Social entrepreneurship and other new forms such as ecological or sustainable entrepreneurship have emerged as promising new solutions to solve societal problems. Therefore these types of sustainability-oriented entrepreneurship also increasingly attract the interest of researchers, but there is no clear theoretical concept for these emerging research areas yet. As for commercial entrepreneurship, existing research has neglected the influence of contextual factors on the entrepreneurial process. Therefore this topic is not well researched yet and requires an increase in knowledge to keep up with its popularity and potential impact on society. Therefore the research purpose of this study was to systematically analyse how contextual factors, i.e. political & legal, economic, technological, environmental, social and cultural factors, influence the stages of the entrepreneurial process and if this influence differs for commercial and sustainability-oriented entrepreneurs. To fulfill this purpose a theoretical framework depicting the entrepreneurial process in its context was developed, which incorporates the different types of entrepreneurship based on the value they create. In order to adequately explore the research purpose our theoretical framework was applied to the context of Central America. In line with our interpretivistic standpoint we followed an inductive approach with a qualitative, comparative research design of an exploratory nature. We collected secondary data about Central America and conducted a multiple-case study in which we collected primary data from 13 interviews with entrepreneurs being active in Central America. The empirical findings were thoroughly analysed and discussed leading to several interesting results which were used to revise our theoretical framework. Despite a great variety among entrepreneurs we realised that they all undergo the entrepreneurial process and we could therefore successfully apply our theoretical framework. All entrepreneurs are differently influenced by contextual factors in their entrepreneurial process, but disparities are mostly due to the background of the entrepreneurs or the type of venture. Some political and legal, and economic factors have been found to influence commercial and sustainability-oriented entrepreneurs differently, while other economic and social factors rather determine differences between non-profit and for- profit oriented entrepreneurs. This study contributes to theories regarding the influence of contextual factors and concepts in the field of (sustainability-oriented) entrepreneurship as well as methodologies used in this field. It provides considerable practical contributions to entrepreneurs and recommendations for policy-makers which can lead to valuable societal contributions. Throughout the research ethical issues have been considered and quality criteria applied to ensure the trustworthiness of this research.

Alors que l’enseignement de l’entrepreneuriat s’est souvent orienté vers la création d’entreprise, de nouvelles conceptions émergent autour de la notion de processus entrepreneurial. Au sein de cette notion, la mise en situation acquiert une place importante en tant que source favorisant l’action entrepreneuriale. Nous soulignons, dans la première partie de cette thèse, que les approches classiques focalisées uniquement sur la création d’entreprise demeurent insuffisantes pour répondre aux besoins d’apprentissage des étudiants porteurs de projet. Dans cette perspective, nous avons orienté notre travail de recherche vers l’enseignement de l’entrepreneuriat en considérant l’aller-retour entre la réflexion et l’action. Pour cela, nous proposons, dans la deuxième partie, une nouvelle façon d’aborder la Méthode des cas en adoptant un cadre conceptuel autour de la démarche de recherche-intervention appliquée au Pôle Entrepreneuriat Etudiant de Lorraine (PeeL). Il s’agit de montrer que la valorisation des expériences vécues dans la mise en situation permet de favoriser la construction de savoirs utiles pour l’action entrepreneuriale / Even when the entrepreneurship teaching has generally been oriented to the company creation new proposals focused on the notion of the entrepreneurial process has emerged. Within this concept the contextualization gains great importance as a becoming element in the entrepreneurial process. As we have demonstrated in the first part of the thesis, the classic theories focused only on the creation of companies seem to be insufficient to face the learning needs of the entrepreneurship students. From this perspective, our research has been pointed to the entrepreneurship teaching attending the double link between reflection and action. To do this, in the second part of our thesis, we proposed a new way of adopting the case method by a process of intervention at the Pôle entrepreneuriat étudiant de Lorraine (PeeL). We try to show that the appreciation of experiences when students are part of a real situation can benefit the construction of useful knowledge to the entrepreneur

The trade of creating companies is inherent to the entrepreneurs. However, many of them create the enterprises by necessity, making the difficulty of their management potential. In this paper, it is aimed to know, understand and share the learning of entrepreneurs who overcame these difficulties. Theoretically after the works of Dolabela, Filion, Baron & Shane and Stenberg who deal with the entrepreneurial processes. And, pragmatically, with the case study of entrepreneurs by necessities, who have created enterprises, developed entrepreneur characteristics and succeeded. From the synthesis of these theories and practices, it is emerged a standard of an entrepreneur performance that, it is intended, guides other entrepreneurs who are in a similar situation. Orientated by theories, the interviewer listened, compiled, related and commented the deposition of interviewed entrepreneurs. In the end, it has been noticed that having their own business made them motivated, and the attention to the feedbacks and external stimulus has transformed them. Whereas developing entrepreneurial experiences, these people, influenced by different standards of performance, have had their own standards altered. The information analysis advises about the fact of entrepreneurial process has been developed and it was established after the experiences lived by these entrepreneurs, as well as the events which are mentioned in the theories. It may be said that their attitudes have catalyzed the changes, which are characterized by coherence and assertiveness. / O ofício de criar empresas é inerente aos empreendedores. Porém, muitos as criam por necessidade, potencializando a dificuldade de sua gestão. Neste trabalho, busca-se conhecer, compreender e compartilhar os aprendizados de empresários que venceram essas dificuldades. Teoricamente a partir dos trabalhos de Dolabela, Filion, Baron & Shane e Sternberg, que tratam dos processos empreendedoriais. E pragmaticamente, com o estudo de caso de empreendedores por necessidades que criaram empresas, desenvolveram características empreendedoras e lograram sucesso. Da síntese dessas teorias e práticas, surge um modelo de atuação empreendedora que, pretende-se, norteie outros empresários em situação semelhante. Orientado pelas teorias, o entrevistador ouviu, compilou, relacionou e comentou os depoimentos dos empresários entrevistados. Ao final, observou-se que ter seu próprio negócio os motivou, e a atenção aos feedbacks e estímulos esternos os transformou. Enquanto desenvolviam experiências empreendedoriais, essas pessoas, influenciadas por diferentes modelos de atuação, tiveram os seus alterados. A análise das informações orienta para o fato de que o processo empreendedorial foi desenvolvido e estabeleceu-se a partir das experiências vividas por esses empresários, assim como os eventos mencionados nas teorias. Pode-se dizer que suas atitudes catalisaram as mudanças, caracterizadas pela coerência e assertividade.

Cette recherche apporte une contribution empirique à la compréhension des parcours entrepreneuriaux. Elle conduit à engager une lecture renouvelée des processus dans une approche critiques de l’entrepreneuriat. Une démarche biographique, basée sur des « récits de vie », contribue à éclairer la complexité et l’hétérogénéité des dynamiques entrepreneuriales, au-delà de la stricte recherche de rationalité économique. Ce travail confirme l’utilité du concept d’Entrepreneuring, comme processus intrinsèquement émancipatoire, favorisant la transformation d’environnements sociaux, économiques, institutionnels ou sociétaux. Dans le souci d’appréhender la complexité de ces dynamiques, nous introduirons un cadre d’analyse historique qui tienne compte de plus larges parties prenantes (familiales ou non familiales), engagées sur le temps long. Ce que nous appellerons, dans cette thèse, des carrières entrepreneuriales collectives et transgénérationnelles. / This research provides an empirical contribution to the understanding of entrepreneurial pathways. It leads to a renewed reading of processes in a critical approach to entrepreneurship. A biographical approach, based on "narratives of life", helps to illuminate the complexity and heterogeneity of entrepreneurial dynamics, beyond the strict search for economic rationality. This work confirms the usefulness of the Entrepreneuring concept, as an intrinsically emancipatory process promoting the transformation of social, economic, institutional or societal environments. In order to understand the complexity of these dynamics, we will introduce a framework of historical analysis that takes into account broader stakeholders (family or non-family), committed to long time. What we will call, in this thesis, collective and transgenerational entrepreneurial careers.

近年來，台灣對地方文化的認同與地方文化意識高漲，青年回鄉創業，例如各類巷弄創業與咖啡店，而台灣各地傳統農村也正好遭遇到人口老化、外移等相同之問題；也因此，有一部分創業者選擇在地創業的方式，同時兼顧「社會創業」、「社會企業」的理念與精神，但重點是擺在解決地方問題，協助地方發展，共同的特色就是會大量整合在地資源，因此本研究欲探究在地創業家是如何走過在地創業的歷程，如何整合在地資源使之達到平衡，提供有志返鄉之在地創業者參考。 本研究採個案分析法，選擇多個案分析，共有「老寮hostel」、「大山北月」、「天空的院子與小鎮文創」三個研究個案，除了先從個案的創業歷程觀察，也試著從Timmons Model 創業三要素「機會」、「團隊」、「資源」三者的動態變化，以及內外部的資源分析與串聯，和個案公司擁有的獨特性與競爭優勢來建立核心資源，探討在地創業從無到有，資源不斷交互影響，壯大企業本身之發展過程。 在研究的結果中，我們發現在地創業家從認知到挖掘創業機會、到發現機會皆從自身經驗出發，因此易受自身經驗影響而不同。而在地創業家一定會有自身堅持之理念，但為了解決地方問題與推維持穩定收入常會陷入兩難。另外在地創業家自身擁有的資源一開始容易不足，創業家也會認知到此點，因此會積極在社會關係及社經資料蒐集與調查上，以利未來企業發展與資源串聯，使創業三要素能達成穩定平衡。 我們也針對這些研究發現與結論給出實務上的建議，除了取得創業三要素與外部資源互動之平衡，這是必須要做好之基本功外。也最好能在不偏離在地創業理念之前提下，專心在本身的核心能耐和事業上，善用可掌握之外部資源去發揮最大效益，通常就對地方發展產生正向影響。 / In the recent years, perceptions of local cultural identity and awareness garner significant attention in Taiwan. That is, a variety of entrepreneurial activities in domestic neighborhoods appeared. Taken into consideration issues of aging population and labor force immigration in the countryside, a number of entrepreneurs have adopted the notion of “social entrepreneurship” and “social enterprise,” with emphases on solutions to local struggles and assistance to local development when starting up their businesses. A common feature for such operation is the substantial integration on local resources; thus, this study is anticipated to dig into local entrepreneurial processes and the balances achieved under integrations of local resources. Meanwhile, this study may also be seen as a guidance for future entrepreneurs in developing their businesses locally. In compliance with the case study method, “Mountain Lodge,” “Big Hill North Moon” and “El Patio Del Cielo” are the three research cases selected for this study. To analyze the cases, this study adopts the framework of the Timmons Model, namely the three elements – opportunity, team, and resource – and the dynamics among them, along with internal and external resource analyses and connections. Furthermore, this study underscores the uniqueness and competitive advantage, combination and interaction of internal and external resources of the research cases in developing core competence from scratch to the current stage. This study concludes with the finding that recognitions and explorations of business opportunities derive mostly and mainly from the personal experience of local entrepreneurs, which varies greatly for one and another. Generally speaking, local entrepreneurs tend to be determined as to their beliefs, however, they may be in a dilemma when trying to strike a balance between resolving local issues and maintaining a stable cash flow. Moreover, entrepreneurs, at early stage, often encounter lack of resources. Being aware of such situation, entrepreneurs tend to involve actively in networking and relevant social and economic insight gatherings to facilitate future business development and resource connection, of which, eventually, the dynamic relationship among the three elements of entrepreneurship shall be in a stable equilibrium. In addition to the findings and conclusions, this study propose a number of practical suggestions. Besides balancing the three elements of the entrepreneurial interactions with external resources, local entrepreneurs are recommended not to depart from the premise of their entrepreneurial concept. Local entrepreneurs should focus mainly on core competence and business operation, and make the best use of external resources in maximizing the outcome. By doing so, positive impacts on local development should be anticipated.

La notion de développement durable est aujourd’hui une préoccupation centrale des populations et des pouvoirs publics. L’entrepreneuriat durable représente une forme de réponse à cette préoccupation à travers l’intégration des normes de développement durable dans le cœur de métier de l’entreprise. Ce type d’entreprise vient répondre à des objectifs économiques, sociaux et environnementaux. La recherche en entrepreneuriat durable s’est particulièrement intéressée au profil de l’entrepreneur durable. Cependant, la recherche ne s’est pas suffisamment interrogée sur la façon dont il procède. Il est considéré comme l’agent de rupture à travers l’introduction d’éco-innovations. L’innovation apparait donc comme une solution aux problématiques sociales et environnementales. Mais ceci n’est pas suffisant pour considérer ce phénomène entrepreneurial comme une forme innovante. Cette thèse tente de combler ces manquements en modélisant, le processus entrepreneurial durable. Par ailleurs, l’emprunt d’une théorie de l’innovation « C-K Theory » permet de rapprocher le processus entrepreneurial durable du processus de conception innovante CK dans l’objectif de déterminer le caractère innovant de l’entrepreneuriat durable. / The notion of sustainable development is today a central concern of the population and the public authorities. Sustainable entrepreneurship is a form of response to this concern through the integration of sustainable development standards into the core business of the company. This type of business comes to meet economic, social and environmental objectives. Sustainable entrepreneurship research has been particularly interested in the profile of the sustainable entrepreneur. However, the research did not ask enough about how it works. It is considered the breaking agent through the introduction of eco-innovations. Innovation therefore appears as a solution to social and environmental issues. But this is not enough to consider this entrepreneurial phenomenon as an innovative form. This thesis attempts to fill these gaps by modeling, the sustainable entrepreneurial process. In addition, the borrowing of a theory of innovation "C-K Theory" makes it possible to bring the sustainable entrepreneurial process closer to the CK innovative design process in order to determine the innovative nature of sustainable entrepreneurship.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos William de Aquino.pdf: 1512290 bytes, checksum: b6172c855493d56da0f9b6eb3b82786e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-04 / The business model is a central construction in entrepreneurship research, representing a strategic framework for conceptualizing a value-based enterprise, allowing the user to design, describe, categorize, criticize and analyze a business model of any company. Thus the study of business models in entrepreneurship is highly relevant as it reflects the business idealization in a definable opportunity, establishing important target that drives entrepreneurial action in organizational endowment and the border of implementing organizational activities. From the business model approach through the logic of how to create , set and appropriate from the value, this study aims to describe the evolution of business models over entrepreneurial process of startup companies. This is a descriptive research, performing the qualitative method, based on the process perspective, that is concerned with the understanding of how things, people, organizations, strategies, environments, change, act and evolve over time and by evolving this way, standing the process, basically stories about what has happened and who, what and when it has been done, that is, events, activities and choices ordered over time. The processes discussed here refer to the processes of creation and set and appropriation of the value that make the business models of start-ups.the following Companies have been interviewed: Cultcultura, Dumom, Bluefive and Reuni.me respectively by their representatives: Thais, Rafael, Marcio and Daniel. The main results of this study point to eight phases of the entrepreneurial process: training, diagnosis, monitoring, testing, networking, recognition, loyalty and expansion. Throughout these stages are identified distinct stages of the processes of creation, value setting and ownership in each of the analyzed start-ups. / O modelo de negócio é uma construção central em pesquisa sobre empreendedorismo, representando um quadro estratégico para conceituar um empreendimento baseado em valor, permitindo que o usuário projete, descreva, categorize, critique e analise um modelo de negócio para qualquer tipo de empresa. Dessa forma, o estudo de modelos de negócio em empreendedorismo é altamente pertinente, pois traduz a idealização empresarial em uma oportunidade definível, estabelecendo meta relevante que impulsiona ação empreendedora na investidura organizacional e a fronteira de implementação de atividades organizacionais. A partir da abordagem do modelo de negócio por meio da lógica de como criar, configurar e apropriar do valor, este estudo tem como objetivo descrever a evolução dos modelos de negócio ao longo do processo empreendedor de empresas startup. Trata-se uma pesquisa descritiva, realizada pelo método qualitativo, com base na perspectiva de processo, que está preocupada com a compreensão de como as coisas, pessoas, organizações, estratégias, ambientes, mudança, agem e evoluem ao longo do tempo e por que evoluem dessa forma, consistindo o processo, portanto, basicamente de histórias sobre o que ocorreu e quem fez o quê e quando, ou seja, eventos, atividades e escolhas ordenados ao longo do tempo. Os processos aqui analisados referem-se aos processos de criação configuração e apropriação de valor que conformam os modelos de negócio das start-ups. Foram selecionadas para esta pesquisa quatro empresas start-up, sendo duas delas graduadas (egressas da incubadora) e duas na fase final de incubação. São elas: Cultcultura, Dumom, Bluefive e Reuni.me. Os principais resultados deste trabalho apontam para oito fases do processo empreendedor: formação, diagnóstico, monitoramento, experimentação, networking, reconhecimento, fidelização e expansão. Ao longo dessas fases, identificam-se distintos estágios dos processos de criação, configuração e apropriação do valor em cada uma das start-ups analisadas. Dentre as dimensões de modelo de negócio as que mais se alteram estão relacionadas ao processo de criação de valor, notadamente nas fases de diagnóstico e networking.

This dissertation aims to extend entrepreneurship theory to also comprise entrepreneurship in non-profit organizations in civil society. Entrepreneurship is claimed to be highly relevant also to this non-profit setting. Since entrepreneurship theory is highly embedded in an economic discourse and a business setting there is, however, a need to elaborate on the two different frameworks. The analysis of this study is grounded in an empirical study of the entrepreneurial process of Attac Sweden. The study has been conducted with a narrative approach. In this dissertation entrepreneurship theory is re-contextualized in the framework of non-profit organizations. The paradox of profit versus non-profit is elaborated on as well as the dilemmas of opportunities, legitimacy and the bounding of the new organization. The analysis of this study shows that the discussion on opportunities in entrepreneurship theory is highly relevant also in the case of Attac Sweden. However, this study suggests to supplement the discussion on opportunities with a discussion of ‘necessities’ to relate to perceived convictions to engage and to act. This study further shows and elaborates on the close connections between the process by which entrepreneurship becomes and other group formations in society. The organization created through the entrepreneurial process becomes an actor in civil society challenging established practices and norms. However, the entrepreneurial process also reaches beyond the creation of an organization. In this dissertation an alternative framework for entrepreneurship, based on a social process of organizing, is developed. This framework connects the entrepreneurial process to group dynamics as well as to social movements and articulation of disclosing stories in society.

Les récentes recherches en entrepreneuriat tendent à accorder une primauté aux perspectives processuelles. Cependant ces dernières ne permettent pas encore de comprendre tous les dispositifs situationnels qui influencent la performance située et la légitimité de l’entrepreneur. Il s’agit là de mettre le doigt sur la réalité des institutions informelles dont la capacité structurante est parfois mal évaluée. Pour cela, il fallait sortir d’une perspective rationnelle et individuelle de l’entrepreneuriat afin de l’approcher comme action sociale tributaire des injonctions contextuelles. Ainsi, l’analyse ethnographique des relations et interactions entre dix mini-laiteries dans un contexte africain révèle la prégnance de logiques de proximité constituant non seulement des ressources mais aussi des contraintes. La seule légitimité des institutions formelles et des objets techniques ne suffit pas toujours à compenser le coût d’un isolement relationnel. L’interaction est une ressource qui produit des contraintes. La performance de l’agent dépendra de la stratégie déployée pour socialiser avec les dispositifs habilitants. / Recent research in entrepreneurship field tends to give primacy to processual perspectives. However, they do not yet make it possible to understand all the situational devices that influence the located performance and the legitimacy of the entrepreneur. The point consists of studying the reality of the informal institutions whose structuring capacity is sometimes badly evaluated. For that, it was necessary to move from a rational and individual perspective of the entrepreneurship to approach it as social action dependent on the contextual injunctions. Thus, the ethnographic analysis of relations and interactions between ten mini-dairies in an African context reveals the importance of proximity logics constituting not only resources but also constraints. The mere legitimacy of formal institutions and technical objects is not always enough to offset the cost of relational isolation. Interaction is a resource that produces constraints. The performance of the agent will depend on the strategy deployed to socialize with the enabling devices.

La littérature, s’est beaucoup intéressée à l’entrepreneur solitaire, notamment à ses origines, à son profil et à ses actions. Certains auteurs le considèrent comme un mythe et un héros capable de se dépasser dans les situations les plus complexes. L’émergence des entreprises de nouvelles technologies ont fait connaître une nouvelle forme d’entrepreneuriat de plus en plus fréquente, qui se présente sous forme d’équipe entrepreneuriale. Etant donné, la réserve des réflexions académiques concernant ce champ d’étude, il est utile d’apporter quelques éclairages à ce sujet. Cette recherche se veut donc une contribution théorique et pratique à la compréhension de la notion de l’équipe entrepreneuriale et ses spécificités.L’équipe entrepreneuriale étant une entité dynamique devant être traitée en sa globalité irréductible, une analyse analytique nous semble réductrice. Par conséquent, nous proposons un cadrage théorique au moyen de la théorie systémique. / Literature has been deeply interested in the solitary entrepreneur, mainly in his origins, profile and actions. Some authors consider him as a myth and a hero capable to exceed himself in the most complex situations. The emergence of new technology companies introduced a new form of entrepreneurship more and more frequent, which comes in the shape of entrepreneurial team. Since there is a reservation on the topic of academic thoughts in this field of study, it is useful to provide some insight on this. This research is intended for a theoretical and practical contribution to the understanding of the entrepreneurial team concept. Following a literary review on entrepreneurial teams, we propose a theoretical framework based on systemic approach. In fact, the entrepreneurial team is a dynamic entity; an analytical analysis seems to reduce the complexity in its elementary components whereas it should be treated in its irreducible globalism.