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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
601

Corporate governance: a critical analysis of the effectiveness of boards of directors in public entities in Zimbabwe

Moyo, Nomusa Jane 10 1900 (has links)
The degree to which a country’s public entities observe basic principles of good corporate governance is an increasingly important factor for attracting investment capital, maintaining economic stability and encouraging growth. Zimbabwe is faced with the challenge of restructuring for greater efficiency and creating an investment-friendly environment, therefore practicing good corporate governance in public entities is crucial for success and economic growth. As business entities, public entities need to be managed effectively by a competent board, which is able to construct and implement strategies that are in the best interests of the entity and all stakeholders. This study focuses on the corporate governance initiatives, laws and regulations aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of boards of public entities in Zimbabwe. The key question addressed is whether or not the corporate governance initiatives and legal and regulatory reforms in Zimbabwe are sufficient to enable boards of public entities to effectively discharge their duties and meet internationally accepted corporate governance standards. A comparative analysis of Zimbabwe’s public entities corporate governance framework to that of South Africa (a developing country like Zimbabwe) and Australia (a developed country with similar common law heritage) is also conducted. Recommendations are made on how best to enhance the effectiveness of boards of public entities in order to promote good corporate governance practices in Zimbabwean public entities. The research established that the existing corporate governance framework has not been effective in improving the effectiveness of Zimbabwe public entity boards due to lack of commitment and consistency, political interference, weak enforcement mechanisms, corruption and general disregard for the rule of law. The research found that South Africa and Australia have performed better than Zimbabwe in terms of creating conducive environments for boards of public entities to effectively discharge their duties. To improve the effectiveness of public entity boards, it was found that boards should be properly empowered, government intervention should be minimised, board appointment processes should be transparent and merit-based, boards should be properly composed, board remuneration should be fair and performance related, the performance of the board should be regularly evaluated and effective enforcement mechanisms should be put in place. / Mercantile Law / LL. D.
602

Vnitropodnikové účetní předpisy a jejich problematika ve společnosti KOČÍ, a. s. / Intradepartmental Accounting Standards And Their Problems In The Company Kočí, a. s.

KOŠATKOVÁ, Eliška January 2013 (has links)
The aim of the graduation theses was acquaintance with the problems of intradepartmental regulations. In the theoretical part was described what legislations we use when we create the intradepartmental regulations. Laws are the theoretical basis for the creation of the intradepartmental regulations. The first part of each intradepartmental direct is created by these laws. The intradepartmental adjustment forms the second part of each intradepartmental direction. Here is a procedure developed by the accounting entities. These rules are a complement of the legislative regulation. The accounting entity creates these rules where the law gives it space for the intradepartmental solution of this problem. The graduation theses concerned the intradepartmental regulations of the building company KOČÍ, Inc. These regulations haven?t been updated for a long time. They were in a very limited extent. Therefore, I examined their topicality and complexity. Then I made the modification and designed changes of existing intradepartmental directions.
603

Účetní závěrka a její využití managementem podniku / The financial statements and their use by company management

ŠPÁNKOVÁ, Michala January 2018 (has links)
Accounting entities are obliged to do book-keeping according to valid laws, public orders and standards, so that at the end of every accounting period a financial statement could be made, which will provide truthful and honest image about the books and financial situation at the company. The highpoint of the work of every accountant is to correctly prepare a financial statement on time. The financial statement consists of a balance sheet, statements of profits and losses and attachements. Some companies can voluntarily, and some are obligated to, compile an overview of cash flows and an overview of the changes of the capital. All these statements/overviews are included in the financial statement and must be published in the business register. The statements provide information about the financial and property structure of a given accounting entity. They are an important source of information for all the stakeholders. The company management needs to have information about the financial state of the company, so that it can carry out the right decisions and also compare their accounting statements with the competition. Other users of the financial statement can be banks, creditors, employees and business partners, who also use the financial statement for the needs of their own analyses. The aim of this diploma thesis is an analysis of financial statements and their predicative ability in a particular accounting entity. In order to do so, a detailed analysis of the balance sheet and the profit and loss statement in a given time period will be done. Then, methods of financial analysis will be used, which will focus on important parts of these statements in greater detail. In order to check the financial health of the company, one bankruptcy predicting model and one financial health predicting model will then be applied on a given accounting entity. In the last part of the diploma thesis, 3 detection models from creative book-keeping will be used to identify possible manipulation with accountant data. In the conclusion, all the discovered data will be drawn up into a comprehensive summary and possible suggestions will be proposed to the company management.
604

Profissão: Assistente Social

Corrêa Netto, Edméia [UNESP] 29 October 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-10-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:45:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 correanetto_e_dr_fran.pdf: 1010102 bytes, checksum: 34452f51709d3f9af478186de8b77117 (MD5) / O processo de trabalho de Assistentes Sociais em entidades sociais no município de Bebedouro, Estado de São Paulo constituiu-se no objeto da presente pesquisa. Os objetivos propostos foram: a) identificar o perfil das profissionais; b) caracterizar as condições objetivas e subjetivas do trabalho profissional; e c) desvendar o cotidiano profissional. Verificamos inicialmente haver vinte e uma Assistentes Sociais nas trinta e uma entidades sociais regulamente inscritas no Conselho Municipal de Assistência Social. Concordaram em participar do estudo dezenove profissionais. Realizamos uma reunião inicial em que estiveram presentes nove profissionais para apresentação da pesquisa e do instrumental, ao qual incorporamos sugestões feitas, e levantamento das profissionais existentes no município. O questionário, com perguntas fechadas e abertas, foi aplicado entre julho/08 e fevereiro/2009. As dezenove Assistentes Sociais que trabalham nas entidades sociais ocupam vinte e oito postos de trabalho, havendo profissionais com dois ou mais vínculos. Para descrever a pesquisa percorremos a trajetória histórica do Serviço Social na introdução para contextualizar o Serviço Social contemporâneo. No Capítulo 1 apresentamos os dados gerais do universo da pesquisa, das Assistentes Sociais no município, reflexões sobre a questão social e uma digressão da trajetória histórica do Serviço Social enquanto profissão. No Capítulo 2, a partir da concepção de que prestação de serviços se constitui em divisão do trabalho na atual sociedade do capital, abordamos o perfil profissional e as condições técnicas e éticas de trabalho. No Capítulo 3 apresentamos uma reflexão do papel do Estado e seu enfrentamento à questão social e o cotidiano profissional das Assistentes Sociais nas entidades sociais. Concluímos com nosso estudo que o mercado de trabalho para o Serviço Social tem se... / The process of working of social works in social organizations in the city of Bebedouro, state of São Paulo, Brazil is the object of this research. The objectives proposed were the following: a) identify the profile of the practitioners; b) characterize the objective and the subjective working conditions; c) reveal the professional routine. We found, at the beginning, twenty-one Social Workers acting in thirty-one social organizations regularly registered in the Municipal Council of Social Assistance. Nineteen agreed in participating in the study. Nine professionals attended the first meeting we held to present the research and its instrumental, to which suggestions were added, and to verify how many professionals social workers were acting in this municipality. The questionnaire, with open and multiple choice questions, was submitted between July/08 and February/09.The nineteen Social Workers who act in the social organizations are distributed in twenty-eight job places, which means that some of them have two jobs or more. In order to contextualize the present social work, we describe its historical trajectory throughout the introduction of this paper. In Chapter One, we present the geral data of the universe of the research, the geral data of the social workers in the municipality. We also present reflexions about the social issue and the digression of the history of the Social Work as a profession. In Chapter Two, we approach the professional profile and the technical and ethic working conditions, taking into account that this service is also shared work in the present capital society. In Chapter Three we reflect about the role of governments and the way they confront social issues, as well the working routine of the practitioners. We conclude that the market place for social workers has been growing, although the new professionals have been finding precarious working conditions... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / El procedimiento de trabajo de Trabajadores Sociales en entidades sociales en el municipio de Bebedouro, Provincia de São Paulo se constituye en el objeto de esta pesquisa. Los objetivos propuestos fueron: a) identificar el perfil de los profesionales; b) caracterizar las condiciones objetivas y subjetivas del trabajo profesional; c) desvendar el cotidiano profesional. Verificamos inicialmente haber veinte y una Trabajadoras Sociales en las treinta y una entidades sociales regularmente inscriptas en el Consejo Municipal de Asistencia Social. Concordaron en participar del estudio diecinueve profesionales. Realizamos una reunión inicial en que estuvieron presentes nueve profesionales para la presentación de la pesquisa y del instrumental, en que incorporamos sugestiones hechas y levantamiento de las profesionales existentes en el municipio. Fue aplicado un cuestionario con preguntas cerradas y abiertas, fue entre julio/08 y febrero/2009. Las diecinueve Trabajadoras Sociales que trabajan en las entidades sociales ocupan veintiocho puestos de trabajo, hay profesionales con dos o más vínculos. Para describir la pesquisa hicimos la trayectoria histórica del Trabajo Social en la introducción para contextualizar el Trabajo Social contemporáneo. En el Capítulo 1, presentamos los datos generales del universo de la pesquisa, de las Trabajadoras Sociales en el municipio, reflexiones sobre la cuestión social y una digresión de la trajetória histórica del Trabajo Social como profesión. En el Capítulo 2, abordamos el perfil profesional y las condiciones técnicas y éticas del trabajo a partir de la concepción de que prestación de servicio se constituye en división de trabajo en la actual sociedad del capital. En el Capítulo 3 presentamos una reflexión del papel del Gobierno y su enfrentamiento a la cuestión social y el cotidiano profesional de las Trabajadoras Sociales... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletronico abajo)
605

Profissão : Assistente Social /

Corrêa Netto, Edméia. January 2009 (has links)
Orientador: Neide Aparecida de Souza Lehfeld / Banca: Telma Sanchez Vendruscolo / Banca: Eliane Vecchi Pereira / Banca: Mário José Filho / Banca: Raquel Santos Sant'Ana / Resumo: O processo de trabalho de Assistentes Sociais em entidades sociais no município de Bebedouro, Estado de São Paulo constituiu-se no objeto da presente pesquisa. Os objetivos propostos foram: a) identificar o perfil das profissionais; b) caracterizar as condições objetivas e subjetivas do trabalho profissional; e c) desvendar o cotidiano profissional. Verificamos inicialmente haver vinte e uma Assistentes Sociais nas trinta e uma entidades sociais regulamente inscritas no Conselho Municipal de Assistência Social. Concordaram em participar do estudo dezenove profissionais. Realizamos uma reunião inicial em que estiveram presentes nove profissionais para apresentação da pesquisa e do instrumental, ao qual incorporamos sugestões feitas, e levantamento das profissionais existentes no município. O questionário, com perguntas fechadas e abertas, foi aplicado entre julho/08 e fevereiro/2009. As dezenove Assistentes Sociais que trabalham nas entidades sociais ocupam vinte e oito postos de trabalho, havendo profissionais com dois ou mais vínculos. Para descrever a pesquisa percorremos a trajetória histórica do Serviço Social na introdução para contextualizar o Serviço Social contemporâneo. No Capítulo 1 apresentamos os dados gerais do universo da pesquisa, das Assistentes Sociais no município, reflexões sobre a questão social e uma digressão da trajetória histórica do Serviço Social enquanto profissão. No Capítulo 2, a partir da concepção de que prestação de serviços se constitui em divisão do trabalho na atual sociedade do capital, abordamos o perfil profissional e as condições técnicas e éticas de trabalho. No Capítulo 3 apresentamos uma reflexão do papel do Estado e seu enfrentamento à questão social e o cotidiano profissional das Assistentes Sociais nas entidades sociais. Concluímos com nosso estudo que o mercado de trabalho para o Serviço Social tem se... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The process of working of social works in social organizations in the city of Bebedouro, state of São Paulo, Brazil is the object of this research. The objectives proposed were the following: a) identify the profile of the practitioners; b) characterize the objective and the subjective working conditions; c) reveal the professional routine. We found, at the beginning, twenty-one Social Workers acting in thirty-one social organizations regularly registered in the Municipal Council of Social Assistance. Nineteen agreed in participating in the study. Nine professionals attended the first meeting we held to present the research and its instrumental, to which suggestions were added, and to verify how many professionals social workers were acting in this municipality. The questionnaire, with open and multiple choice questions, was submitted between July/08 and February/09.The nineteen Social Workers who act in the social organizations are distributed in twenty-eight job places, which means that some of them have two jobs or more. In order to contextualize the present social work, we describe its historical trajectory throughout the introduction of this paper. In Chapter One, we present the geral data of the universe of the research, the geral data of the social workers in the municipality. We also present reflexions about the social issue and the digression of the history of the Social Work as a profession. In Chapter Two, we approach the professional profile and the technical and ethic working conditions, taking into account that this service is also shared work in the present capital society. In Chapter Three we reflect about the role of governments and the way they confront social issues, as well the working routine of the practitioners. We conclude that the market place for social workers has been growing, although the new professionals have been finding precarious working conditions... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Resumen: El procedimiento de trabajo de Trabajadores Sociales en entidades sociales en el municipio de Bebedouro, Provincia de São Paulo se constituye en el objeto de esta pesquisa. Los objetivos propuestos fueron: a) identificar el perfil de los profesionales; b) caracterizar las condiciones objetivas y subjetivas del trabajo profesional; c) desvendar el cotidiano profesional. Verificamos inicialmente haber veinte y una Trabajadoras Sociales en las treinta y una entidades sociales regularmente inscriptas en el Consejo Municipal de Asistencia Social. Concordaron en participar del estudio diecinueve profesionales. Realizamos una reunión inicial en que estuvieron presentes nueve profesionales para la presentación de la pesquisa y del instrumental, en que incorporamos sugestiones hechas y levantamiento de las profesionales existentes en el municipio. Fue aplicado un cuestionario con preguntas cerradas y abiertas, fue entre julio/08 y febrero/2009. Las diecinueve Trabajadoras Sociales que trabajan en las entidades sociales ocupan veintiocho puestos de trabajo, hay profesionales con dos o más vínculos. Para describir la pesquisa hicimos la trayectoria histórica del Trabajo Social en la introducción para contextualizar el Trabajo Social contemporáneo. En el Capítulo 1, presentamos los datos generales del universo de la pesquisa, de las Trabajadoras Sociales en el municipio, reflexiones sobre la cuestión social y una digresión de la trajetória histórica del Trabajo Social como profesión. En el Capítulo 2, abordamos el perfil profesional y las condiciones técnicas y éticas del trabajo a partir de la concepción de que prestación de servicio se constituye en división de trabajo en la actual sociedad del capital. En el Capítulo 3 presentamos una reflexión del papel del Gobierno y su enfrentamiento a la cuestión social y el cotidiano profesional de las Trabajadoras Sociales... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletronico abajo) / Doutor
606

Desconsideração judicial da personalidade jurídica pela óptica processual / Judicial disregard of the corporate entity according to procedural viewpoints

Pedro Henrique Torres Bianqui 04 May 2010 (has links)
A presente dissertação visa a tratar das influências processuais da teoria da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica. Trata-se primeiro da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica sob a óptica material. Analisa-se primeiramente as teorias desenvolvidas, o seu nascer e as notícias histórias dela no direito estrangeiro. A intenção não é demonstrar qual é a situação da teoria hoje mas sim mostrar sob quais premissas ela foi alicerçada. Isso é importante porque a prática forense em algum grau tem distorcido da teoria, na medida em que a desconsideração para fins de responsabilidade sempre foi tratada como requisito excepcional (requisito da regra-exceção, trazido por ROLF SERICK). É noticiado também o surgimento da teoria no Brasil, as hipóteses em que a própria lei incumbe de imputar diretamente a responsabilidade do sócio, casos esses que não é autêntica desconsideração da personalidade jurídica. Depois brevemente é visto o requisito da personalidade jurídica material, para se demonstrar que a desconsideração em nada lhe afeta. Ou seja, com a desconsideração não se anula a pessoa jurídica. É analisada também a terminologia correta para a desconsideração e também qual o seu conceito. Essa questão é bem importante, na medida em que a desconsideração da personalidade jurídica envolve responsabilidade (Haftung) e não obrigação (Schuld). Depois se passa à analise das hipóteses de desconsideração. São vistas as hipóteses comumente aceitas na doutrina e os lugares legislativos em que a desconsideração está alicerçada. Em seguida, são pormenorizadas as pessoas jurídicas que podem sofrer desconsideração e os sócios que podem ser atingidos. A dissertação não tem como objeto a análise do instituto pessoa jurídica, tampouco dos diversos tipos societários. Estuda-se tão-somente como se relacionam essas modalidades com a desconsideração da personalidade jurídica. Passa-se então ao estudo da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica pela óptica do direito processual civil, sobretudo a desconsideração para fins de responsabilidade (Haftungsdurchgriff), que é aquela que tem projeção cotidiana no processo civil. São vistas as técnicas processuais adequadas para a desconsideração, com análise sobre os diversos tipos de processos e procedimentos no rico sistema brasileiro. Logo mais é também analisada a desconsideração sob os diversos institutos processuais: a sua relação com as partes, a causa petendi, o petitum e seu cúmulo. Além do que, é enfrentado e superado o tema da desconsideração com a estabilização da demanda, ou seja, como se relaciona o ingresso do sócio quando a demanda já está subjetivamente e objetivamente estabilizada. Depois se passa ao tema da necessidade ou não de demanda autônoma para que ocorra a desconsideração, se ela pode ocorrer ex officio e a obrigatoriedade do contraditório e pronunciamento judicial antes de qualquer constrição do patrimônio do sócio. Logo em seguida se passa ao tratamento da desconsideração com a intervenção do sócio: as modalidades e possibilidade de intervenção, as formas litisconsorciais e de quem é o onus probandi quando o assunto é desconsideração. O outro título trata da desconsideração e os atos judiciais: a natureza do ato que desconsideração, os recursos cabíveis e momentos adequados, quem é interessado em recorrer (se a pessoa jurídica ou o sócio), o conteúdo do ato e a questão da prescrição ligada à desconsideração da personalidade jurídica. A dissertação trata também da desconsideração na teoria da execução civil. Nesse item será afirmada a aplicabilidade integral do art. 592, inc. II, do Código de Processo Civil, e parcial do art. 596. Parcial porque o sócio não tem regresso contra a sociedade. É visto também que o sócio não é responsável pelos acessórios processuais; formas de defesa do sócio antes e depois de sua citação; outras formas de defesa; se ao sócio se aplicam as restrições do art. 475-L do Código de Processo Civil; e as possíveis fraudes que o responsável pode cometer, inclusive fraude à execução antes de sua forma citação. As afirmações e conclusões expostas são, quando possível e especialmente no capítulo que trata das questões processuais, ilustradas com julgados do Superior Tribunal de Justiça. Por se tratar de um trabalho acadêmico, os julgados citados não servem para formar as premissas teóricas da dissertação, mas apenas para enriquecer o trabalho, com críticas ou concordância com as afirmações dessa Corte. / This dissertation aims to address the procedural influences of the disregard of corporate entity theory. First, an analysis of the disregard of corporate entity in line with substantive law is presented; initially focusing on the developed theories, its birth and historical records on foreign Law. The intention is not to demonstrate what the situation of the theory is nowadays, but to show the basis on which it was founded. This is important because the forensic practice has diverted from the theory to some extent, in so far as the disregard for liability purposes has always been treated as exceptional requirement (requirement of rule-exception brought by ROLF SERICK). The emergence of the theory in Brazil is also reported, the hypothesis in which the law itself directly determines the liability of the partner, cases in which the disregard of corporate entity is not authentic. After that, the condition of substantive corporate entity is briefly seen to demonstrate that its disregard does not affect it in any way. In other words, the disregard does not void the corporate entity. The correct terminology to talk about disregard and its concept are also analyzed. This issue is deeply important as far as the disregard of the corporate entity involves liability (Haftung) and not obligation (Schuld). Then, there is a discussion on the hypotheses of the disregard. The commonly accepted hypotheses in the doctrine and other legislative sources in which the disregard is based upon are seen too. Subsequently, the legal persons who may be disregarded and the partners who can be affected are detailed. The dissertation does not analyze the corporate entity, or the various types of corporations. The study focuses solely on the relation between these modalities and the disregard of the corporate entity. Next, there is the study of disregard of the corporate entity with the civil procedural law perspective, especially the disregard aiming liability (Haftungsdurchgriff), which is the one that has daily projection on civil cases. The procedural techniques adequate to the disregard are analyzed, as well as the different types of lawsuits and procedures existing in the rich Brazilian system. Later, the disregard is also analyzed according to procedural studies: its relationship with the parties, the cause of action, motion and its accumulation. Besides that, the issue of disregard along with stabilization of claim is confronted and overcome, i.e., how the entry of the partner happens when the claim is already subjectively and objectively stabilized. Afterward, the focal point is on the issue of whether or not the autonomous claim is necessary for the disregard to take place, whether it can occur ex officio or not and the obligation of adversary proceeding and judicial pronouncement before any constriction of the partners assets. Soon after, there is a focus on the disregard with the intervention of the partner: the modalities and possibility of intervention, the joint action types and whose the burden of proof is when the subject is disregard. The other title deals with disregard and judicial acts: nature of the act of disregarding, the applicable appeals and adequate moments, who has interest to appeal (if it is the legal entity or a partner), the content of the act and the issue of limitation period related to the disregard of corporate entity. The dissertation also addresses the disregard on the civil execution theory. This item will state the applicability of article 592, II of the Code of Civil Procedure and part of article 596. Partial because the partner has no right of redress against the corporation. Other points which are covered are that the partner is not responsible for the ancillary proceedings; types of defense of the partner before and after the summons is serviced; other kinds of defense; whether the restrictions contained on article 475-L of the Code of Civil Procedure is applicable to the partner; and the possible frauds the responsible one can commit, including fraud to the execution before being formally serviced. The statements and conclusions set forth are, when possible and especially on the chapter that deals with procedural issues, illustrated with decisions from the Superior Court of Justice. Since this is an academic paper, the cited decisions are not intended to form the theoretical premises of the dissertation, but are only used to enrich the paper with criticisms or agreements regarding the statements of this Court.
607

Ontoilper: an ontology- and inductive logic programming-based method to extract instances of entities and relations from texts

Lima, Rinaldo José de, Freitas, Frederico Luiz Gonçalves de 31 January 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Nayara Passos (nayara.passos@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-13T12:33:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE Rinaldo José de Lima.pdf: 8678943 bytes, checksum: e88c290e414329ee00d2d6a35a466de0 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Daniella Sodre (daniella.sodre@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-13T13:16:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE Rinaldo José de Lima.pdf: 8678943 bytes, checksum: e88c290e414329ee00d2d6a35a466de0 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T13:16:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE Rinaldo José de Lima.pdf: 8678943 bytes, checksum: e88c290e414329ee00d2d6a35a466de0 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / CNPq, CAPES. / Information Extraction (IE) consists in the task of discovering and structuring information found in a semi-structured or unstructured textual corpus. Named Entity Recognition (NER) and Relation Extraction (RE) are two important subtasks in IE. The former aims at finding named entities, including the name of people, locations, among others, whereas the latter consists in detecting and characterizing relations involving such named entities in text. Since the approach of manually creating extraction rules for performing NER and RE is an intensive and time-consuming task, researchers have turned their attention to how machine learning techniques can be applied to IE in order to make IE systems more adaptive to domain changes. As a result, a myriad of state-of-the-art methods for NER and RE relying on statistical machine learning techniques have been proposed in the literature. Such systems typically use a propositional hypothesis space for representing examples, i.e., an attribute-value representation. In machine learning, the propositional representation of examples presents some limitations, particularly in the extraction of binary relations, which mainly demands not only contextual and relational information about the involving instances, but also more expressive semantic resources as background knowledge. This thesis attempts to mitigate the aforementioned limitations based on the hypothesis that, to be efficient and more adaptable to domain changes, an IE system should exploit ontologies and semantic resources in a framework for IE that enables the automatic induction of extraction rules by employing machine learning techniques. In this context, this thesis proposes a supervised method to extract both entity and relation instances from textual corpora based on Inductive Logic Programming, a symbolic machine learning technique. The proposed method, called OntoILPER, benefits not only from ontologies and semantic resources, but also relies on a highly expressive relational hypothesis space, in the form of logical predicates, for representing examples whose structure is relevant to the information extraction task. OntoILPER automatically induces symbolic extraction rules that subsume examples of entity and relation instances from a tailored graph-based model of sentence representation, another contribution of this thesis. Moreover, this graph-based model for representing sentences also enables the exploitation of domain ontologies and additional background knowledge in the form of a condensed set of features including lexical, syntactic, semantic, and relational ones. Differently from most of the IE methods (a comprehensive survey is presented in this thesis, including the ones that also apply ILP), OntoILPER takes advantage of a rich text preprocessing stage which encompasses various shallow and deep natural language processing subtasks, including dependency parsing, coreference resolution, word sense disambiguation, and semantic role labeling. Further mappings of nouns and verbs to (formal) semantic resources are also considered. OntoILPER Framework, the OntoILPER implementation, was experimentally evaluated on both NER and RE tasks. This thesis reports the results of several assessments conducted using six standard evaluationcorpora from two distinct domains: news and biomedical. The obtained results demonstrated the effectiveness of OntoILPER on both NER and RE tasks. Actually, the proposed framework outperforms some of the state-of-the-art IE systems compared in this thesis. / A área de Extração de Informação (IE) visa descobrir e estruturar informações dispostas em documentos semi-estruturados ou desestruturados. O Reconhecimento de Entidades Nomeadas (REN) e a Extração de Relações (ER) são duas subtarefas importantes em EI. A primeira visa encontrar entidades nomeadas, incluindo nome de pessoas e lugares, entre outros; enquanto que a segunda, consiste na detecção e caracterização de relações que envolvem as entidades nomeadas presentes no texto. Como a tarefa de criar manualmente as regras de extração para realizar REN e ER é muito trabalhosa e onerosa, pesquisadores têm voltado suas atenções na investigação de como as técnicas de aprendizado de máquina podem ser aplicadas à EI a fim de tornar os sistemas de ER mais adaptáveis às mudanças de domínios. Como resultado, muitos métodos do estado-da-arte em REN e ER, baseados em técnicas estatísticas de aprendizado de máquina, têm sido propostos na literatura. Tais sistemas normalmente empregam um espaço de hipóteses com expressividade propositional para representar os exemplos, ou seja, eles são baseado na tradicional representação atributo-valor. Em aprendizado de máquina, a representação proposicional apresenta algums fatores limitantes, principalmente na extração de relações binárias que exigem não somente informações contextuais e estruturais (relacionais) sobre as instâncias, mas também outras formas de como adicionar conhecimento prévio do problema durante o processo de aprendizado. Esta tese visa atenuar as limitações acima mencionadas, tendo como hipótese de trabalho que, para ser eficiente e mais facilmente adaptável às mudanças de domínio, os sistemas de EI devem explorar ontologias e recursos semânticos no contexto de um arcabouço para EI que permita a indução automática de regras de extração de informação através do emprego de técnicas de aprendizado de máquina. Neste contexto, a presente tese propõe um método supervisionado capaz de extrair instâncias de entidades (ou classes de ontologias) e de relações a partir de textos apoiando-se na Programação em Lógica Indutiva (PLI), uma técnica de aprendizado de máquina supervisionada capaz de induzir regras simbólicas de classificação. O método proposto, chamado OntoILPER, não só se beneficia de ontologias e recursos semânticos, mas também se baseia em um expressivo espaço de hipóteses, sob a forma de predicados lógicos, capaz de representar exemplos cuja estrutura é relevante para a tarefa de EI consideradas nesta tese. OntoILPER automaticamente induz regras simbólicas para classificar exemplos de instâncias de entidades e relações a partir de um modelo de representação de frases baseado em grafos. Tal modelo de representação é uma das constribuições desta tese. Além disso, o modelo baseado em grafos para representação de frases e exemplos (instâncias de classes e relações) favorece a integração de conhecimento prévio do problema na forma de um conjunto reduzido de atributos léxicos, sintáticos, semânticos e estruturais. Diferentemente da maioria dos métodos de EI (uma pesquisa abrangente é apresentada nesta tese, incluindo aqueles que também se aplicam a PLI), OntoILPER faz uso de várias subtarefas do Processamento de Linguagem
608

Anotação e classificação automática de entidades nomeadas em notícias esportivas em Português Brasileiro / Automatic named entity recognition and classification for brazilian portuguese sport news

Rodrigo Constantin Ctenas Zaccara 11 July 2012 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver uma plataforma para anotação e classificação automática de entidades nomeadas para notícias escritas em português do Brasil. Para restringir um pouco o escopo do treinamento e análise foram utilizadas notícias esportivas do Campeonato Paulista de 2011 do portal UOL (Universo Online). O primeiro artefato desenvolvido desta plataforma foi a ferramenta WebCorpus. Esta tem como principal intuito facilitar o processo de adição de metainformações a palavras através do uso de uma interface rica web, elaborada para deixar o trabalho ágil e simples. Desta forma as entidades nomeadas das notícias são anotadas e classificadas manualmente. A base de dados foi alimentada pela ferramenta de aquisição e extração de conteúdo desenvolvida também para esta plataforma. O segundo artefato desenvolvido foi o córpus UOLCP2011 (UOL Campeonato Paulista 2011). Este córpus foi anotado e classificado manualmente através do uso da ferramenta WebCorpus utilizando sete tipos de entidades: pessoa, lugar, organização, time, campeonato, estádio e torcida. Para o desenvolvimento do motor de anotação e classificação automática de entidades nomeadas foram utilizadas três diferentes técnicas: maximização de entropia, índices invertidos e métodos de mesclagem das duas técnicas anteriores. Para cada uma destas foram executados três passos: desenvolvimento do algoritmo, treinamento utilizando técnicas de aprendizado de máquina e análise dos melhores resultados. / The main target of this research is to develop an automatic named entity classification tool to sport news written in Brazilian Portuguese. To reduce this scope, during training and analysis only sport news about São Paulo Championship of 2011 written by UOL2 (Universo Online) was used. The first artefact developed was the WebCorpus tool, which aims to make easier the process of add meta informations to words, through a rich web interface. Using this, all the corpora news are tagged manually. The database used by this tool was fed by the crawler tool, also developed during this research. The second artefact developed was the corpora UOLCP2011 (UOL Campeonato Paulista 2011). This corpora was manually tagged using the WebCorpus tool. During this process, seven classification concepts were used: person, place, organization, team, championship, stadium and fans. To develop the automatic named entity classification tool, three different approaches were analysed: maximum entropy, inverted index and merge tecniques using both. Each approach had three steps: algorithm development, training using machine learning tecniques and best score analysis.
609

Les biens publics mobiliers / Movable public property

Tarlet, Fanny 11 December 2015 (has links)
Les biens publics mobiliers s’entendent comme l’ensemble des biens mobiliers placés dans une relation juridique patrimoniale avec les personnes publiques. Certes, ils se caractérisent par leur mobilité (comme les biens privés mobiliers), c’est-à-dire une aptitude à la circulation, physique et juridique, vectrice de souplesse et de fragilité, favorable à la dissociation de leurs utilités ; mais la question ici centrale est celle de savoir si la propriété publique est toujours un instrument pertinent pour appréhender cette mobilité. Il s’avère que la propriété publique, lorsqu’elle est sollicitée, exerce potentiellement une force d’attraction efficace sur tous les biens publics mobiliers ; elle permet ainsi de freiner leur circulation. En revanche, une fois le bien capté, la propriété publique ne suffit plus à maîtriser l’intégrité des biens publics mobiliers. Elle n’endigue pas leur délitement et leur évaporation naturels. Elle est même concurrencée par d’autres rapports de droit qui, par des dissociations des utilités des biens, par la déliaison entre propriété et utilisation, conduisent à interroger sa pertinence. / Movable public property shall be understood as the set of personal property placed in a patrimonial legal relationship with public entities. These goods are characterized by their mobility (such as movable private property), that is to say an ability to circulate, physically and legally, a flexibility and fragility medium, favouring the dissociation of their utilities. But the central question remains whether public ownership is still a relevant instrument for understanding this mobility. It turns out that public ownership, when called upon, potentially exerts an effective force of attraction on all movable public property; thus it allows slowing down their circulation. However, once the good’s ownership has been claimed, public property law is not sufficient to monitor the integrity of movable public property. It doesn’t stem their natural crumbling and evaporation. It is even challenged by other legal relationships which, by dissociation of goods’ utilities, and by unbinding ownership and use, lead to question its relevance.
610

Správa a řízení společností (corporate governance) a její vztah ke kvalitě auditu / Corporate governance and its association with audit quality

Dudová, Tereza January 2015 (has links)
The Thesis is focused on the concepts of audit committee and audit quality, which are the basic control mechanisms for the quality of financial statements. The Thesis first presents the reasons and conditions for the appointment of audit committee, then follows with the legal rules applicable for mandatory audit of financial statements and presents some common definitions and measures of audit quality. Next, the new regulation for mandatory audit in the European Union is presented. The practical part of the Thesis starts with an analysis of the annual reports of the companies that are a part of CZECH TOP 100 for the year 2014. The analysis is focused on auditor choice, audit fees, public interest entities and their obligation to appoint an audit committee. The next part contains an empirical analysis of the association between audit committee existence, auditor choice and audit quality, which is defined as the quality of reported earnings.

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