol is an antihypertensive available as racemic mixture, the (S)-(-)- carvedilol is a ??and ?1 adrenergic blocker and (R)-(+)-carvedilol is only na ?1- adrenergic blocker. Carvedilol is metabolized primarily by glucuronidation and by CYP2D6 to hidroxifenilcarvedilol and CYP2C9 to O-desmetilcarvedilol. This study evaluates the disposition and metabolism of carvedilol, hidroxyphenilcarvedilol and Odesmethylcarvedilol enantiomers in health (n=13) and type II diabetes subjects treated with glibenclamide (5 mg/8h) and in a good glycemic control (n=13) and in a CYP2D6 poor metabolizer diabetes subject (n=1). The subjects received a single racemic carvedilol dose of 25 mg. blood samples wore collected until 24h. The heart rate was evaluated durig isometric handgrip exercise. Carvedilol and metabolites enantiomers wore evaluated in plasma sampels by LC-MS/MS. The pharmacokinetics was evaluate by noncompartimental model and higher levels of (R)-(+)-carvedilol, (R)-(+)-Odesmethylcarvedilol e (R)-(+)-hidroxiphenilcarvedilol levels are noticed. The carvedilol pharmacokinetics does not change between healthy and type II diabetes subjects. However the AUC values of both O-desmethylcarvedilol enantiomers are lower [(R)-(+): 6,92 vs 10,40 vs 11,91 ng.h/mL e (S)-(-): 2,36 vs 4,26 vs 3,98 ng/h/mL]in the diabetes subjects and the AUC values of both hidroxyphenilcarvedilol enantiomers are higher [(R)-(+): 13,89 vs 6,60 vs 4,88 ng.h/mL e (S)-(-): 7,21 vs 1,50 vs 1,45 ng/h/mL]. It is noticed in CYP2D6 poor metabolizer diabetes subject lower levels of hidroxyphenilcarvedilol but higher of O-desmetilcarvedilol and carvedilol disposition is not changed. A Non-linear mixed effects modelling was performed in NONMEM v.7.2 the model was validated by visual methods and bootstrap. The bioavailability of (S)-(-) and (R)-(+)-carvedilol was 16,43 e 25,4% and no covariate effect was noticed. The CYP2D6 clearance values were 1,65 vs 7,28 L/h to healthy and diabetes subjects, inasmuch (R)-(+)-carvedilol ones were 25,6 vs 10,5 L/h. The CYP2C9 clearance of (S)-(-)-carvedilol were 16,2 vs 7,71 L/h for healthy and diabetes subjects, while (R)- (+)-carvedilol ones were 25,6 vs 10,5 L/h. The (S)-(-)-carvedilol clearance by other metabolic routes are higher (28,2 vs 4,86 L/h) and does not change between healthy and diabetes subjects. Carvedilol total clearance also does not differ between healthy and diabetes subjects the because the lower CYP2C9 clearance are balanced by the higher CYP2D6 clearance. The cardiac frequency change induced by handgrip isometric exercise is not related with the (S)-(-)-carvedilol plasma levels.

O cloridrato de tramadol, analgésico sintético de ação central, possui dois centros quirais: o isômero cis é ativo e o isômero trans é uma impureza de processo. Ambos os enantiômeros do cloridrato de cis-tramadol contribuem para o efeito analgésico, mas através de mecanismos diferentes, complementares e interativos farmacologicamente. Os dois isômeros do cis-tramadol apresentam efeitos terapêuticos, e a presença de impurezas, incluindo os isômeros trans - decorrentes do processo de síntese ou devido à decomposição - podem comprometer a qualidade do produto comercializado. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e validar metodologia estereosseletiva para análise do cloridrato de cis-tramadol e das possíveis impurezas quirais ou não na matéria-prima e formulações farmacêuticas. Para a separação e quantificação dos enantiômeros do cloridrato de cis-tramadol e das impurezas trans-tramadol, 1,2-olefina e 1,6-olefina, foi utilizada a coluna Chiralcel® OD-H, fase móvel constituída por hexano (60% e 100% de n-hexano, 1:1, v/v):isopropanol:dietilamina:ácido trifluoracético (99,5:0,5:0,3:0,1, v/v/v/v), na vazão de 0,7 mL min-1 e detecção em 274 nm. A coluna Chiralpak® AD fase móvel constituída por hexano (60% de n-hexano):etanol absoluto:dietilamina (95:5:0,1, v/v/v), na vazão de 1,0 mL min-1 e o comprimento de onda para detecção dos compostos foi de 228 nm foi utilizada para a separação e quantificação das impurezas O-desmetiltramadol, N-desmetiltramadol e tramadol N-óxido. Os métodos desenvolvidos foram devidamente validados através dos parâmetros seletividade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão, intervalo, limite de detecção e limite de quantificação. Os resultados obtidos na validação mostraram que os métodos são adequados para a determinação do cis-tramadol e de suas impurezas na matéria prima e na formulação farmacêutica. / Tramadol hydrochloride is a centrally acting analgesic with two chiral centers; the cis isomer is the active drug and the trans isomer is a process impurity. Both enantiomers of cis-tramadol hydrochloride contribute to the analgesic effect through different, but complementary and interactive pharmacological mechanisms. Although both isomers of cis-tramadol hydrochloride show therapeutic effects, the presence of impurities, originated from the synthesis process or due to degradation, can compromise the quality of the marketed product. The aim of this present work was the development and validation of a stereosselective methodology for the analysis of the drug cis-tramadol hydrochloride and the possible chiral or non-chiral impurities in raw materials and pharmaceutical formulations. The separation and quantitation of cis-tramadol enantiomers and the impurities trans-tramadol, 1,2-olefin and 1,6-olefin were carried out using a Chiralcel® OD-H column, mobile phase of hexane (60% and 100% of n-hexane, 1:1, v/v):2-propanol:diethylamine:trifluoroacetic acid (99,5:0,5:0,3:0,1, v/v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0,7 mL min-1 and detection at 274 nm. For the separation and quantitation of the impurities O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol and tramadol N-oxide, a Chiralpak® AD column was used with a mobile phase of hexane (60% of n-hexane):ethanol absolute: diethylamine (95:5:0,1, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 1,0 mL min-1 and detection at 228 nm. The methods were validated using the parameters selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, range, detection limit and quantitation limit. The results obtained show that the methods are suitable for the analysis of cis-tramadol and its impurities in raw material and pharmaceutical formulation.

Chirality is the property of objects, including molecules, which are not superimposable on their materialized mirror image. Chiral molecules are omnipresent in living organisms and the constituents of biological macromolecules (proteins and nucleic acids) are chiral. Amino-acids (constituting proteins), ribose and 2-deoxy-ribose (the only chiral constituent of RNA and DNA nucleotides respectively) are furthermore generally present in living organisms only under one of their enantiomeric forms. This is referred to as the homochirality of the living world. The origin of this homochirality is still unexplained, even if many partial scenarios have been proposed in the literature. All scenarios involve the creation of a small enantiomeric excess for certain molecules, amplification of this excess and chirality transfer to other chiral molecules. The origin of homochirality on Earth is closely related to the origin of life, and is currently supposed to have preceded life. As no-one will ever be able to directly observe the phenomena which lead to homochirality, and life, on our planet, the only scientific approach to try and help explain how this occurred is to build scenarios, and test them taking into account all available information on the physical and chemical conditions on the primitive Earth (Earth before life appeared). In our work, we investigated three scenarios related to the origin of homochirality on Earth. One of these scenarios also relates to a very precise step of the origin of life: the selection of beta-d-ribofuranose as component of RNA nucleotides.<p><p>Enantiomeric excesses (up to 15 %) of alpha-methylated alpha-amino-acids have been detected in meteorites which fell on Earth during the 20th century. No enantiomeric excess is detected for the corresponding alpha-hydroxy-acids in the same meteoritic samples and small (2% at most) or no enantiomeric excesses have been measured for non-methylated alpha-amino-acids. In the first part of our work, we investigated if photolysis by circularly polarized light (CPL) in space could be at the origin of the presence (or absence) of an enantiomeric excess for these compounds. Experiments to reproduce UV-CPL photolysis are difficult to undertake: they require high-energy circularly polarized photons, hence the use of a synchrotron. In our work, we used quantum mechanical calculations to obtain the electronic circular dichroïsm (ECD) spectra of two -methylated -amino-acids, their corresponding alpha-hydroxy-acids and one non-methylated alpha-amino-acid. Differences are observed between these spectra, and we propose a scenario to explain the experimental measurements reported here above: the enantioselective photolysis, in the gas phase at low temperatures (20K at most), of the alpha-amino-acids by UV-CPL with lambda>210 nm. Under these conditions no photolysis of the alpha-hydroxy-acids would occur. This scenario concerns the first step in the origin of homochirality on Earth: the creation of a small enantiomeric excess for some chiral molecules.<p><p>The second scenario that we investigated relates to the enantiomeric amplification step of the origin of homochirality on Earth, for which the role of the alpha-amino-acid serine has been suggested in the literature. Serine clusters have been observed in the gas phase by mass spectrometry. Among these clusters the octamer has been shown to be a magic number cluster and to have a preference for homochirality. An enantiomeric amplification via cycles of formation and dissociation of the octamer has been suggested. No complete scenario has however been proposed in the literature to explain how this could have occurred on the primitive Earth, but any scenario would most probably include an aqueous phase. We aimed at determining if the homochiral preference of serine octamers also exists in solution and therefore we first investigated if serine octamers exist in solution. For this study, we used nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopies, which are well-adapted to the study of molecular assemblies in solution. We were able to demonstrate that most probably serine clusters are not present in solution, and if they are it could only be in extremely low concentration. The scenario suggested in the literature is discussed in the light of our results and of literature data on serine clusters.<p><p>As last hypothesis, we investigated a possible scenario for the selection of beta-d-ribofuranose as component of RNA nucleotides. The currently known prebiotic synthesis pathways to ribose also lead to the formation of many other carbohydrates, and ribose is only a minor product of these syntheses. Our hypothesis is that beta-d-ribofuranose could have been selected through favorable interactions with alpha-amino-acids already present on the primitive Earth under one enantiomeric form. Indeed, it is plausible that a peptidic world emerged before the presence of RNA and that homochiral alpha-amino-acids were present on Earth when RNA was synthesized. Under this hypothesis, we investigated the role that alpha-l-amino-acids could have played in the selection of alpha-d-ribofuranose as component of RNA nucleotides. This work is related to the last step of the origin of homochirality: chirality transfer. Our scenario was investigated via nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the interaction between alpha-amino-acids and carbohydrates. We were able to show that, in the systems that we studied, when an interaction occurs it is very weak (affinity constant less than 1M−1) and non enantioselective. Our results most probably discard the role that alpha-amino-acids alone could have played in the selection of beta-d-ribofuranose as component of RNA nucleotides, but does not discard the role that peptides could have played in this selection. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

<P align="justify">Le but du travail de doctorat est la mise au point et l’étude fondamentale de voies de synthèse de diamines sous forme de leurs énantiomères optiquement purs. Ces derniers doivent être testés comme complexes dichloroplatiniques afin de quantifier leur pouvoir antitumoral. Les qualités souhaitées de ces synthèses sont leur application à des molécules de structure variées, les meilleures énantiosélectivité et diastéréosélectivité et les méthodes les plus simples possibles.</P><p><P align="justify">Les énantiomères des 1,2-diamino-1-(4-fluorophényl)propanes ainsi que les 1,2-diamino-1-(4-fluorophényl)-3-méthylbutanes ont été obtenus avec des rendements approximatifs globaux de 10 %. Les premières diamines ont été synthétisées par la méthode de Tytgat permettant l’obtention des deux séries d’énantiomères (érythro et thréo) au départ d’un énantiomère aminoalcool intermédiaire érythro. Les diamines érythro sont obtenues par une synthèse de Gabriel stéréospécifique tandis que la série thréo l’est par formation et ouverture par NH3 d’une aziridine, de manière stéréo- et régiosélective. Les butanediamines ont été synthétisées à partir des acides aminés optiquement purs (D- et L-alanine). Les thréos sont obtenues par une réaction de Grignard sur la nitrone dérivée de l’acide aminé N-boc. Les isomères érythro ont été fournis par la formation et l’ouverture régiosélective d’un N,Ndibenzylaziridinium, formé à partir de N,N-dibenzyl-2-amino-1-(4-fluorophényl)-3-méthylbutan-1-ol.</P><p><P align="justify">La synthèse des 1,2-diamino-1-(4-fluorophényl)butanes a été entreprise de la même manière mais les aminoalcool intermédiaires n’ont pu être isolés, suite à une réaction secondaire lors de la débenzylation des N,N-dibenzyl-2-amino-1-(4-fluorophényl)butan-1-ol, et ayant conduit à la 2,5-diéthyl-3,6-di(4-luorophényl)pyrazine-[1,2].</P><p><P align="justify">L’obtention des 1,2-diamino-1-(2-méthoxyphényl)propanes n’a pu être menée à bien suite aux effets négatifs de l’encombrement stérique et de l’effet mésomère du OMe sur le C-. Ni la voie de Tytgat, ni la synthèse via les diols produits par dihydroxylation asymétrique de Sharpless n’ont abouti.</P><p><P align="justify">La pureté énantiomérique a été vérifiée par dérivation chimique au (1R)-(-)-myrténal et enregistrement du spectre RMN 1H des imines obtenues. La réaction est réalisée in situ dans le tube RMN, avec le CDCl3 comme solvant. Cette technique a également permis la confirmation de la configuration absolue par comparaison avec les valeurs déjà obtenues avec les composés non-substitués. La méthode a été vérifiée quant à son étendue et ses limites sur toute une série de composés comprenant des acides-aminés, des amines primaires aliphatiques et des b-aminoalcools. On a pu ainsi prouver que les a-et b-phénylalkylamines sont les seules molécules sur lesquelles la technique est efficace.</P><p><P align="justify"> Les tests pharmacologiques préliminaires ont été effectués au moyen des complexes dichloroplatiniques de nos produits, sur les cellules cancéreuses mammaires MCF-7. L’introduction du fluor a augmenté l’activité des produits de façon importante, par rapport aux complexes non substitués. L’activité est fortement diastéréosélectives et modérément énantiosélective. Les isomères thréo sont toujours plus actifs que les érythro.</P><p><P align="justify">L’examen des résultats a permis de faire l’hypothèse qu’il existe, si pas un transport énantiosélectif, du moins un mécanisme de résistance qui favorise un énantiomère par rapport à l’autre. L’isomère thréo-1S2S est le seul à être cytotoxique à une dose de 1µM.</P> / Doctorat en sciences pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Raman optical activity (ROA) is a powerful probe of the structure and behaviour of biomolecules in aqueous solution for a number of important problems in molecular biology. Although ROA is a very sensitive technique for studying biological samples, it is a very weak effect and the conditions of high concentration and long data collection time required limit its application for a wide range of biological samples. These limitations could possibly be overcome using the principle of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The combination of ROA with SERS in the form of surface enhanced ROA (SEROA) could be a solution for widening the application of ROA. In the last few years, the generation of reliable SEROA spectra of biomolecules has been problematic due to non-homogenous colloidal systems forming and low signal-to-noise ratios which complicated detection of the true SEROA signal from the analyte. L- and D-enantiomers give full or partially mirror image chiroptical spectra, this property of enantiomers can be employed to prove the chiroptical activity of the SEROA technique. In this thesis we employed a hydrophilic polycarbopol polymer as stabilising media which has led to the first report of mirror image SEROA bands for enantiomeric structures. This new technique of incorporating the hydrogel polymer as a means to stabilise the colloidal system has proven to be reliable in obtaining high quality SEROA spectra of D- and L-enantiomers of ribose and tryptophan. In an extension of the hydrogel-stabilised SEROA work, we also demonstrate that single nanoparticle plasmonic substrate such as silver silica nanotags can enhance the weak ROA effect. These dye tagged silica coated silver nanoparticles have enabled a chiral response to be transmitted from a chiral analyte to the plasmon resonance of an achiral metallic nanostructure. The measurement of mirror image SERROA bands for the two enantiomers of each of ribose and tryptophan was confirmed for this system. The generation of SEROA for both systems was achieved and confirmed SEROA as a new sensitive tool for analysis of biomolecular structure. In a related project, Raman and ROA spectra were measured for adenosine and seven of its derivative ribonucleotides. Both of these spectroscopic techniques are shown to be sensitive to the site and degree of phosphorylation, with a considerable number of marker bands being identified for these ribonucleotides. Moreover, the SERS studies of these ribonucleotides were also performed. The obtained SERS spectra were shown similar features that confirm these analytes interact with the surface in a similar manner, hence limiting the structural sensitivity of this method towards phosphate position. Short dipeptides such as diketopiperazine (DKP) have been investigated during the last decades as both natural and synthetic DKPs have a wide variety of biological activities. Raman and ROA spectra of linear and cyclic dialanine and diserine were measured to charecterize their solution structures. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out by a collaborator to assist in making vibrational band assignments. Considerable differences were observed between the ROA bands for the cyclic and linear forms of both dialanine and diserine that reflect large differences in the vibrational modes of the polypeptide backbone upon cyclicization. In this study, the ROA spectra of cyclic dialanine and diserine have been reported for the first time which demonstrated that ROA spectroscopy when utilised in combination with computational modelling clearly provides a potential tool for characterization of cyclic peptides.

Orientador: Cesar Costapinto Santana / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-30T12:54:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Veredas, Vinicius de_D.pdf: 13205142 bytes, checksum: 97c5009c255088bef6fcdc1fd92294c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química