Hawking theorized in 1974 that black holes emit particles as a quantum effect. It follows from this fact that a black hole that emits particles while absorbing none ends up evaporating. The process of black hole evaporation studied from semiclassical gravity violates quantum mechanics leading to serious problems. This is the black hole information paradox, one of the most famous paradoxes in theoretical physics first pointed out by Hawking in 1975 and still unsolved today. Nowadays the widespread interpretation is that quantum mechanics cannot be violated and that the semiclassical gravity approach is not good enough. We need to go beyond semiclassical physics to understand this process. The paradox as originally stated by Hawking is that a pure state evolves into a mixed state, violating unitarity and losing information in the process. There is also an alternative way to state the paradox using the so-called Page curve, which involves working with entropies rather than states. In a unitary process, the entanglement entropy of the radiation will follow the Page curve. In 2019, it was shown explicitly using holographic tools that an evaporating black hole in an Anti-de Sitter spacetime follows the Page curve. Holography is a property of quantum gravity stating that a spatial region can be described by its area rather than its volume. These recent developments also involve the famous island rule as the formula that reproduces the Page curve. This master thesis reviews the current understanding of the paradox, exploring the original paradox as well as the recent developments in the field.

<p>In Part I, the relationship between the topology of the Fermi surface and the entanglement entropy S is examined. Spinless fermionic systems on one and two dimensional lattices at fixed chemical potential are considered. The lattice is partitioned into sub-system of length L and environment, and the entanglement of the subsystem with the environment is calculated via the correlation matrix. S is plotted as a function of the next-nearest or next-next nearest neighbor hopping parameter, t. In 1 dimension, the entanglement entropy jumps at lifshitz transitions where the number of Fermi points changes. In 2 dimensions, a neck-collapsing transition is accompanied by a cusp in S, while the formation of electron or hole-like pockets coincides with a kink in the S as a function of the hopping parameter. The entanglement entropy as a function of subsystem length L is also examined. The leading order coefficient of the LlnL term in 2 dimensions was seen to agree well with the Widom conjecture. Of interest is the difference this coefficient and the coefficient of the term linear in L near the neck-collapsing point. The leading order term changes like |t-t_c|^1/2 whereas the first sub-leading term varies like |t-t_c|^1/3, where t_c is the critical value of the hopping parameter at the transition.</p> <p>In Part II, we study the statistics of fractionalized excitations in a bosonic model which describes strongly interacting excitons in a N-band insulator. The elementary excitations of this system are strings, in a large N limit. A string is made of a series of bosons whose flavors are correlated such that the end points of a string carries a fractionalized flavor quantum number. When the tension of a string vanishes, the end points are deconfined. We determine the statistics of the fractionalized particles described by the end points of strings. We show that either bosons or Fermions can arise depending on the microscopic coupling constants. In the presence of the cubic interaction in the Hamiltonian as the only higher order interaction term, it was shown that bosons are emergent. In the presence of the quartic interaction with a positive coupling constant, it was revealed that the elementary excitations of the system possess Fermion statistics.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Orientador: Ricardo Luís Doretto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T02:41:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leite_LeonardoDaSilvaGarcia_M.pdf: 1468749 bytes, checksum: 2f4e22a34c4a72b7b68eec6673285298 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Resumo: Nesse trabalho, calculamos a entropia de emaranhamento de um antiferromagneto de Heisenberg dimerizado em uma rede quadrada. Dois padrões de dimerização distintos são considerados: colunar e alternado. Em ambos os casos, focamos na fase de sólidos de singletos (VBS) que é descrita pela representação dos operadores de ligação. Nesse formalismo, o hamiltoniano de spin original é mapeado em um modelo efetivo de bósons interagentes com excitações de tripleto. O hamiltoniano efetivo é estudado na aproximação harmônica e o espectro das excitações elementares e o diagrama de fase dos dois modelos dimerizados são determinados. Consideramos um subsistema unidimensional (cadeia) de comprimento $L$ dentro de uma rede quadrada com condições periódicas de contorno e calculamos a entropia de emaranhamento. Seguimos um procedimento analítico baseado na teoria de ondas de spin modificadas que havia sido desenvolvido originalmente para calcular a entropia de emaranhamento em fases magneticamente ordenadas. Em particular, esse procedimento nos permite considerar subsistemas unidimensionais compostos por até 200 sítios. Combinamos esse procedimento com o formalismo dos operadores de ligação na aproximação harmônica e mostramos que, para os dois modelos de Heisenberg dimerizados, a entropia de emaranhamento da fase VBS obedece uma lei de área. Tanto para a dimerização colunar quanto para a alternada, mostramos que a entropia de emaranhamento aumenta à medida que o sistema se aproxima da transição de fase quântica entre as fases Néel-VBS / Abstract: Nesse trabalho, calculamos a entropia de emaranhamento de um antiferromagneto de Heisenberg dimerizado em uma rede quadrada. Dois padrões de dimerização distintos são considerados: colunar e alternado. Em ambos os casos, focamos na fase de sólidos de singletos (VBS) que é descrita pela representação dos operadores de ligação. Nesse formalismo, o hamiltoniano de spin original é mapeado em um modelo efetivo de bósons interagentes com excitações de tripleto. O hamiltoniano efetivo é estudado na aproximação harmônica e o espectro das excitações elementares e o diagrama de fase dos dois modelos dimerizados são determinados. Consideramos um subsistema unidimensional (cadeia) de comprimento $L$ dentro de uma rede quadrada com condições periódicas de contorno e calculamos a entropia de emaranhamento. Seguimos um procedimento analítico baseado na teoria de ondas de spin modificadas que havia sido desenvolvido originalmente para calcular a entropia de emaranhamento em fases magneticamente ordenadas. Em particular, esse procedimento nos permite considerar subsistemas unidimensionais compostos por até 200 sítios. Combinamos esse procedimento com o formalismo dos operadores de ligação na aproximação harmônica e mostramos que, para os dois modelos de Heisenberg dimerizados, a entropia de emaranhamento da fase VBS obedece uma lei de área. Tanto para a dimerização colunar quanto para a alternada, mostramos que a entropia de emaranhamento aumenta à medida que o sistema se aproxima da transição de fase quântica entre as fases Néel-VBS / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física / 1547615/2015 / CAPES

La notion d’entropie d’intrication a eu un profond impact sur la physique théorique, particulièrement depuis ces dix dernières années. D’abord introduite afin expliquer l’entropie des trous noirs, son champ d’application s’est par la suite ouvert à une grande variété de domaines de recherche, de la matière condensée à la gravitation quantique, de l’information quantique à la théorie quantique des champs. Dans ce contexte scientifique effervescent, l’entropie d’intrication apparait comme un outil central et doit donc intensivement être étudiée. A l’origine de cette thèse se trouve le désir de mieux comprendre cette entropie. D’intéressants développements concernant les effets de bord sur l’entropie d’intrication ont vu le jour récemment. Nous proposons donc d’explorer comment le bord d’un espace affecte l’entropie, en particulier dans la situation où la surface d’intrication intersecte ce bord. Nous présentons des calculs explicites de l’entropie d’intrication en espace plat avec bords. Nous montrons que des termes induits par ces bords apparaissent dans l’entropie et nous soulignons le rôle prépondérant que jouent les conditions aux bords. Nous étudions ensuite la contribution de bord dans le terme logarithmique de l’entropie d’intrication en dimensions trois et quatre. Nous calculons en premier lieu ce terme en théorie des champs pour la théorie N = 4 de Yang-Mills, puis nous répétons ce calcul de manière holographique. Nous montrons que ces deux méthodes de calcul donnent le même résultat, si du côté théorie des champs les conditions aux bords préservent la moitié de la supersymétrie et que du côté gravité l’extension du bord dans le bulk est une surface minimale. / The entanglement entropy has had a tremendous and profound impact on theoretical physics, particularly since the last decade. First introduced in an attempt to explain black holes entropy, it has then found applications in a wide range of research areas, from condensed matter physics to quantum gravity, from quantum information to quantum field theory. In this exciting scientific context, the entanglement entropy has thus emerged as a useful and pivotal tool, and as such justifies the need to be intensively studied. At the heart of this thesis therefore lies the desire to better understand the entanglement entropy. Interesting developments during the recent years concern the boundary effects on the entanglement entropy. This dissertation proposes to explore the question of how the presence of spacetime boundaries affects the entropy, specifically in situations where the entangling surface intersects these boundaries. We present explicit calculations of entanglement entropy in flat spacetime with plane boundaries. We show that boundary induced terms appear in the entropy and we emphasize the prominent role of the boundary conditions. We then study the boundary contribution to the logarithmic term in the entanglement entropy in three and four dimensions. We perform the field theoretic computation of this boundary term for the free N = 4 super-gauge multiplet and then repeat the same calculation holographically. We show that these two calculations are in agreement provided that on the field theory side one chooses the boundary conditions which preserve half of the full supersymmetry and that on the gravity side the extension of the boundary in the bulk is minimal.

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude de systèmes quantiques à N-corps à température nulle, où le comportement du système n'est alors soumis qu'aux effets quantiques. Je vais présenter ici une approche variationnelle développée avec Tommaso Roscilde, mon directeur de thèse, et Fabio Mezzacapo, mon co-encadrant de thèse, pour étudier ces systèmes.Cette approche se base sur une parametrisation de l’état quantique (dit Ansatz) à laquelle on applique une procédure d’optimisation variationnelle lui permettant de reproduire l'évolution d'un système soumis à l'équation de Schrödinger, tout en limitant le nombre de variables considérées. En considérant une évolution en temps imaginaire, il est possible d'étudier l'état fondamental d'un système. Je me suis ainsi intéressé à un modèle de chaîne XX de spins 1/2, dont les corrélations à longue portée rendent l'étude difficile, et adapté ainsi notre approche pour reproduire au mieux les corrélations et l'intrication du système. Je me suis ensuite intéressé au modèle J1-J2 dont la structure de signe non positive des coefficients de l’état quantique pose un défi important pour les approches Monte Carlo; et dans laquelle la frustration magnétique induit une transition de phase quantique (d’un état aux corrélations à longue porté vers un état non magnétique avec formation d’un cristal de lien de valence). Je me suis enfin intéressé à l'évolution temporelle d'un système à N-corps à partir d'un état non stationnaire. J'ai pu étudier la capacité de notre approche à reproduire la croissance linéaire de l’intrication dans le temps, ce qui est un obstacle fondamental pour les approches alternatives telles que le groupe de renormalisation de la matrice densité. / This thesis presents a study of quantum many-body systems at zero temperature, where the behavior of the system is purely driven by the quantum effects. I will introduce a variationnal approach developped with Tommaso Roscilde, my PhD supervisor, and Fabio Mezzacapo, my co-supervisor, in order to study these systems.This approach is based on a parametrisation of the quantum state (named Ansatz) on which we apply a variational optimisation, allowing us reproduce the system's evolution under Schrödinger's equation with a limited number of variables.By considering an imaginary-time evolution, it is possible to reconstruct the system's ground state. I focused on S=1/2 XX spin chain, where the long-range quantum correlations complicate a variational study; and I have specifically targeted our Ansatz in order to reproduce the correlations and the entanglement of the ground state. Moreover I considered the antiferromagnetic S=1/2 J1-J2 spin chain, where the non-trivial sign structure of the coefficients of the quantum state introduces an important challenge for the quantum Monte Carlo approach; and where the magnetic frustration induces a quantum phase transition (from a state with long range correlations to a non-magnetic state in the form of a valence-bond crystal).Finally I focused on the time evolution of a quantum many-body system starting from a non-stationary state. I studied the ability of our approach to reproduce the linear increase of the entanglement during time, which is a fondamental obstacle for other approaches such as the density-matrix renormalization group.

No description available.

FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Neste trabalho, investigamos propriedades estáticas e dinâmicas de sistemas fortemente correlacionados quase-unidimensionais. A principal técnica utilizada no estudo de tais sistemas foi o grupo de renormalização da matriz de densidade. Neste contexto, um dos sistemas que consideramos foram as escadas de Heisenberg de N pernas com spin-s. Para estas escadas, investigamos propriedades estáticas, tais como energia por sítio no limite termodinâmico e gap de spin. Em particular, verificamos a validade da conjectura de Haldane-Sénéchal-Sierra para o comportamento do gap de spin das escadas de Heisenberg. Ainda para sistemas com geometria de escadas, outro problema que analisamos foi a entropia de emaranhamento de escadas quânticas críticas. Neste caso, propusemos uma conjectura para o comportamento de escala desta entropia. A fim de verificar nossa conjectura, consideramos as escadas férmions livres, de Heisenberg e escadas de Ising quânticas. Por fim, investigamos o comportamento das correlações dinâmicas de sistemas fortemente correlacionados unidimensionais. Para este caso, apresentamos um estudo detalhado do comportamento assintótico das autocorrelações de spin dinâmicas no bulk e na borda de tais sistemas. / In this work, we investigated static and dynamical properties of quasi-one-dimensional strongly correlated systems. The main technique used in the study of such systems was the density matrix renormalization group. In this context, one of the systems that we considered were the spin-s N-leg Heisenberg ladders. For these ladders, we investigated static properties, such as the energy per site in the thermodynamic limit and the spin gap. In particular, we checked the validity of the Haldane-Sénéchal-Sierra's conjecture for the spin gap behavior of the Heisenberg ladders. Also for systems with ladders geometry, another problem that we analyzed was the entanglement entropy of quantum critical ladders. In this case, we proposed a conjecture for the scaling behavior of this entropy. In order to check our conjecture, we consider free fermions, Heisenberg ladders and quantum Ising ladders. Finally, we investigated the behavior of the dynamical correlations in one-dimensional strongly correlated systems. For this case, we presented a detailed study of the asymptotic behavior of the dynamical spin autocorrelations at the bulk and the boundary of such systems. / Tese (Doutorado)

La méthode de l’ansatz de Bethe est introduite et utilisée dans ce mémoire. Elle est employée afin de diagonaliser un opérateur dit de Heun. Cette méthode est appliquée en construisant directement, dans les cas des polynômes de Racah et de q–Racah, les opérateurs dynamiques à partir de leurs formes génériques et de leurs relations de commutation. Il devient alors possible d’obtenir les équations de Bethe, qui si elles sont respectées, conduisent à des vecteurs propres de l’opérateur de Heun. Avec cet opérateur, qui commute avec la matrice de corrélation tronquée, nous pouvons alors déterminer l’entropie d’intrication d’une chaîne fermionique basée sur les polynômes de q–Racah. / A Bethe ansatz method is introduced in this master’s thesis. This method is used to diagonalize a Heun operator. It is applied by directly building the dynamical operators from the commutation relations and their general form, in connection with the Racah and the q–Racah polynomials. We can then find the Bethe equations, and when these are satisfied, eigenvectors of the Heun operator are obtained. With this operator, which commutes with the truncated correlation matrix, it becomes possible to find the entanglement entropy of a free fermion chain based on the q–Racah polynomials.

The idea of holography [1, 2] finds a concrete realization in form of the AdS/CFT correspondence [3, 4]. This duality relates a field theory with conformal symmetries to quantum gravity living in one higher dimension. In this thesis we study aspects of black hole quasinormal modes, higher spin theories and entanglement entropy in the context of this duality. In almost all cases we have been able to subject the duality to some precision tests. Quasinormal modes encode the spectrum of black holes and the time-scale of pertur- bations therein [5]. From the dual CFT viewpoint they are the poles of retarded Green's function (or peaks in the spectral function) [6]. Quasinormal modes were previously studied for scalar, gauge field and fermion fluctuations [7]. We solve for these quasinormal modes of higher spin (s _ 2) fields in the background of the BTZ black hole [8, 9]. We obtain an exact solution for a field of arbitrary spin s (integer or half-integer) in the BTZ background. This implies that the BTZ is perhaps the only known black hole background where such an analysis can be done analytically for all bosonic and fermionic fields. The quasinormal modes are shown to match precisely with the poles of the corresponding Green's function in the CFT living on the boundary. Furthermore, we show that one-loop determinants of higher spin fields can also be written as a product form [10] in terms of these quasinormal modes and this agrees with the same obtained by integrating the heat-kernel [11]. We then turn our attention to dualities relating higher-spin gravity to CFTs with W algebra symmetries. Since higher spin gravity does go beyond diffeomorphism invariance, one needs re_ned notions of the usual concepts in differential geometry. For example, in general relativity black holes are defined by the presence of the horizon. However, higher spin gravity has an enlarged group of symmetries of which the diffeomorphisms form a subgroup. The appropriate way of thinking of solutions in higher spin gravity is via characterizations which are gauge invariant [12, 13]. We study classical solutions embedded in N = 2 higher spin supergravity. We obtain a general gauge-invariant condition { in terms of the odd roots of the superalgebra and the eigenvalues of the holonomy matrix of the background { for the existence of a Killing spinor such that these solutions are supersymmetric [14]. We also study black holes in higher spin supergravity and show that the partition function of these black holes match exactly with that obtained from a CFT with the same asymptotic symmetry algebra [15]. This involved studying the asymptotic symmetries of the black hole and thereby developing the holographic dictionary for the bulk charges and chemical potentials with the corresponding quantities of the CFT. We finally investigate entanglement entropy in the AdS3/CFT2 context. Entanglement entropy is an useful non-local probe in QFT and many-body physics [16]. We analytically evaluate the entanglement entropy of the free boson CFT on a circle at finite temperature (i.e. on a torus) [17]. This is one of the simplest and well-studied CFTs. The entanglement entropy is calculated via the replica trick using correlation functions of bosonic twist operators on the torus [18]. We have then set up a systematic high temperature expansion of the Renyi entropies and determined their finite size corrections. These _nite size corrections both for the free boson CFT and the free fermion CFT were then compared with the one-loop corrections obtained from bulk three dimensional handlebody spacetimes which have higher genus Riemann surfaces (replica geometry) as its boundary [19]. One-loop corrections in these geometries are entirely determined by the spectrum of the excitations present in the bulk. It is shown that the leading _nite size corrections obtained by evaluating the one-loop determinants on these handlebody geometries exactly match with those from the free fermion/boson CFTs. This provides a test for holographic methods to calculate one-loop corrections to entanglement entropy. We also study conformal field theories in 1+1 dimensions with W-algebra symmetries at _nite temperature and deformed by a chemical potential (_) for a higher spin current. Using OPEs and uniformization techniques, we show that the order _2 correction to the Renyi and entanglement entropies (EE) of a single interval in the deformed theory is universal [20]. This universal feature is also supported by explicit computations for the free fermion and free boson CFTs { for which the EE was calculated by using the replica trick in conformal perturbation theory by evaluating correlators of twist fields with higher spin operators [21]. Furthermore, this serves as a verification of the holographic EE proposal constructed from Wilson lines in higher spin gravity [22, 23]. We also examine relative entropy [24] in the context of higher-spin holography [25]. Relative entropy is a measure of distinguishability between two quantum states. We confirm the expected short-distance behaviour of relative entropy from holography. This is done by showing that the difference in the modular Hamiltonian between a high-temperature state and the vacuum matches with the difference in the entanglement entropy in the short-subsystem regime.

Ces vingts dernières années ont vu le concept d’intrication quantique prendre une place importante dans l’étude des systèmes quantiques à N corps rencontrés par exemple en théorie de la matière condensée. L’entropie d’intrication est une mesure de l’intrication entre deux parties formant un système dans un état quantique pur. L’étude de cette entropie permet d’obtenir des informations cruciales sur les systèmes considérés. Dans ce mémoire, nous étudions l’entropie d’intrication de régions dites squelettiques, pour un réseau harmonique bidimensionnel correspondant à une version discrète de la théorie d’un champ scalaire relativiste sans masse. Une région squelettique ne possède pas de volume, en opposition à une région dite pleine. Au sein d’un réseau à deux dimensions, il s’agira d’une chaîne finie de sites. Nous montrons que le comportement de l’entropie d’intrication d’une région unidimensionnelle diffère de celui de l’entropie d’une région pleine (à deux dimensions). En particulier, nous montrons qu’il apparaît de nouveaux termes universels associés à ces nouveaux comportements pour des régions squelettiques. Notre étude est principalement menée à l’aide de calculs numériques, bien que certains résultats soient obtenus de manière semi-analytique. / In the last twenty years, the concept of entanglement entropy has taken an important place in the study of N-body quantum systems seen in condensed matter, among others. Entanglement entropy is an entanglement measure between two parts forming a system in a pure quantum state. The study of this entropy allows one to obtain crucial information about N-body quantum systems. In this master’s thesis, we will study the entanglement entropy of so-called skeletal regions, for a harmonic two-dimensional lattice corresponding to a discrete version of a massless relativistic scalar field theory. A skeletal region doesn’t possess a volume, unlike a region said to be full. In the case of a two-dimensional lattice, the skeletal region is defined by a finite chain of sites. We show that the behaviour of entanglement entropy of an unidimensional region differs from the case of a full region (which is two-dimensional). In particular, we show the appearance of new universal coefficients linked to skeletal regions. Our study consists mainly of numerical calculations, although some results are obtained in a semi-analytical manner.