Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien är att undersöka och kartlägga gymnasieelevers smak för idrott (praktiktillhörighet) utifrån Lars-Magnus Engströms praktikuppdelning. Syftet är också att undersöka hur kön, föreningsidrottande, betyg i idrott och hälsa samt socioekonomiskt kapital kan relateras till praktiktillhörighet. Studien ska även undersöka vilket lärande de olika praktikerna bidrar till. – Hur ser praktiktillhörigheten bland gymnasieelever ut? – Finns det en relation mellan praktiktillhörighet och lärande? Metod En enkätundersökning genomfördes på 270 gymnasieelever. Eleverna kom från tre skolor som alla var belägna i Stockholms förorter. Resultaten analyserades i SPSS och signifikansprövades genom Pearson Chi-Squaretest. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter var Bourdieus habitusbegrepp, Vygotskijs sociokulturella lärandeteori samt Hirdmans och Fagrells tolkning av genussystemet. Resultat Utmaning, fysisk träning samt tävling och rangordning var de praktiker som de flesta kände stark tillhörighet med. Färdighetsträning var en praktik som killar i större utsträckning tillhörde än tjejer och rörelse till musik var en praktik som tjejer i större utsträckning tillhörde än killar. De elever som fick ett högre betyg i idrott och hälsa hade en stark praktiktillhörighet med alla praktiker förutom rörelse till musik samt samvaro med djur. Det fanns inga signifikanta resultat mellan ekonomiskt kapital och praktiktillhörighet. De med högt eller medelhögt utbildningskapital kände en stark praktiktillhörighet med alla praktiker förutom rörelse till musik, samvaro med djur samt tävling och rangordning. De elever som var föreningsidrottare kände starkare tillhörighet med alla prestationspraktiker samt fysiskt träning och färdighetsträning än de som inte var föreningsidrottare. Resultaten i jämförelsen mellan praktiktillhörighet och lärande visade att de med stark praktiktillhörighet i större utsträckning instämde med påståendena kopplade till praktikens lärande. Slutsats Det tycks finnas skillnader i praktiktillhörighet beroende på vilket kön man tillhör. Ens praktiktillhörighet kan också skiljas åt beroende på utbildningskapital och förenings-idrottande. Det tycks finnas vissa praktiker som i större utsträckning leder till högre betyg i idrott och hälsa. Resultaten tyder också på att det finns ett lärande inom varje praktik. / Aim The purpose of this study is to research and map Swedish secondary school students’ taste for sports (practice belonging) based on Lars-Magnus Engström’s practice division. The purpose is also to explore how gender, participation in organized sports and socioeconomic capital might be related to practice belonging. The study will also explore what type of learning the different practices contributes to. – How is the practice belonging among Swedish secondary school students? – Is there a relationship between practice belonging and learning? Method A survey was conducted on 270 Swedish secondary school students. The students went to three different schools, all located in the Stockholm suburbs. The results were analyzed in SPSS and significance levels were tried through Pearson’s Chi-Square test. The study’s theoretical base consisted of Bourdieu’s concept of habitus, Vygotsky’s sociocultural learning theory as well as Hirdman’s and Fagrell’s rendering of the gender system.  Results Challenge, physical training as well as competition and ranking were practices who most felt a strong belonging to. Skill training was a practice that boys to a larger extent than girls belonged to and movement to music was a practice that girls in a larger extent than boys belonged to. The students who had a higher grade in PE felt a strong practice belonging to all practices but movement to music as well as interaction with animals. There were no significant results between economic capital and practice belonging. Those with a high or semi-high educational capital felt a strong practice belonging for all practices but movement to music, interaction with animals and competition and ranking. The students who were participating in organized sports felt a stronger belonging to all performance practices as well as physical training and skill training than those who weren’t participating in organized sports. The results in the comparison between practice belonging and learning showed that those with strong practice belonging to a greater extent agreed with the assertions connected to the practice’s learning. Conclusions There seems to be differences in practice belonging depending on which gender one belongs to. One’s practice belonging can also differ depending on educational capital and participation in organized sports. It seems to be some practices that to a greater extent lead to a higher grade in PE. The results also indicate that there is learning within each practice.

During the first half of the 19th century institutions for the treatment of the insane were established throughout Europe and North America. These institutions were generally the result of government initiative and were founded on a belief that existed in the new psychiatric theories of treatment. Psychiatry was, at this time, an embryonic science, in which great conflict existed between different theoretical schools of thought, but in which a remarkable concensus existed regarding methods of treatment. Treatment was based on a view of the nature of man inspired by the philosophy of the Enlightenment, in which up-bringing was considered to be able to affect a person's entire character. In 1823, the Swedish Riksdag voted in favour of the etablishment of treatment hospitals. The background to this decision was the belief that it should be possible to diminish the costs of caring for the poor if mental illness could be treated. However, fears of a general increase in social unrest and philanthropic motives seem also to have been important factors. Sweden's first hospital for the treatment of the insane was established in Vadstena in 1826. Georg Engström (1 795-1 855) became the country's first full-time asylum doctor. Georg Engström was well-read in German, French and English psychiatric literature, but never himself formulated any psychiatric theory, neither did he write any articles of a principiai nature. His psychiatric activities may, however, be followed in his comprehensive medical journals and regular official reports. Engström saw the roots of mental illness in the existence of a surplus, a shortage, or an inbalance in the energy of the psyche. The cause of illness lay in the patients manner of living and, Engström stressed, in the importance of intense feelings and passions. The essence of treatment lay in the patient's being kept occupied and in his manner of living. Most of the recommendations for methods of treatment contained in the literature were tried out, a number of which — for example, being spun in a revolving chair — were quickly abandoned. The development of psychiatry and of the care and treatment of the mentally ill during the first half of the 19th century can be seen as a sign of the fact that science itself was developing and becoming paradigmatic. However, it is also possible the view developments from the perspective of the ideology of treatment and to focus on the way in which the philosophy of treatment and its concomitent optimism spread and reformed the old asylum system. Finally, it is also possible to observe developments from a pedagogical perspective, stressing the state's desire for control and order in a situation in which there were fears of an increasing social unrest. / <p>Behandlar huvudsakligen Georg Engström och förhållandena vid Vadstena hospital</p> / digitalisering@umu

<p>1 DVD-bilaga. Medverkande: Mercedes Gomez (harpa), Stina Hellberg (harpa)</p>

In the decades around 1900, political and social cartoons flourished in humour and satire magazines in the Swedish capital. The thesis presents a new theoretical start on the nature of humour in cartoons: the idea of the comical is argued as effects of reality notions and bracketing reality notions. The theory is a prerequisite for understanding the mechanisms of the identity play performed in the comic scenes. The thesis pursues a search for the object or the character with whom the intended recipient was expected to identify, referred to as the “the main character”. The analysis is based on a kind of theatrical construction, where the real city, its pleasures, secrets and dangers constitute the material for the image’s scenes. The characters in the scenes act out the dangers and ambiguities that the city’s bourgeois man faced. The material of the study consists of social cartoons from the two Stockholm-based magazines Söndags-Nisse and Kasper between 1870 and 1900. About a hundred of them are reproduced in the thesis.  The analysis builds on three theoretical perspectives: theories on images; humour; and identity constructions. By integrating theories on humour with image analysis, the thesis highlights the ambivalence and ambiguity of identity aspects. Relationships and characters explored through the image elements are given as headlines for the chapters: the room; the body; and the act. The study shows how a male and bourgeois hegemony invents image expressions, main characters, and plots that offer the recipient protection against being laughed at and against the danger of mistakes. The analysis shows that four strategies to represent the bourgeois man are frequent: as the “fuzzy man”; as the caricature of the bourgeois man; as the stereotype; and as the “unfettered man”. The various figures offer more or less possibilities of identification versus distancing. The pictures’ expressions of uncertainties – in terms of vague or fuzzy lines; self-irony; or avoiding being singled out – all these means provide distance, in relation to the picture content, the issues that concerned the intended recipient, whether it is about the difficulty of distinguishing the public body from the forbidden, or about general human conditions.

The early nineteenth century saw the emergence of institutional psychiatry across Europe. Aware that Sweden had fallen behind in this development, Parliament decreed in 1823 that a number of specialised institutions for the care of the insane were to be established. The Vadstena asylum, opened in 1826, was the first such institution in Sweden.   The aim of this study is to examine medical interpretation of and responses to erotic behaviour in psychiatric practice at the Vadstena asylum in the period 1849-1878. The book places the theme of the erotic, a topical subject in nineteenth-century public debate, in the context of psychiatry as an emerging specialty in Sweden. The book explores how erotic behaviour was conceptualised as disease, and the nature of therapeutic intervention in erotic cases, in order to present a more nuanced image of nineteenth-century medical attitudes to sexuality. By highlighting the superintendency of physician Ludvig Magnus Hjertstedt, and linking his account of an 1845 study tour through Europe to medical practice at Vadstena, the study situates responses to erotic patients in a period when psychiatry claims authority over human sexuality.   In methodological terms, the study applies critical questions inspired by revisionist scholarship to a body of empirical source material. Focusing on a single institution, and conducting in-depth readings of case notes – with regard to language, form, and function – allows the study to highlight the everyday practice of the asylum physician in his encounters with male and female erotic patients, including the use, importance and diagnostic integrity of the concepts nymphomania, erotomania and masturbation. Hjertstedt’s travel journal provides insight into the physician’s medical philosophy, informing the analysis of diagnostic and interpretive procedures, while connecting medical practice at Vadstena to its European paragons.     The results indicate that while the use of specific diagnostic terms to describe erotic behaviour was infrequent, therapeutic and managerial intervention shows that sexual acts and expressions of desire were considered disturbing and dangerous symptoms in both male and female patients. The analysis thus makes visible a gap between psychiatric theory and asylum practice, emphasising uncertainties and complexities inherent in the latter. While erotic behaviour could be considered indicative of illness, it might also be interpreted as a lack of character or a result of insufficient moral instruction. The asylum’s regime of work and moral instruction was designed to restore health as well as sound values and appropriate behaviour in its patients, indicating a medical culture at Vadstena which was both curative and normalising.

This master thesis explores the image of Japan in the artistic creations during Japonism in Sweden. Japan and Sweden first started trading in 1868 and knowledge about Japan in Sweden were limited at best. With the emergence of the Western art movement known as Japonism, ranging from 1858 to 1914, fascination for the unknown country grew in Europe. As the art movement Japonism became the first era of interest of Japan in Sweden, the portrayal and subsequent image of the country that emerged during this time is of interest to examine, as to better understand how Japan was imagined by Sweden. Herein, this study aims to analyse the portrayal of Japan in artworks from Swedish artists during Japonism in order to examine what components and ideas composed the image of Japan conveyed during Japonism. A collection of visual artworks depicting Japanese elements, based on Japonism associated artists and creators, have been collected using digital archives and databases to assess what is depicted and how by the creators. Japanese elements, such as objects, clothes, people and landscapes were subsequently analysed using a visual analysis based on researcher Jules David Prown’s three-step method of analysing historical objects. Using the concept of the image, as defined by scholar Torsten Burgman, as the basis of the analysis the depictions of Japanese elements are examined and categorised into several larger and smaller components. The examination is conducted within a framework of ethnocentrism and orientalism to contextualise the image of Japan with the thought structures in 19th century Sweden, as the creators portrayed Japan from both a Swedish and Western Eurocentric colonial perspective. As the source material is artistic depictions, an additional aesthetic framework was applied to contextualise the image of Japan with its artistic medium. Four major image components were found in the material: Japan presented as a commodity; Japanese things as something feminine; Japan as something faraway and exotic, contrasting the West; and Japan as a reference or commentary on the ongoing Japonism movement. The image of Japan found in these depictions of Swedish Japonism was a Eurocentric and ethnocentric understanding of the country. Japan and Japanese things, were imagined as something exotic and beautiful, and usually conveyed as exotic commercial flair for Western women.

Today there are a big need for a system that delivers overview of all available units for different municipalities and shipping- and security companies due to the increasing requirements for efficiency. The purpose with this graduation thesis is to find out which systems that is suitable to use while developing cost-effective software for positioning and to produce a prototype for such solution. This assignment has been done at the request of PocketMobile Communications AB. PocketMobile is a company that are specialized on delivering modern mobile software solutions and systems to companies with their own vehicle fleet or mobile workers. This master thesis can be split into two separate parts, the theoretic- and the practical part. The theoretic part includes producing a number of functional requirements in cooperation with PocketMobile and comparing the available systems against the function requirements. The practical part deal with the development of a prototype that demonstrates the software recommended. The development tools that best matched the functionality requirements when the selection was made in May 2007 were Map24 and OpenLayers. The system that was selected to use while developing the prototype was Map24, because this product matches all of the requirements and it is also suited for professional usage regarding support, scalability and reliability. Map24 also have some advanced functions like ability to route plan for example. The prototype that has been developed is web based and the graphic design is similar to Google Maps.