Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anderson Murilo de Lima.pdf: 12323263 bytes, checksum: 5fd9c1cff26eeaa3198e34ee5e7848fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / This research approached directly the issue of environmental planning as a tool management applied to family agriculture in the settlement of São Bento III, located in Mirante do Paranapanema in São Paulo state and its implications. This topic is relevant to the new agricultural context which sustainable methods of production respect the laws of nature, this work also involves the relationship between agricultural production and environmental consequences, such as the promotion of sustainable local development, increased levels of income, better health quality and human welfare, it means to give a boost to the quality of life. This work was conducted according to qualitative approach. In order to collect our data, we used the systematic observation technique. Our survey consisted of a semi-open questionnaire and it was used with twenty settled producers in order to trace their social, economical and cultural profile. Besides this, we planned to understand the environment and the application of environmental planning in agricultural activity as a management tool. The results showed us that there are faults in the implementation of public policies to support the producer in relation to environmental issues and it was found that the environmental planning is little used by settled producers. The fieldwork demonstrated that there weren t actions to promote the environmental education as well as the environment protection and the management of the waste from agricultural activities, as proved by 16 (80%) producers who do not know what environmental planning is. It means that we didn t identify structured methodologies of environmental planning used by settled producers. We also find out that there is any kind of support related to environmental planning developed by governmental agencies, leaving it to the producer worldview who uses it through their life experience and resulting from their activities and practices from day by day. It was also observed that within their conditions and available resources, settled producers create by themselves small practical solutions that promote the reduction of environmental impacts and maximize natural resources. / Este trabalho de pesquisa abordou de forma direta a questão do planejamento ambiental como ferramenta de gestão aplicada à agropecuária na agricultura familiar no assentamento São Bento III, localizado no município de Mirante do Paranapanema - SP, e suas implicações. Este tema tem relevância para o novo contexto agropecuário dos modos de produção sustentável onde se respeita as leis da natureza, abordando a relação produção agropecuária x meio ambiente e suas consequências, como a promoção do desenvolvimento local sustentável, melhores níveis de renda, o incremento da saúde, o bem estar humano, ou seja, aumentando e melhorando a qualidade de vida. O trabalho de pesquisa foi desenvolvido através das pesquisas: bibliográfica e investigação qualitativa. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizada a técnica de observação sistemática. Foi aplicado no trabalho de campo questionário tipo semiaberto com 20 produtores assentados selecionados com objetivo de traçar o perfil sócio-econômico-cultural, de meio ambiente e a aplicação do planejamento ambiental na atividade agropecuária como ferramenta de gestão. Os resultados demonstraram que há falhas na aplicação das políticas públicas de apoio ao produtor em relação às questões ambientais e foi verificado que o planejamento ambiental é pouco utilizado pelos produtores assentados, conforme demonstrado nos resultados do trabalho de campo uma vez que foi identificado que não foram promovidas ações para a educação ambiental, preservação do meio ambiente ou a gestão dos resíduos oriundos das atividades agropecuárias, comprovado pelos 16 (80%) produtores que não sabem o que é o planejamento ambiental. Ou seja, praticamente não foram identificadas metodologias estruturadas de planejamento ambiental por parte do produtor assentado. Também, não há tratamento de suporte a questão do Planejamento Ambiental no assentamento por órgãos governamentais, ficando a cargo da visão de mundo do produtor através de sua experiência de vida, sobre a prática por parte dele, dos impactos ambientais advindos das atividades de seu dia a dia, seja para as questões ambientais ou das atividades agropecuárias. Também observou-se que dentro de suas condições e recursos disponíveis, ele próprio cria pequenas soluções práticas que promovem a diminuição dos impactos ambientais e maximização dos recursos naturais.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:46:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mayara Pissutti Albano.pdf: 4404098 bytes, checksum: 962913086532b8e71f1f1b50dcc2d129 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-21 / The constant urbanization process in Brazil generates cities wanting infrastructure, dignified housing and public services, showing serious social and spacial segragation. The lack of public policies for housing and execution of adequate housing complexes create cities with illegal areas and uncontrolled expansion. At the same time, the neglect towards environmental legislation when planning social housing is bringing forth problems to its residents, as well as for the natural environment; in other words, the approval and implantation of complexes without the proper environmental analysis reinforces inadequate spaces and/or strongly impactful in the natural and built environments, reinforcing situations of segregation and degradation of the environment. In Presidente Prudente, many housing enterprises of social interest were implanted without adequate study or concern with the local environmental questions, as well as with legislation of land subdivision. Regarding this issues, this reasearch aims to contribute to a critical analysis about the production of social housing, verifying characteristics of implantation of social housing enterprises, its localization in the urban structure, the natural environment whre it was executed, the legal questions for approval in the competent agency of environmental licensing, among other relevant aspects. The object of study of this dissertation is focused in the Residencial Maré Mansa, executed in the city of Presidente Prudente by the private sector, in 1998. The methodology that is proposed to be followed is based in theoretical deepening on the mentioned aspects, research on the process of urban evolution of Presidente Prudente s design, legal aspects on social housing and environmental analysis, evidence base of approval in the competent agencies, social, environmental and physical characterization of the enterprise that was studied, and field research. It is aimed, then, to verify in a solid way the characteristics of the analyzed housing complex proving the lack of environmental control in the execution oof social house in the city. / O constante processo de urbanização no Brasil gera cidades carentes de infraestrutura, de habitação digna e serviços públicos, provocando séria segregação socioespacial. A falta de políticas públicas de habitação e de execução de conjuntos habitacionais adequados colaboram com o aumento de áreas ilegais e expansão descontrolada. Ao mesmo tempo, o descaso com a legislação ambiental na produção de habitação social tem gerado problemas aos seus moradores, assim como para o próprio ambiente natural; ou seja, a aprovação e a implantação de conjuntos sem a correta análise ambiental reforça espaços inadequados e/ou fortemente impactantes no ambiente natural e construído, reforçando situações de segregação e degradação do ambiente. Em Presidente Prudente, muitos empreendimentos de habitação de interesse social foram implantados sem um adequado estudo ou preocupação com as questões ambientais locais, assim como com a legislação de parcelamento do solo. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa busca contribuir para uma análise crítica sobre a produção de habitação social, verificando características de implantação de empreendimento de habitação popular, sua localização na estrutura urbana, o ambiente natural onde foi executado, as questões legais de aprovação em órgãos competentes de licenciamento ambiental, entre outros aspectos que se perceba relevantes. Como objeto de estudo desta dissertação foca-se no Residencial Maré Mansa, implantado na cidade de Presidente Prudente por meio de iniciativa privada, em 1998. A metodologia utilizada se baseou em aprofundamento teórico sobre os aspectos tratados, levantamentos sobre o processo de evolução da malha urbana de Presidente Prudente, aspectos legais voltados à habitação social e à análise ambiental, base documental de aprovação nos órgãos competentes, caracterização física, social e ambiental do empreendimento estudado, e levantamentos de campo. Busca-se, assim, verificar de forma sólida as características do conjunto habitacional analisado comprovando a carência de controle ambiental na produção da habitação social na cidade

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:46:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anderson Murilo de Lima.pdf: 12323263 bytes, checksum: 5fd9c1cff26eeaa3198e34ee5e7848fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / This research approached directly the issue of environmental planning as a tool management applied to family agriculture in the settlement of São Bento III, located in Mirante do Paranapanema in São Paulo state and its implications. This topic is relevant to the new agricultural context which sustainable methods of production respect the laws of nature, this work also involves the relationship between agricultural production and environmental consequences, such as the promotion of sustainable local development, increased levels of income, better health quality and human welfare, it means to give a boost to the quality of life. This work was conducted according to qualitative approach. In order to collect our data, we used the systematic observation technique. Our survey consisted of a semi-open questionnaire and it was used with twenty settled producers in order to trace their social, economical and cultural profile. Besides this, we planned to understand the environment and the application of environmental planning in agricultural activity as a management tool. The results showed us that there are faults in the implementation of public policies to support the producer in relation to environmental issues and it was found that the environmental planning is little used by settled producers. The fieldwork demonstrated that there weren t actions to promote the environmental education as well as the environment protection and the management of the waste from agricultural activities, as proved by 16 (80%) producers who do not know what environmental planning is. It means that we didn t identify structured methodologies of environmental planning used by settled producers. We also find out that there is any kind of support related to environmental planning developed by governmental agencies, leaving it to the producer worldview who uses it through their life experience and resulting from their activities and practices from day by day. It was also observed that within their conditions and available resources, settled producers create by themselves small practical solutions that promote the reduction of environmental impacts and maximize natural resources. / Este trabalho de pesquisa abordou de forma direta a questão do planejamento ambiental como ferramenta de gestão aplicada à agropecuária na agricultura familiar no assentamento São Bento III, localizado no município de Mirante do Paranapanema - SP, e suas implicações. Este tema tem relevância para o novo contexto agropecuário dos modos de produção sustentável onde se respeita as leis da natureza, abordando a relação produção agropecuária x meio ambiente e suas consequências, como a promoção do desenvolvimento local sustentável, melhores níveis de renda, o incremento da saúde, o bem estar humano, ou seja, aumentando e melhorando a qualidade de vida. O trabalho de pesquisa foi desenvolvido através das pesquisas: bibliográfica e investigação qualitativa. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizada a técnica de observação sistemática. Foi aplicado no trabalho de campo questionário tipo semiaberto com 20 produtores assentados selecionados com objetivo de traçar o perfil sócio-econômico-cultural, de meio ambiente e a aplicação do planejamento ambiental na atividade agropecuária como ferramenta de gestão. Os resultados demonstraram que há falhas na aplicação das políticas públicas de apoio ao produtor em relação às questões ambientais e foi verificado que o planejamento ambiental é pouco utilizado pelos produtores assentados, conforme demonstrado nos resultados do trabalho de campo uma vez que foi identificado que não foram promovidas ações para a educação ambiental, preservação do meio ambiente ou a gestão dos resíduos oriundos das atividades agropecuárias, comprovado pelos 16 (80%) produtores que não sabem o que é o planejamento ambiental. Ou seja, praticamente não foram identificadas metodologias estruturadas de planejamento ambiental por parte do produtor assentado. Também, não há tratamento de suporte a questão do Planejamento Ambiental no assentamento por órgãos governamentais, ficando a cargo da visão de mundo do produtor através de sua experiência de vida, sobre a prática por parte dele, dos impactos ambientais advindos das atividades de seu dia a dia, seja para as questões ambientais ou das atividades agropecuárias. Também observou-se que dentro de suas condições e recursos disponíveis, ele próprio cria pequenas soluções práticas que promovem a diminuição dos impactos ambientais e maximização dos recursos naturais.

Este trabalho propõe um estudo sobre o processo histórico de uso e ocupação do solo na Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), em Belém, estado do Pará, no Brasil, desde sua construção, em 1957, até os dias atuais. Trata-se da análise das áreas verdes presente no Campus do Guamá a fim de identificá-las e caracterizá-las a partir dos preceitos da biologia em consonância com outras áreas de conhecimento. Servindo, entre outros, como um instrumento informativo para a mobilização social ou para fomentar ações por parte dos gestores responsáveis, pois o estudo desenvolve o conhecimento acerca do planejamento e da gestão territorial, em especial da escala local de uma área notoriamente importante, na Amazônia. Para isso foi realizado a pesquisa bibliográfica, a coleta de documentos e de material iconográfico, além da comunicação pessoal, durante o trabalho de campo. Foi identificado que as principais áreas verdes concentram-se nos bosques denominados: Paul Ledoux, Adolph Duck, Benito Calzavara e Camillo Vianna, nas margens dos igarapés Tucunduba e Sapucajuba, que atravessam a UFPA, onde foram encontradas espécies vegetais de reconhecido valor econômico como: o mogno (Swietenia macrophylla) e a castanheira-do-pará (Bertholletia excelsa). O estudo indica que o estado de conservação do Campus do Guamá encontra-se vulnerável, apesar da legislação vigente, do conhecimento e tecnologia gerados pela própria Universidade e do interesse global sobre a região amazônica, requerendo plano de gestão patrimonial comprometida com o paradigma da sustentabilidade. / This paper proposes a study on the historical process of land use and occupation of the Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, state of Pará, Brazil, since its construction in 1957 until the present day. This is the analysis of existing green areas in Guamá Campus in order to identify them and characterize them from the precepts of biology in line with other areas of knowledge. Serving, among other purposes, as an informative tool for social mobilization or to promote actions by the responsible managers, for the study develops the knowledge of planning and land management, particularly the local scale of a notoriously important area in Amazon. For this, literature review was conducted, documents and iconography materials were collected, and also there was personal communication, during the fieldwork. It was identified that the main green areas are concentrated in the woods named: Paul Ledoux, Adolph Duck, Benito Calzavara and Camilo Vianna, on the banks of the creeks Tucunduba and Sapucajuba, that crosses the UFPA, where species of recognized economic value as mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) and Pará chestnut (Bertholletia excelsa) were discovered. The study indicates that the conservation status of the Guamá Campus is found to be vulnerable, despite the existing legislation, knowledge and technology generated by the University itself and the global concern about the Amazon region, requiring assets management plans committed to the sustainability paradigm.

O Pantanal, área de estudo do presente trabalho, se encontra em bom estado de conservação e abriga uma biodiversidade intrinsecamente relacionada com sua dinâmica local, principalmente com o pulso de inundação. Seus atributos naturais revelam um cenário propício para o desenvolvimento da atividade turística, que vem crescendo desde a década de 90, apoiada no discurso de compatibilizar o crescimento econômico com a conservação ambiental. Porém, esta prática pode representar uma séria ameaça devido à transformação do meio natural e ao estabelecimento de infraestrutura em locais selvagens. Neste sentido a pesquisa estabelece uma análise das dinâmicas territoriais influenciadas pelo turismo em quatro municípios pantaneiros: Aquidauana, Corumbá, Poconé e Cáceres. Foram levantadas as principais características destes locais, estudadas suas áreas urbanas e periurbanas, e identificados os usos do complexo pantaneiro pelo setor turístico. Os principais impactos ambientais ocasionados pelo turismo também foram analisados, além dos instrumentos de planejamento capazes de minimizar tais impactos e as políticas públicas que se relacionam com a temática. O estudo destes instrumentos e das políticas - analisadas em âmbito mundial, federal, estadual e municipal demonstrou necessidade de que a questão seja tratada em escala regional. Isto significa condicionar as ações individuais dos municípios e fortalecer decisões que considerem todo o complexo pantaneiro, e não apenas as que beneficiam os limites administrativos estabelecidos sem uma lógica natural. Caso tais condições estejam contempladas, o turismo poderá ser um aliado na conservação do Pantanal, pois depende do bom estado de seu meio natural para atrair os visitantes. / Pantanal wetland, study area of the present work, is in a good state of conservation and has a biodiversity strictly related to its local dynamic, especially due to the flood pulse. The natural attributes reveal a favorable scenario for the development of tourism activity, which has been growing since 90s. Though, this practice may represent a serious threat due to the changes in the natural environment and to the establishment of infrastructure in wild locations. In this way, this research has established an analysis of the territorial dynamics influenced by the tourism in four municipalities of Pantanal: Aquidauana, Corumbá, Poconé and Cáceres. The main characteristics of these municipalities were identified, also the urban and periurban areas of each municipality were studied and the uses of Pantanal by the tourism sector were identified. The main environmental impacts were analyzed, besides the planning instruments capable to diminish these impacts and the policies that are related to the theme. The study of the instruments and policies analyzed in global, federal, state and municipality scales has shown a strong necessity that this issue be addressed in regional scale. In the meaning of constrain the individual actions of municipalities and, in the other hand, to strength the decisions that consider the whole Pantanal wetland and not only those that benefit the administrative boundaries without a natural logic. In case of consideration of these conditions, the tourism could be an allied for the Pantanals conservation, as this activity depends on a good state of the natural environment to the attraction of tourists.

Ecosystem services (ES) are highly important for the municipalities to work with since their function as decision-making authority decides about the exploitation of the commune. The degrading of biodiversity is at its highest speed and the ecosystems and the services they provide is at stake. The EU and the Swedish government have therefore decided on goals for ES which affect the municipalities. The purpose of this study is to investigate how Swedish municipalities are working with ES, focusing on the environmental planning, and whether there is a difference between larger and smaller municipalities. A survey was sent to all municipalities in Sweden and 135 of them participated. Comparison was done between three groups depending on population size. The results show that despite all the goals, guidelines and methods that exist, something is missing. Only half of them uses the guidelines and methods, and more than half of them says that knowledge partially is missing among them. There is a difference in this integration and knowledge when comparing large municipalities to smaller ones, which can be explained by lack of expertise, budget and time, but also lack of exploration in smaller municipalities. To achieve the goals and improve the work with ES, simple, user- friendly guidelines and methods is requested but also a widespread knowledge in the whole management. One big reason why not all municipalities are working with this is lack of legislation.

ABSTRACT Planning for Sustainable Development - Dilemmas for local authority planners This thesis for the degree of licentiate in regional planning at the Royal Institute for Technol-ogy is a study of certain aspects of the profession of comprehensive planners in Sweden. The empirical background of the thesis is an interview study of 15 Swedish local authority plan-ners noted for their professional commitment in working for a more sustainable society. The aim of the thesis is to identify, describe, analyse and evaluate planners’ experiences in using comprehensive planning as an arena for a more sustainable development in society, with new democratic forums. The thesis focuses on how the planners consider and manage the prob-lems they encounter. The empirical findings are based on in semi-structured interviews and have been analysed qualitatively. The findings are construed from theories and conceptions of global justice, ecological modernism, communicative planning, power and the reflective practitioner. An analysis of the planner’s experience as a problematisation in an actor-structure per-spective is the main result. The problems are formulated in four dilemmas frequently con-fronted by the planners in their daily work, as follows. Ecological, economic or social sustainability? The interviewed planners seem to feel deeply for the ecological aspects of their work, which they connect more with urban and regional planning than with economic and social issues. Despite this lesser involvement in social issues, they have experience from methods of citizen participation. Long- or short-term planning, comprehensiveness or components? The planners find it difficult to combine the long-term perspective in comprehensive planning and sustainable development with the short-term decisions of economic planning. The con-version to a more sustainable society is not compatible with the long-lasting physical struc-tures. Top-down or bottom-up perspective? The planners strive to use top-down methods, but at the local authority level there are strong traditions of rational methods for planning and decision-making. The interviewed subjects were disappointed in the weak citizen interest in comprehensive planning. The planner as an expert, co-ordinator or facilitator? Local authority planners are often engaged as experts, co-ordinators and facilitators all at the same time, in the same process of planning. Problems occur in how other actors trust the planners when they change from role to role. / Licentiatavhandlingen vid Institutionen för Infrastruktur och samhällsplanering vid Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan är en professionsstudie av svenska översiktsplanerare. Avhandlingen grundar sig empiriskt på en intervjustudie av femton planerare för kommunala översiktsplaner, som utmärkt sig som föregångare i planering med inriktning på hållbar utveckling. Syftet med avhandlingen är att identifiera, beskriva, analysera och tolka planerares erfarenheter med att utnyttja översiktsplanering, med nya demokratiska former, som ”verktyg” för en mer hållbar utveckling i samhället. Avhandlingen fokuserar på hur planerarna uppfattar och hanterar de problem de upplever i sitt vardagliga professionella arbete. Det empiriska resultatet baseras på kvalitativa halv-strukturerade intervjuer, som har analyserats abduktivt. Resultatet är tolkat utifrån teorier och begrepp om global rättvisa, ekologisk modernism, kommunikativ planering samt teorier om makt och erfarenhetskunskap. Planerarnas erfarenheter har analyserats och problematiserats ur ett aktörs-struktur perspektiv. Huvudresultatet är formulerat i form av fyra dilemman som planerarna ofta upplever i sitt vardagliga arbete. Dilemman uppstår i en situation där det finns flera möjliga handlingsvägar, men där det uppstår nya problem oavsett vilken väg som väljs. Ekologisk, ekonomisk eller social hållbarhet? De intervjuade planerarna tycks betona de ekologiska aspekterna i sitt arbete, som de uppfattar har närmare anknytning till fysisk planering and de ekonomiska och sociala frågorna. Trots detta är de mycket engagerade i sociala frågor och har erfarenheter av metoder med medborgarinflytande. Lång- eller kortsiktig planering, helhet eller delar? Planerarna ser svårigheter i att kombinera ett långsiktigt perspektiv i översiktlig planering och hållbar utveckling, med genomförandeinriktade ofta kortsiktiga beslut. Omställningen till ett samhälle med hållbar inriktning är dessutom komplicerad då de fysiska strukturernas har en sådan lång livslängd. Perspektiv uppifrån eller underifrån? Planerarna strävar efter att utveckla planeringsmetoder med underifrånperspektiv, men på förvaltningsnivån finns starka traditioner med rationella metoder för planering och beslutsfattande. Intervjupersonerna är besvikna över medborgarnas svaga intresse för långsiktig översiktlig planering. Planeraren som expert, koordinator eller processtödjare? Kommunala planerare är ofta engagerade som experter, koordinatörer och processtödjare på samma gång och i samma process. Problem kan då uppstå med övriga aktörers förtroende för planerarna när de byter mellan skilda roller under processens gång. Planerare, Översiktlig planering, Hållbar utveckling, Miljöplanering, Kommunikativ planering, Erfarenhetskunskap, Reflekterande praktiker / <p>Rapporten är tryct i KTH's TRITA-serie, kan beställas från KTH jose@infra.kth.se</p>

[pt] A dissertação intitulada a gestão do saneamento e o caminho da sustentabilidade: o caso da Bacia Hidrográfica Guapi-Macacu - RJ (BHGM) apresenta a necessidade de coordenação de ações na busca do atendimento dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS), principalmente o ODS 6, articulada com as políticas públicas e as expectativas quanto ao modelo de saneamento adotado no Brasil, estruturado pelo Novo Marco do Saneamento e pelos leilões. Considerando a regionalização proposta e as perspectivas para a Bacia Hidrográfica Guapi-Macacu que atende cerca de 2,5 milhões de pessoas na porção leste fluminense, o presente trabalho trata a necessidade de avanço no saneamento, a gestão e o monitoramento a partir dos indicadores de sustentabilidade, avaliar os modelos de concessão aplicados e propostos no Rio de Janeiro pelo leilão de concessão. Com o intuito de compreender as experiências e as particularidades da área de estudo, o trabalho apresenta o contexto socioambiental da BHGM e os reflexos no Sistema Imunana-Laranjal, a experiência francesa e alemã de privatização e posterior reestatização, o caso da cidade de Nova York com o Pagamento de Serviços Ambientais e a disponibilidade hídrica e os leilões de concessão de saneamento. A abordagem proposta teve como objetivo avaliar e compreender o andamento da gestão de águas considerando as suas contribuições para a sustentabilidade através das condutas dos governos e no modelo empregado na BHGM. A apropriação da natureza, as práticas, usos, cultura e percepções dos habitantes marcam a região e se apresentam através das lutas sociais como o movimento contrário à barragem proposta, projetos de reflorestamento e o debate sobre a disponibilidade e qualidade das águas na região. É analisado o processo histórico da legislação no Brasil e as medidas e ações aplicadas pelo governo no setor do saneamento, assim como o direcionamento para a privatização e se questiona nesse percurso o objetivo de universalização dos serviços e o atendimento aos ODS. / [en] The dissertation entitled sanitation management and the path to sustainability: the case of the Guapi-Macacu Watershed - RJ (BHGM) presents the need for coordination of actions in the pursuit of meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 6, articulated with the public policies and expectations regarding the sanitation model adopted in Brazil, structured by the New sanitation law and the auctions. Considering the perspectives for the Guapi- Macacu Hydrographic Basin, which serves about 2.5 million people in the eastern portion of Rio de Janeiro, the present work deals with the need to advance in sanitation to evaluate the concession models applied and proposed in Rio de Janeiro by the concession auction. In order to understand the experiences and particularities of the study area, the French and German experience of privatization, the case of New York City, with the Payment of Environmental Services and the availability of water and the sanitation concession auctions. The proposed approach aimed to evaluate and understand the progress of water management, considering its contributions to sustainability through the conduct of governments and in the model used at BHGM. The appropriation of nature, practices, uses, culture and perceptions of the inhabitants mark the region and the debate on the availability and quality of water in the region. The historical process of legislation in Brazil, the measures and actions applied by the government in the sanitation sector, the direction for privatization and the objective of universalizing services are analyzed.

No description available.

This research develops a plausible interpretation of NEPA's intent based on a thorough review and synthesis of NEPA documents and the literature. From this synthesis, NEPA goals and criteria are developed to evaluate a sample of Forest Service Forest Plans and their corresponding EISs. Next, ecosystem management is defined based on a review and synthesis of the literature. Ecosystem management evaluation goals and criteria are similarly developed to evaluate the Forest Plans and EISs. Based on NEPA and ecosystem management criteria, evaluation questions are formulated for assessing the Forest Plans in order: (1) to evaluate the extent the Forest Service has implemented ecosystem management; (2) to ascertain whether and to what degree Forest Service implementation of ecosystem management has moved its EIS process closer to NEPA's intent; and (3) to assess the extent ecosystem management implementation has influenced agency planning and decisionmaking processes. Throughout, the literature is used extensively to support conclusions reached on the basis of the case findings. Forest Service EISs and Forest Plans used for the case analyses are: 1) The 1986 George Washington National Forest Final EIS and Forest Plan (pre-ecosystem management) and the 1993 George Washington National Forest Final EIS and Revised Forest Plan (post-ecosystem management). 2) The 1985 Francis Marion National Forest Final EIS and Forest Plan (pre-ecosystem management) and the 1996 Francis Marion National Forest Final EIS and Revised Forest Plan (post-ecosystem management). Trends based on the post-ecosystem management evaluations that evidence the agency's implementation of ecosystem management principles include: maintenance of biodiversity of all species; adoption of measures to sustain ecosystem health; acknowledgment of ecosystem patterns and processes; increased integration of scientific research and technology; incorporation of adaptive management; and increased integration of ecological, economic and social considerations. There were several practices, however, in the post-ecosystem management cases that did not support ecosystem management principles: limited incorporation of different geologic or long-term time scales; continued delineation of boundaries along political lines; no integrative, interdisciplinary approach to planning; and no or minimal educational programs. Post-ecosystem management Forest Service practices that support NEPA's intent include: earlier identification of critical impacts; better management of critical impacts; increased integration of ecological information and a broader understanding of sustainability; increased provisions for monitoring and evaluation; better reflection of reviewing agency and public comments and concerns; more influence of environmental data on project decisions; increased consideration of unquantifiable issues; and better integration of ecological, economic and social considerations through a decisionmaking framework. There were several practices, however, in the post-ecosystem management cases that did not support NEPA's intent: EISs had a lower estimation of the magnitude or significance of impacts than the earlier EISs; no evidence supporting a broad, integrative, interdisciplinary approach to planning process; and no evidence of two-way, consensus building stakeholder involvement in the EIS process. Overall, the case analyses provide evidence that the Forest Service's EIS process had, in fact, moved closer to NEPA's intent. This improved output is primarily the result of the agency's incorporation of many of the principles of ecosystem management into its decisionmaking process. Although, NEPA did not figure into the integration of an ecosystem management approach into the Forest Service's decisionmaking process, this research showed that the goals of NEPA and ecosystem management are essentially the same. The agency came to advocate ecosystem management as the outcome of a voluntary decision and an incremental process to improve its overall planning and management process. Implementation of ecosystem management led to a more substantive response to NEPA's intent. Forest Service decisionmaking is a political process that involves balancing competing agency, private industry, and public interests. "Change agents" come from diverse sources-from within the agency's institutional structure (both top-down and bottom-up); from within the federal governmental framework (e.g., other agency policies, Congressional decisions, budgetary constraints); from outside the federal government (state and local governmental agencies, public and private interest groups); and from an uncertain and dynamic political and economic environment. Therefore, forest planning and its associated NEPA analyses must be considered a part of a never-ending and evolving process. Consequently, the Forest Service would do well to take an adaptive approach in its decisionmaking process-an approach compatible with ecosystem management. / Ph. D.