Devido à importância do modal rodoviário para a economia brasileira no que diz respeito à sua participação na matriz de transporte de cargas, à elevada participação no consumo de combustíveis fósseis (óleo diesel) e nas emissões de CO2, esta Tese avaliou se rodovias em melhores estados de conservação implicam benefícios econômicos e ambientais. Os benefícios econômicos disseram respeito à avaliação dos seguintes parâmetros: consumo de combustível, tempo de viagem e gasto com manutenção do veículo. Já os benefícios ambientais referiram-se às reduções das externalidades negativas resultantes da diminuição nas emissões de CO2. Foram realizadas coletas de dados primários relacionados ao desempenho observado em caminhões em rodovias com diferentes condições de infra-estrutura. Nesse sentido, foram conduzidos dois conjuntos de experimentos, envolvendo rotas e tipos diferentes de caminhões, aos quais foram acoplados computadores de bordo para auxiliar na coleta dos dados. O primeiro conjunto de experimentos envolveu quatro rotas, as quais foram percorridas por um caminhão Volvo FH12, fabricado em 2004. Num total de 48 viagens, foram observados o consumo de combustível, e o perfil das velocidades em cada trajeto. Os resultados indicaram a existência de benefícios econômicos e ambientais para as rotas em melhor estado de conservação. No segundo conjunto de experimentos, foram selecionadas duas rotas em diferentes estados de conservação., nas quais dois caminhões de fabricantes distintos (Scania R124-420 e MB 1944S) realizaram um total de 40 viagens. Nesses experimentos, também foram comparados os resultados observados em cada tipo de veículo, tendo sido possível concluir que o tipo de tecnologia apenas impactou no consumo de combustível. Finalmente, os dados dos dois conjuntos de experimentos foram agregados, a fim de estimar valores mais próximos à realidade, já que na prática, há diversos tipos de modelos e fabricantes de caminhão. Ainda assim, os resultados obtidos confirmam a existência de benefícios econômicos e ambientais resultantes de viagens em rotas com melhor infra-estrutura: há um aumento na eficiência energética em rotas melhores, implicando menor consumo de combustível e menores níveis de emissão de CO2. A análise estatística dos resultados sugeriu que, em geral, os dados relacionados ao consumo de combustível eram significativos ao nível de significância de 5%, rejeitando a hipótese nula de que o consumo médio das rotas em piores estados de conservação é estatisticamente igual ao consumo médio observado em rotas com melhores condições. Portanto, tratou-se de indicação em favor da hipótese alternativa, de que o consumo médio observado em rotas piores é maior do que aquele em rotas melhores. / Due to importance of the road transportation for the Brazilian economy related to its participation in the matrix of load transport, to its high participation in the fossil fuels consumption (diesel) and in the CO2 emissions, this study evaluated if highways in better state of conservation imply in economic and environmental benefits. The economic benefits were related to the evaluation of the following parameters: fuel consumption, duration of the trip and expenses on vehicle maintenance. The environmental benefits related to the CO2 emissions reduction. It was collected primary data related to the performance observed in trucks on highways with different infrastructure conditions. In this aspect, it was carried out two sets of experiments, involving different routes and types of trucks, to which cutting edge computers were connect to assist the collection of the data. The first set of experiments involved four routes covered by a Volvo FH12 truck, manufactured in 2004. In a total of 48 trips, the fuel consumption, and the velocity profile in each passage were observed. The results showed the existence of economic and environmental benefits in the routes with better conservation. In the second set of experiments, two routes in different states of conservation were selected, in which two trucks from distinct manufacturers (Scania R124-420 and MB 1944S) performed a total of 40 trips. In these experiments, the results observed in each type of vehicle were compared, which allowed to conclude that the type of technology only impacted on the fuel consumption. Finally, the data of the two sets of experiments were aggregated, in order to approximate the values to the reality, once in reality there are several types of truck models and manufacturers. Still, the results confirm the existence of economic and environmental benefits deriving from trips in routes with better infrastructure: there is a gain in energy efficiency, resulting in less fuel consumption and lower levels of CO2 emissions. The statistical analysis of the results suggested that, in general, the data related to the fuel consumption were significant to the level of significance of 5%, rejecting the null hypothesis that the average fuel consumption in the routes in worse states of conservation is statistically equal to that observed in routes in better condition. Therefore, it is indicated that the alternative hypothesis is significant that the observed average consumption in worse routes is bigger than that observed in better routes.

O presente trabalho trata de uma pesquisa apresentada como dissertação para obtenção do título de mestre em Geografia. O estudo foi realizado na cidade de Pelotas – Rio Grande do Sul – Brasil, e se justifica pela recente aprovação da Lei nº 12.305/2010, que institui a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Seu tema principal é a tentativa de mensuração dos benefícios gerados pela atividade de reciclagem de resíduos sólidos secos nesta cidade. Para isso, utilizou-se como principais bases teórico-metodológicas estudosque abordam os benefícios ambientais proporcionados e desperdiçados pela prática da (não) reciclagem de resíduos no Brasil. Os resultados permitem dizer que a cidade – através da coleta seletiva pública, dos catadores e dos compradores de recicláveis – reinsere, mensalmente, em torno de 2,2 mil toneladas de materiais no ciclo produtivo, com benefícios ambientais da ordem de R$ 19 milhões/ano. Também foi feito um balanço sobre o quanto é perdido pela não reciclagem dos resíduos, estando esse valor na ordem de R$ 16 milhões/ano. / This research is presented as a dissertation in order to obtain the Masters degree in Geography. The study was conducted in the city of Pelotas - Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil, and it is justified because of the recent approval of the Law n º 12.305/2010, which establishes the Solid Waste National Policy. The main theme is based on the attempt to measure the benefits generated by the dry solid waste recycling in the mentioned city. It was used, as the main theoretical and methodological basis, studies that issues the wasted enviromental benefits that results from (not) recycling solid in Brazil. Results allow to state that, through public collective selection, waste pickers and recyclable material buyers, is reintegrated in a monthly basis the total about of 2.2 thousand tons of material included in the productive cycle, obtaining an environmental profit of approximately R$ 19 Million peryear. It was also made an assessment on how much is lost by not recycling, getting a cost value of R$ 16million. / El presente trabajo es una investigación presentada a modo de disertación para obtener el título de Maestro en Geografía. El estudio fue realizado en la ciudad de Pelotas - Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil, y está justificado por la reciente aprobación de la Ley n 12.305/2010, que constituye la Política Nacional de Residuos Sólidos. El tema principal se basa en la tentativa de medir los beneficios generados por el reciclaje de residuos sólidos secos en dicha ciudad. Para eso se utilizaron, como principal base teórica y metodológica, las premisas adoptadas en el libro Los resultados permiten decir que la ciudad - a través de la colecta selectiva pública, de los recolectores y los compradores de materiales reciclables - reinserta mensualmente entorno de 2,2 mil toneladas de material en el ciclo productivo, consiguiendo un beneficio ambiental expresado en un monto aproximado de R$ 19 millones/ano. También fue realizado un balance sobre cuanto se pierde al no reciclar los residuos, obteniendo un valor aproximado de R$ 16 millones/año.

This paper presents an analysis of data supplied by the US Green Buildings Council on the credits achieved by 117 LEED-certified commercial and institutional buildings. The paper quantifies several relationships, among others it explores the correlation between building energy performance, water consumption and the overall amount of points the projects has achieved. The paper also attempts to identify which credits are not usually selected by type of project, ownership, certification level and climate zone.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse Heropbouings Program (HOP) asook die Groei Indiensnemings- en Herverdelingsprogram(GEAR) het ‘n geweldige hoë standaard gestel vir die verskaffing van basiese dienste soos behuising en elektrifisëring vir almal. Die meer effektiewe gebruik van elektriese energie het die sosiale en politieke potensiaal om by te dra tot die sukses van GEAR ten opsigte van die geteikende lae inkomste gemeenskappe waar daar nie tans voldoende elektriese energie beskikbaar is nie. Hierdie studie dek ook die inisiatiewe ten opsigte van effektiewe elektriese energie waaroor die Suid-Afrikaanse regering in vennootskap met Eskom tans navorsing doen om te bepaal of daar enige ekonomiese waarde is, en/of die lae inkomste gemeenskappe deur die sogenoemde inisiatiewe bevoordeel kan word. Die studie sluit ook navorsing in om die bewustheid van die lae inkomste gemeenskappe ten opsigte van effektiewe elektriese energie te bepaal. Die studie kyk verder na verskeie ander voltooide studies ten opsigte van effektiewe energie in lae inkomste gemeenskappe. Alhoewel verskeie ander effektiewe energie programme wel hoë ekonomiese en omgewings voordele uit 'n sosiale oogpunt inhou, is dieselfde programme glad nie aantreklik vir die verbruikers nie. Vir hierdie feit is die regering se bemiddeling wel belangrik. Die uitslag van die studie ondersoek ook die verskillende beleidsopsies (nie in diepte nie) om die struikelblokke van effektiewe energie te oorkom, asook moontlike oplossings vir die regering om die verskille tussen wat goed is vir die gemeenskap, en wat goed is vir die elektriese industrie te oorbrug. Die studie toets ook die bewustheid van effektiewe energie onder die lae inkomste gemeenskappe en hul huidige deelname aan effektiewe energie programme. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa’s Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) as well as Growth Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) set ambitious goals for providing basic services to all, including housing and electrification. More efficient use of electrical energy has the potential to socially and politically support the goals of GEAR, particularly when it is targeted at low-income communities lacking adequate energy services. This study looks at electrical energy efficiency initiatives that the South African government has under taken on its own as well as in partnership with Eskom and to check if there is any economic value that the poor communities may benefit from these initiatives. The study will also check the awareness of poor communities of electrical energy efficiency. Various studies in the subject of energy efficiency in relation to the poor communities that have been done in the past will also be looked at in this study. While many energy efficiency programmes may have significant economic and environmental benefits from a social perspective, they may not be as attractive to utilities and consumers. That is why government intervention is important. As a result this study also examine (not in great depth) the policy options for overcoming the significant barriers to energy efficiency, and ways government can bridge the gap between what is good for society and what is good for the electricity industry. This study extends further on checking the awareness of energy efficiency by the poor communities and their current participation in the energy efficiency programmes.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-01T17:20:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ ADAILTON LIMA SILVA - TESE (PPGRN) 2017.pdf: 6315966 bytes, checksum: ca1d3dc8490aae77fa90c914695bb644 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-01T17:20:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ ADAILTON LIMA SILVA - TESE (PPGRN) 2017.pdf: 6315966 bytes, checksum: ca1d3dc8490aae77fa90c914695bb644 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Capes / As condições edafoclimáticas do semiárido brasileiro têm conduzido à escassez de água, a qual tem contribuído para que inúmeras famílias rurais consumam água de má qualidade que, por vezes, estão com elevados níveis de sais ou contaminadas por microrganismos patógenos. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar, de forma comparativa, como o uso de um condensador acoplado a um dessalinizador solar poderia aumentar a oferta de água potável às famílias rurais que convivem com a escassez hídrica, e com isso obter benefícios socioeconômicos e ambientais. Neste sentido, foram analisados alguns aspectos: i) potencial máximo e mínimo de obtenção de água em função da radiação solar e das temperaturas médias diárias; ii) evidenciar a eficiência do condensador extra na promoção de uma maior obtenção de água potável; iii) analisar o potencial de captação de águas de chuvas adquirido com o uso dos dessalinizadores solar, e investigar possíveis variações de produção de água em função da salinidade da água; iv) averiguar a qualidade/potabilidade das águas antes e depois dos processos de dessalinização e desinfecção com os dessalinizadores solar; e v) diagnosticar os benefícios socioeconômicos e ambientais advindos do uso de dessalinizadores solar no tratamento de águas. Com estas premissas, foi realizada, no Assentamento Olho D’água, município de Seridó-PB, no semiárido paraibano, uma pesquisa experimental e qualiquantitativa, tomando por base: fundamentos teóricos e documentais; visitas técnicas e observações in loco; levantamento de dados e realização de cálculos estatísticos; realização de pesquisas participativas junto às famílias rurais; além da realização de análises laboratoriais de amostras de águas. Com isso, pôde-se observar que: o grande potencial de energia solar disponível localmente torna possível o tratamento de águas salinas; o uso do condensador proporcionou um aumento médio de 42% na obtenção de água advinda do dessalinizador; os dessalinizadores solar mostraram-se eficientes na captação de água de chuva, o que contribuiu para aumentar a oferta de água; a salinidade é um fator que reduz a obtenção de água; e, por fim, os dessalinizadores solar possibilitaram inúmeros benefícios socioeconômicos e ambientais (baixo custo de implantação, fornece água de boa qualidade, contribuiu para a gestão e segurança hídrica, utiliza energia solar limpa e renovável, entre outros.). Assim, concluiu-se que o dessalinizador solar com condensador extra é uma tecnologia social e sustentável para a gestão dos recursos hídricos, isso porque o mesmo mostrou-se ser economicamente viável, socialmente justo/disseminável, e ambientalmente correto. / The soil and climatic conditions of the Brazilian semi-arid region have led to water scarcity, which has contributed to the fact that numerous rural families consume poor quality water that is sometimes high in salts or contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms.. The objective of this study was to evaluate, in a comparative way, how the use of an condenser coupled to a solar desalinator could increase the supply of drinking water to the rural families living with the water shortage, thus obtaining socioeconomic and environmental benefits. In this sense, some aspects were analyzed: i) maximum and minimum potential for obtaining water as a function of solar radiation and average daily temperatures; Ii) to demonstrate the efficiency of the extra condenser prototype in the promotion of a greater obtaining of drinking water; Iii) to analyze the rainwater harvesting potential acquired with the use of solar desalinators, and to investigate possible variations in water production as a function of water salinity; Iv) to check the quality / potability of the water before and after the desalination and disinfection processes with the solar desalinizers; And v) to diagnose the socioeconomic and environmental benefits derived from the use of solar desalinizers in water treatment. With these premises, an experimental and qualiquantitative research was carried out, in the Olho D'água settlement, in the city of Seridó-PB, in the semi-arid region of Paraíba, based on theoretical and documentary foundations; Technical visits and on-site observations; Data collection and statistical calculations; Conducting participatory research with rural families; In addition to performing laboratory analyzes of water samples. Thus, it could be observed that: the great potential of locally available solar energy makes it possible to treat salt water; The use of the extra condenser provided an average increase of 42% in obtaining water from the desalinator; The solar desalinators were efficient in the capture of rainwater, which contributed to increase the supply of water; The salinity is a factor that reduces the obtaining of water; And finally, solar desalinators have provided numerous socio-economic and environmental benefits (low cost of implementation, good quality water, contributed to water management and safety, uses clean and renewable solar energy, among others.). Thus, it was concluded that the solar desalinator with condenser is a social and sustainable technology for the management of water resources, because it has proved to be economically viable, socially fair / disseminable, and environmentally sound.

Since many years, the agro-technical programs such as '3 reduction 3 increase', '1 must 5 reduction' and System of Rice Intensification (SRI) have been carried out with definite results. Recently, IPM program (integrated pest management) – a more comprehensive measure (using all possible techniques and methods to keep the pest populations below a level causing economic injury) – has been firstly piloted on a large scale in the Mekong Delta. This paper presents the main results of piloting IPM program in 2,610 hectares during 2014-2017 in Hau Giang province. As results, farmers have better economic benefit in production; the quality of rice has been gradually improved and can overcome the technical barriers of advanced countries in rice trade such as US, EU and Japan. In addition, the environmental and ecological consequences can be avoided due to overuse of fertilizer and pesticide. Field ecosystems will be gradually restored. / Từ nhiều năm nay những chương trình kỹ thuật nông nghiệp như '3 giảm 3 tăng', '1 phải 5 giảm' và hệ thống canh tác lúa cải tiến (SRI) đã được áp dụng và đã có những kết quả nhất định. Còn chương trình quản lý dịch hại tổng hợp IPM - một biện pháp tổng hợp và tích cực hơn (sử dụng tất cả các kỹ thuật và biện pháp thích hợp có thể được, nhằm duy trì mật độ của các loài gây hại dưới mức gây ra những thiệt hại kinh tế) – được thực nghiệm đầu tiên trên diện rộng ở Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long. Bài báo này trình bày những kết quả chính trong thử nghiệm ở 2.610 ha lúa trong thời gian 2014-2017 ở ở tỉnh Hậu giang. Kết quả là quản lý dịch hại ở ngưỡng cho phép, người nông dân có lợi hơn về kinh tế trong sản xuất, chất lượng gạo từng bước được cải thiện và có khả năng vượt qua các hàng rào kỹ thuật trong thương mại lúa gạo của các nước tiên tiến như USA, châu Âu, Nhật Bản. Ngoài ra tránh được hệ quả về môi trường sinh thái do sử dụng quá mức phân bón hóa học và ô nhiễm do thuốc bảo vệ thực vật và hệ sinh thái đồng ruộng dần được phục hồi.

<p>Denna rapport är resultatet av ett examensarbete utfört vid Institutionen för industriell och ekonomisk utveckling vid Linköpings universitet på uppdrag av konsultbolaget Sustainia AB. Lean produktion, ofta benämnt Lean, har det senaste decenniet blivit en allt mer attraktiv produktionsfilosofi för att minska kostnader och öka kundnöjdhet genom förbättrad leveransservice och effektivare flöde. Ett flertal författare har påpekat att införandet av Lean direkt kan förbättra ett företags miljöprestanda, främst till följd av det minskade slöseri som Lean avser ge upphov till. Vidare finns studier som visar att vissa möjligheter till förbättringar och kostnadsbesparingar riskerar att gå oupptäckta om verksamheten ses ur ett strikt Lean-perspektiv. Med ett miljösynsätt finns dock chans att dessa blir upptäckta. Detta indikerar att såväl kostnads- som miljömässiga fördelar kan nås genom en integration av arbetet med Lean och miljöaspekter.</p><p>Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att undersöka hur ett företags arbete med Lean respektive miljöaspekter påverkar varandra för att ta reda på om och hur väl de båda arbetssätten skulle kunna fungera tillsammans. Om det visade sig att en integration av Lean och miljö vore möjlig och fördelaktig ur affärsmässig synvinkel skulle sedermera ett förslag tas fram på hur en sådan modell skulle kunna se ut. Arbetets syfte har uppfyllts genom en kombination av litteraturstudier och intervjuer. Fyra svenska företag som arbetar enligt Lean och även har ett uttalat aktivt miljöarbete intervjuades gällande sitt sätt att arbeta med Lean och miljöfrågor samt hur de såg på en eventuell integration av de två arbetssätten.</p><p>Utifrån resultaten från litteratur- och intervjustudien kan konstateras att flera av grundtankarna inom såväl Lean som miljöarbete stöder varandra. Inom båda arbetssätten ses kontinuerliga förbättringar och eliminering av slöseri som viktiga inslag, och båda främjar en organisationskultur där personalen uppmuntras att lösa problem och förbättra företagets prestation. Vissa enskilda verktyg inom Lean riskerar emellertid att ha en negativ inverkan på företagets miljöprestanda, något som i många fall dock kan avhjälpas genom god planering.</p><p>Till ett företags miljöarbete kan Lean bidra med ett proaktivt förhållningssätt och strukturerat arbetssätt och därmed få organisationen att arbeta mer förebyggande och långsiktigt med miljöfrågor. De intervjuade företagen ansåg att Lean generellt hade en positiv inverkan på deras miljöarbete, även om de inte hade gjort någon utvärdering av hur arbetet med Lean påverkat deras miljönyckeltal. De kvantitativa data som erhölls från litteraturstudien pekade på att arbete med Lean kan leda till en direkt minskning av företagets miljöpåverkan inom flera områden. Med utgångspunkt i dessa kvantitativa och kvalitativa data anser författarna således att det finns starka och tydliga tecken som visar på att Lean kan ha en positiv inverkan på miljörelaterade nyckeltal. Ett aktivt miljöarbete kan å sin sida bidra till arbetet med Lean genom att besparingsmöjligheter, som annars skulle riskerat att förbli oupptäckta, uppdagas.</p><p>Studien visade vidare att det inte bara är möjligt att integrera arbete med Lean och miljö, utan att en sådan integration dessutom har potential att vara fördelaktigt ur såväl ett ekonomiskt som ett miljömässigt perspektiv. En integrering kan minska risken för suboptimeringar, och synergieffekter kan erhållas som innebär att större framgångar kan uppnås än vad som skulle ha varit möjligt om arbetet med Lean och miljö hade bedrivits isolerat. Med vetskapen om att en integration är möjlig och har potential att vara fördelaktig ur företagsekonomisk och miljömässig synvinkel utarbetade författarna en modell för hur Lean och miljöarbete kan bedrivas integrerat. I samråd med Sustainia AB bestämdes att denna modell skulle kallas Green Lean, vilket således åsyftar en miljöanpassad, ”grön” form av Lean.</p> / <p>This report is the result of a master thesis written at the Department of Management and Engineering at Linköping University commissioned by the consultancy firm Sustainia AB.</p><p>Lean production, also known as Lean, has during the last decade increasingly become a more attractive production philosophy for decreasing costs and increasing customer satisfaction by improving customer service and obtaining more efficient production flows. Several authors have pointed out that Lean has the potential to directly improve the environmental performance of a company, mostly by decreasing waste generation. Further, there are studies showing that some possibilities for improvement and cost savings risk not being discovered if the operations are seen strictly from a Lean perspective. When an environmental perspective is included there is a chance that these improvements and cost savings are discovered. This indicates that both environmental and cost related advantages might be achieved by integrating the Lean approach with that of the environment.</p><p>The purpose of this master thesis was to investigate how the work with Lean and environmental aspects affect one another. If applying the two principles together was shown to be both possible and beneficial from a business point of view, the authors would propose how these two concepts could be integrated into a single model. A combination of literature studies and interviews were used to fulfill the purpose. Four Swedish enterprises, which work according to the Lean principles and also have an active environmental profile, were interviewed about their way of working with the two approaches, as well their views on an integration of these.</p><p>From the findings in this study the authors concluded that several of the fundamental concepts concerning Lean and environmental aspects support each other. Within both, continuous improvements and waste elimination are seen as important components, and they both support an organisational culture where the personnel are encouraged to solve problems and improve the performance of the company. Conversely the authors found that there is a risk that certain of the Lean tools risk having a negative influence on the company’s environmental performance. However, in many cases this can be avoided by proactive planning.</p><p>Lean can contribute to a company’s environmental work by its proactive approach, structured way of operating and long-term way of thinking. In general the interviewed companies regarded Lean as having a positive influence on their environmental work, even though none of them had carried out an evaluation on how their work with Lean affected their environmental key performance indicators. The quantitative data obtained from the literature study indicates that Lean can lead to a direct decrease of a company’s environmental impact within several areas. As a result of these qualitative and quantitative data the authors of this thesis have found clear indications showing that Lean might have a positive impact on environmental key performance indicators. An active environmental work can also contribute to the work with Lean. Potential cost saving, which might not have been discovered with the Lean perspective, can be revealed when the organisation is studied from an environmental point of view.</p><p>The study further showed that it not only is possible to integrate Lean and environmental work, but that it also has potential to be beneficial from both a business and an environmental standpoint. An integration of Lean and environmental issues can reduce the risk of sub optimisations, and synergies can be achieved, meaning that the two systems can accomplish more together than they would in isolation. With this knowledge, the authors composed a model for how Lean and environmental work can be practised and integrated. In consultation with Sustainia AB it was decided that this model should be called Green Lean, which hence refers to an environmentally favourable, “green”, version of Lean.</p>

Denna rapport är resultatet av ett examensarbete utfört vid Institutionen för industriell och ekonomisk utveckling vid Linköpings universitet på uppdrag av konsultbolaget Sustainia AB. Lean produktion, ofta benämnt Lean, har det senaste decenniet blivit en allt mer attraktiv produktionsfilosofi för att minska kostnader och öka kundnöjdhet genom förbättrad leveransservice och effektivare flöde. Ett flertal författare har påpekat att införandet av Lean direkt kan förbättra ett företags miljöprestanda, främst till följd av det minskade slöseri som Lean avser ge upphov till. Vidare finns studier som visar att vissa möjligheter till förbättringar och kostnadsbesparingar riskerar att gå oupptäckta om verksamheten ses ur ett strikt Lean-perspektiv. Med ett miljösynsätt finns dock chans att dessa blir upptäckta. Detta indikerar att såväl kostnads- som miljömässiga fördelar kan nås genom en integration av arbetet med Lean och miljöaspekter. Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att undersöka hur ett företags arbete med Lean respektive miljöaspekter påverkar varandra för att ta reda på om och hur väl de båda arbetssätten skulle kunna fungera tillsammans. Om det visade sig att en integration av Lean och miljö vore möjlig och fördelaktig ur affärsmässig synvinkel skulle sedermera ett förslag tas fram på hur en sådan modell skulle kunna se ut. Arbetets syfte har uppfyllts genom en kombination av litteraturstudier och intervjuer. Fyra svenska företag som arbetar enligt Lean och även har ett uttalat aktivt miljöarbete intervjuades gällande sitt sätt att arbeta med Lean och miljöfrågor samt hur de såg på en eventuell integration av de två arbetssätten. Utifrån resultaten från litteratur- och intervjustudien kan konstateras att flera av grundtankarna inom såväl Lean som miljöarbete stöder varandra. Inom båda arbetssätten ses kontinuerliga förbättringar och eliminering av slöseri som viktiga inslag, och båda främjar en organisationskultur där personalen uppmuntras att lösa problem och förbättra företagets prestation. Vissa enskilda verktyg inom Lean riskerar emellertid att ha en negativ inverkan på företagets miljöprestanda, något som i många fall dock kan avhjälpas genom god planering. Till ett företags miljöarbete kan Lean bidra med ett proaktivt förhållningssätt och strukturerat arbetssätt och därmed få organisationen att arbeta mer förebyggande och långsiktigt med miljöfrågor. De intervjuade företagen ansåg att Lean generellt hade en positiv inverkan på deras miljöarbete, även om de inte hade gjort någon utvärdering av hur arbetet med Lean påverkat deras miljönyckeltal. De kvantitativa data som erhölls från litteraturstudien pekade på att arbete med Lean kan leda till en direkt minskning av företagets miljöpåverkan inom flera områden. Med utgångspunkt i dessa kvantitativa och kvalitativa data anser författarna således att det finns starka och tydliga tecken som visar på att Lean kan ha en positiv inverkan på miljörelaterade nyckeltal. Ett aktivt miljöarbete kan å sin sida bidra till arbetet med Lean genom att besparingsmöjligheter, som annars skulle riskerat att förbli oupptäckta, uppdagas. Studien visade vidare att det inte bara är möjligt att integrera arbete med Lean och miljö, utan att en sådan integration dessutom har potential att vara fördelaktigt ur såväl ett ekonomiskt som ett miljömässigt perspektiv. En integrering kan minska risken för suboptimeringar, och synergieffekter kan erhållas som innebär att större framgångar kan uppnås än vad som skulle ha varit möjligt om arbetet med Lean och miljö hade bedrivits isolerat. Med vetskapen om att en integration är möjlig och har potential att vara fördelaktig ur företagsekonomisk och miljömässig synvinkel utarbetade författarna en modell för hur Lean och miljöarbete kan bedrivas integrerat. I samråd med Sustainia AB bestämdes att denna modell skulle kallas Green Lean, vilket således åsyftar en miljöanpassad, ”grön” form av Lean. / This report is the result of a master thesis written at the Department of Management and Engineering at Linköping University commissioned by the consultancy firm Sustainia AB. Lean production, also known as Lean, has during the last decade increasingly become a more attractive production philosophy for decreasing costs and increasing customer satisfaction by improving customer service and obtaining more efficient production flows. Several authors have pointed out that Lean has the potential to directly improve the environmental performance of a company, mostly by decreasing waste generation. Further, there are studies showing that some possibilities for improvement and cost savings risk not being discovered if the operations are seen strictly from a Lean perspective. When an environmental perspective is included there is a chance that these improvements and cost savings are discovered. This indicates that both environmental and cost related advantages might be achieved by integrating the Lean approach with that of the environment. The purpose of this master thesis was to investigate how the work with Lean and environmental aspects affect one another. If applying the two principles together was shown to be both possible and beneficial from a business point of view, the authors would propose how these two concepts could be integrated into a single model. A combination of literature studies and interviews were used to fulfill the purpose. Four Swedish enterprises, which work according to the Lean principles and also have an active environmental profile, were interviewed about their way of working with the two approaches, as well their views on an integration of these. From the findings in this study the authors concluded that several of the fundamental concepts concerning Lean and environmental aspects support each other. Within both, continuous improvements and waste elimination are seen as important components, and they both support an organisational culture where the personnel are encouraged to solve problems and improve the performance of the company. Conversely the authors found that there is a risk that certain of the Lean tools risk having a negative influence on the company’s environmental performance. However, in many cases this can be avoided by proactive planning. Lean can contribute to a company’s environmental work by its proactive approach, structured way of operating and long-term way of thinking. In general the interviewed companies regarded Lean as having a positive influence on their environmental work, even though none of them had carried out an evaluation on how their work with Lean affected their environmental key performance indicators. The quantitative data obtained from the literature study indicates that Lean can lead to a direct decrease of a company’s environmental impact within several areas. As a result of these qualitative and quantitative data the authors of this thesis have found clear indications showing that Lean might have a positive impact on environmental key performance indicators. An active environmental work can also contribute to the work with Lean. Potential cost saving, which might not have been discovered with the Lean perspective, can be revealed when the organisation is studied from an environmental point of view. The study further showed that it not only is possible to integrate Lean and environmental work, but that it also has potential to be beneficial from both a business and an environmental standpoint. An integration of Lean and environmental issues can reduce the risk of sub optimisations, and synergies can be achieved, meaning that the two systems can accomplish more together than they would in isolation. With this knowledge, the authors composed a model for how Lean and environmental work can be practised and integrated. In consultation with Sustainia AB it was decided that this model should be called Green Lean, which hence refers to an environmentally favourable, “green”, version of Lean.