<p>Recently, small businesses have attracted much attention from scholars and businessmen, since the significance of these businesses estimated essential in rapid changing business environment from the perspective of wealth and job creation. Simultaneously, it is well known that most infant entrepreneurs are constrained by shortage of financial resource for development and growth of their business. Some entrepreneurs carry out the need for resources by applying the particular methods of financial bootstrapping. Therefore, a number of researches have been conducted in order to define characteristics of bootstrapping and to analysis how it effects to financial decision making process of entrepreneurs.</p><p>Under specific constrains and difficulties, the majority of the start-ups gain financial capital for business establishment from family funds and other informal sources based on personal contacts. Being directly connected with bootstrapping, financial decision making also must be implemented efficiently in the start-up phase of the company. Practically, the majority of nascent entrepreneurs face the lack knowledge about financing of small business frequently. Thus, the study of bootstrapping methods and the exploration of the factors, that effect decision making process, is important for both researchers and entrepreneurs.</p><p>The regarding thesis, in turn, examines bootstrapping behavior and financial decision making processes of four different companies in the Create Business Incubator. First of all, it investigates financing, financial choice, network and learning in order to conceptualize appropriate frame for conducting the thesis work. Then, necessary hands-on information obtained by conducting certain interviews and analyzing the networking and coaching circumstances of the Incubator. Consequently, after analyzing the characteristics of business and entrepreneurs, a priori conclusion and recommendations are proposed which help to increase the financial awareness of nascent entrepreneurs in the Incubator in terms of financing small business.</p>

Recently, small businesses have attracted much attention from scholars and businessmen, since the significance of these businesses estimated essential in rapid changing business environment from the perspective of wealth and job creation. Simultaneously, it is well known that most infant entrepreneurs are constrained by shortage of financial resource for development and growth of their business. Some entrepreneurs carry out the need for resources by applying the particular methods of financial bootstrapping. Therefore, a number of researches have been conducted in order to define characteristics of bootstrapping and to analysis how it effects to financial decision making process of entrepreneurs. Under specific constrains and difficulties, the majority of the start-ups gain financial capital for business establishment from family funds and other informal sources based on personal contacts. Being directly connected with bootstrapping, financial decision making also must be implemented efficiently in the start-up phase of the company. Practically, the majority of nascent entrepreneurs face the lack knowledge about financing of small business frequently. Thus, the study of bootstrapping methods and the exploration of the factors, that effect decision making process, is important for both researchers and entrepreneurs. The regarding thesis, in turn, examines bootstrapping behavior and financial decision making processes of four different companies in the Create Business Incubator. First of all, it investigates financing, financial choice, network and learning in order to conceptualize appropriate frame for conducting the thesis work. Then, necessary hands-on information obtained by conducting certain interviews and analyzing the networking and coaching circumstances of the Incubator. Consequently, after analyzing the characteristics of business and entrepreneurs, a priori conclusion and recommendations are proposed which help to increase the financial awareness of nascent entrepreneurs in the Incubator in terms of financing small business.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka entreprenörskap i grundskoleundervisning då den nya skolreformen som infördes 2011 har detta som fokus. Reformen betonar att entreprenörskap ska främjas hos elever av alla åldrar med fokus på entreprenöriella kompetenser. Studien är kvalitativ och avser söka tecken på tendenser till ett entreprenöriellt förhållningssätt utifrån kvalitativa intervjuer genomförda på två grundskolor. Studien avser även söka tecken på huruvida ett aktivt arbete med entreprenörskap i undervisningen resulterar i en större grad av entreprenöriellt förhållningssätt. De intervjuer som utgör studiens empiriska grund är hämtade från en skola som aktivt arbetar med entreprenöriellt lärande samt en som ej har ett betonat arbete kring ämnet. Studiens resultat visar att eventuell skillnad mellan skolorna ej kan bekräftas då det förefaller individuellt betonat i vilken grad elever utvecklar ett entreprenöriellt förhållningssätt. Eleverna som deltagit i studien uppfattar entreprenöriella kompetenser med stor variation och visar även tecken på stor variation kring ett entreprenöriellt förhållningssätt. Studien har visat att det på båda skolor existerar lärandeaktiviteter som främjar entreprenöriella kompetenser och ett entreprenöriellt förhållningssätt, och att även den skola som inte aktivt arbetar med entreprenörskap främjar elevernas utveckling av entreprenöriella kompetenser. / The purpose of this study is to examine entrepreneurship in primary education as the new school reform introduced in 2011 has this as a focus. The reform emphasizes that promoting entrepreneurship among students of all ages with a focus on entrepreneurial competencies. The study is qualitative and relates to seek signs of tendencies towards an entrepreneurial approach based on qualitative interviews were conducted at two elementary schools. The study will also seek evidence of whether active efforts with entrepreneurship in education results in a greater degree of entrepreneurial approach. The interviews that make up the study's empirical basis is taken from a school that actively works with entrepreneurial learning and one that does not have an emphasized work on the subject. Study results show that the potential difference between the schools cannot be confirmed, then it would appear individually emphasized the extent to which students develop an entrepreneurial approach. Students who participated in the study perceive entrepreneurial competences with great variety and also show signs of considerable variation around an entrepreneurial approach. The study has shown that there in both schools exist learning activities that promote entrepreneurial competences and an entrepreneurial approach, and that even the school who are not actively working with entrepreneurship promotes students' development of entrepreneurial competences.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-09-01T12:17:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2547434 bytes, checksum: 4f378d97d43dc7e7007e2fc000387b5b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-09-01T14:28:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2547434 bytes, checksum: 4f378d97d43dc7e7007e2fc000387b5b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-09-01T14:28:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2547434 bytes, checksum: 4f378d97d43dc7e7007e2fc000387b5b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-01T14:29:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2547434 bytes, checksum: 4f378d97d43dc7e7007e2fc000387b5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study has as main objective to understand the situated learning process of entrepreneurs of the city of Cajazeiras (PB) as authors of their entrepreneurial action. Thus, we tried to describe the shared narratives of the personal and professional trajectories of entrepreneurs of the city of Cajazeiras (PB); identify the constituent elements of entrepreneurial action; characterize the situated learning of the entrepreneurs; and outline the development of the authorship of entrepreneurial action. The research is based on the theoretical knowledge (a) of the entrepreneurial action as an individual and relational agency, rooted in a social context; (b) situational, contextual and relational entrepreneurial learning; And (c) entrepreneurial authorship developed through interactive and reflective relationships, and responsible for the cooperative creation of a socially recognized identity. Narrative was the main research strategy used. Eleven individuals were interviewed, besides the entrepreneur, who are part of the personal and professional network of this subject. The results reveal the entrepreneurial authorship as a competence based on the situated action, learning and narrative of the entrepreneurs. This authorship is built through the contextual, professional and personal immersion of the entrepreneur in the mileu in which it is situated. This mileu is infused with individual and collective meanings and actions that will be (re) built throughout the life of the entrepreneur through his living together with family, friends, business partners, employees, the community in general, and especially with mentors. To facilitate comprehension, the analysis was performed in a way to interpret each objective at a time. Thus, one perceives the life narrative of an author-entrepreneur marked by the shared understanding of his own self, of the critical events and the contextualization of these moments; The entrepreneurial action as being formed by collective actions of diverse social institutions and agents, the feeling and situation of rooting and the own entrepreneurial agency; Entrepreneurial learning as marked by personal situated theories, by cultural participation, relational and interactive learning, professional and sectoral immersion, by doing and reflecting and by the recognition of error; And, entrepreneurial authorship as a competence constituted of collective construction, maturity, protagonism and authorial identity. With this, entrepreneurial authorship is understood as being developed throughout the life of the entrepreneur by the learning situated and exercised daily by his entrepreneurial action. / Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender o processo de aprendizagem situada de um empresário da cidade de Cajazeiras (PB) enquanto autor de sua ação empreendedora. Assim, buscou-se descrever as narrativas compartilhadas das trajetórias pessoais e profissionais de um empreendedor da cidade de Cajazeiras- PB; identificar os elementos constitutivos da ação empreendedora; caracterizar a aprendizagem empreendedora situada; e delinear o desenvolvimento da autoria da ação empreendedora. A pesquisa está embasada sobre os conhecimentos teóricos (a) da ação empreendedora enquanto agência individual e relacional, enraizada em um contexto social; (b) a aprendizagem empreendedora situada, contextual e relacional; e (c) da autoria empreendedora desenvolvida por meio dos relacionamentos interativos e reflexivos e, responsável pela criação cooperada de uma identidade socialmente reconhecida. A Narrativa foi a principal estratégia de pesquisa utilizada. Foram entrevistados, além do empreendedor, onze indivíduos que fazem parte da rede pessoal e profissional desse sujeito. Os resultados revelam a autoria empreendedora como uma competência fundamentada na ação, na aprendizagem e na narrativa situada dos empreendedores. Essa autoria é construída por meio da imersão contextual, profissional e pessoal do empreendedor no meio em que está situado. Este meio é infundido de significados e ações individuais e coletivas que vão se (re) construindo durante toda a vida do empreendedor por meio de sua convivência com a família, amigos, parceiros de negócio, funcionários, comunidade em geral e, principalmente, com mentores. Para facilitar a compreensão, a análise foi realizada de acordo com os objetivos específicos da pesquisa. Assim, percebe-se a narrativa de vida de um autor-empreendedor marcada pela compreensão compartilhada do si próprio, dos eventos críticos e da contextualização desses momentos; a ação empreendedora como sendo formada por ações coletivas de diversas instituições sociais e agentes, do sentimento e situação de enraizamento e da própria agência empreendedora; a aprendizagem empreendedora situada como marcada pelas teorias pessoais situadas, pela participação contextual, aprendizagem relacional e interativa, imersão profissional e setorial, pelo fazer e refletir e pelo reconhecimento do erro; e, a autoria empreendedora como sendo uma competência constituída da construção coletiva, da maturidade, do protagonismo e da identidade autoral. Com isso, compreende-se a autoria empreendedora como sendo desenvolvida durante toda a vida do empreendedor pela aprendizagem situada e exercida diariamente pela sua ação empreendedora.

The present study was carried out in the Technologic Incubator of Santa Maria (ITSM), with the aim of analyzing the influence of incubation process on the characteristics and the entrepreneurial learning, in perception of business managers who experience this process in the ITSM. For this, the data were collected through the application of the questionnaire developed by David McClelland (1972) about CCE's and achievement of semi-structured interviews with eight business managers incubated. The questions addressed in the interview had focus on life history, professional trajectory, incubation process and learning entrepreneurial, this latest obeying the assumptions proposed by Politis (2005). For the data analysis used the approach described by Sampieri (2006), analyzing qualitatively the questionnaires applied, and content analysis of the interviews, based on Bardin (2011).The analysis categories were defined a priori: the process of incubation, entrepreneurial characteristics and entrepreneurial learning. The defined categories of analysis not a priori, based on reports of respondents were: perceived demands and interaction needs. It is stressed that the objective of the study was answered fully, in function of which, from the perspective of incubated, the ITSM provided development opportunities for these entrepreneurs, and also for their businesses, stimulating learning them through an experiential character. As contribution, from results obtained, developed a plan of action for the ITSM, in order to reduce the demands perceived by incubated about the incubation process. / O presente trabalho foi realizado na incubadora tecnológica de Santa Maria (ITSM), com o intuito de analisar a influência do processo de incubação sobre as características e a aprendizagem empreendedoras, na percepção de gestores de negócios que vivenciam este processo na ITSM. Para isso, os dados foram coletados por meio da aplicação do questionário desenvolvido por David McClelland (1972) sobre CCE´s e da realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com oito gestores de negócios incubados. Os questionamentos abordados na entrevista tiveram foco na história de vida, trajetória profissional, processo de incubação e aprendizagem empreendedora, esta última obedecendo às premissas propostas por Politis (2005). Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se a abordagem descrita por Sampieri (2006), analisando-se qualitativamente os questionários aplicados, e técnica de análise de conteúdo das entrevistas, baseada em Bardin (2011). As categorias de análise definidas a priori foram: processo de incubação, características empreendedoras e aprendizagem empreendedora. As categorias de análise definidas não a priori, com base nos relatos dos entrevistados, foram: demandas percebidas e necessidades de interação. Destaca-se que o objetivo do estudo foi atendido plenamente, em função de que, a partir da perspectiva dos incubados, a ITSM proporcionou oportunidades de desenvolvimento para estes indivíduos, bem como para seus negócios, estimulando a aprendizagem dos mesmos por meio de um caráter experiencial. Como contribuição, a partir dos resultados obtidos, elaborou-se um plano da ação para a ITSM, com o objetivo de reduzir as demandas percebidas pelos incubados, acerca do processo de incubação.

Detta utvecklingsinriktade arbete inspirerades av Rönnermans (2012) aktionsforskningsspiral och syftet med arbetet var att öka elevers ansvarstagande, initiativtagande samt möjlighet att ta del av egna och andras idéer på fritidsgympan. Eleverna gavs möjligheten att planera och genomföra fritidsgympan för en elevgrupp. Detta område var viktigt att studera och utveckla eftersom forskning visar på att större eget ansvar för lärandet i hög grad kan utveckla elevers självständighet, samarbetsförmåga, självtillit, kreativitet, kritiskt tänkande samt förmågan till ett livslångt lärande. Utifrån de olika dokumentationsmetoderna, bland annat intervjuer och enkäter, som genomfördes med elever och personal framgick det både i nulägesanalysen men även i resultatdelen att eleverna inte var förtjusta i att pröva andra elevers idéer. Trots elevernas negativa attityder att ta del av andras idéer påvisade eleverna betydligt större intresse för att ta ansvar och initiativ på fritidsgympan, som även uppfattades av lärarna efter avslutad studie.

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The South African government, in an attempt to accelerate economic growth and development, has identified the SMME sector and entrepreneurs as a vehicle capable of bringing about this change. Unfortunately, this growth has been stifled due to the high failure rate of entrepreneurial businesses in the SMME sector. A possible solution for SMMEs and entrepreneurs is the introduction of mentoring. Mentoring entrepreneurs is the function of nurturing and supporting entrepreneurs by providing them with professional skills development and moral support in an attempt to positively impact on the business's sustainability. The study is the first of its kind in that it relates specifically to entrepreneurship mentors. This study empirically endeavours to determine the basic profile of entrepreneurship mentors in South Africa and their skills sets. The study aims to represent the importance of the skills as represented in the model and to understand the entrepreneurship mentoring environment in South Africa. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

The aim of this compilation thesis is to describe prerequisites for what, in a Swedish educational context, is often called ‘entrepreneurial learning’ and to examine the possible influence that this has on school practice. The study was carried out in two lower secondary schools and was guided by the following two research questions. First, how is entrepreneurial learning reflected in educational practice regarding teaching, learning and assessment? Second, how has the phenomenon of entrepreneurship been recontextualized in educational discourse through politics and policy? Basil Bernstein’s concepts and theories have consistently been the point of departure for analysis. Altogether, 52 classroom observations were made, particularly focusing on the subjects of social science, science and mathematics. In addition, 8 individual interviews with teachers and 15 group interviews with pupils were conducted. For decades, national and international policy documents have promoted the need for a creative, innovative and flexible future working force; bringing this about has highly involved the education system. In Sweden, entrepreneurship was inscribed in the curriculum in 2011, and it is meant to run like a thread throughout education. In this study the broad approach of entrepreneurship in education, which is about generating an entrepreneurial mindset, is focused. Research points out various difficulties and dilemmas regarding the implementation of entrepreneurial learning. These difficulties and dilemmas are connected to concerns about perceived difficulties in relation to differences in school subjects, pupils’ backgrounds, degree of managerial support and/or collegial consensus and cooperation. The main findings are linked to recurrent difficulties regarding teaching methods and assessments in relation to entrepreneurial learning. Curricula and syllabi express explicit learning outcomes, which both teachers and learners perceive as being challenging to combine with entrepreneurial classroom work. This in turn links to an aspect which is often addressed in research—that is, the question about whether to use traditional or entrepreneurial (progressive) teaching methods. Curricula express a need for both, and teachers often find it difficult to find a functioning balance between them, not least because of current societal discussions and demands. In many respects, the implementation of entrepreneurial learning sends mixed messages. On the one hand, pupils are meant to develop entrepreneurial skills and competencies through cooperation and interaction within groups, and, on the other hand, the essence of entrepreneurship indicates competition; this is yet another dilemma addressed in the study. The study shows that, due to the schools’ different prerequisites regarding, for instance, teachers’ approaches and understandings and the schools’ catchment areas, entrepreneurial learning is performed somewhat different. Bernstein’s concepts and theories offer tools to explain and understand different aspects, including dilemmas and difficulties in relation to both classroom practice and social discourse.

The South African government, in an attempt to accelerate economic growth and development, has identified the SMME sector and entrepreneurs as a vehicle capable of bringing about this change. Unfortunately, this growth has been stifled due to the high failure rate of entrepreneurial businesses in the SMME sector. A possible solution for SMMEs and entrepreneurs is the introduction of mentoring. Mentoring entrepreneurs is the function of nurturing and supporting entrepreneurs by providing them with professional skills development and moral support in an attempt to positively impact on the business's sustainability. The study is the first of its kind in that it relates specifically to entrepreneurship mentors. This study empirically endeavours to determine the basic profile of entrepreneurship mentors in South Africa and their skills sets. The study aims to represent the importance of the skills as represented in the model and to understand the entrepreneurship mentoring environment in South Africa. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)