Movido pelo crescimento populacional, a visão de sistemas sustentáveis tem despertado a atenção de diversos setores. Sendo um dos principais domínios economicamente ativo do país, a agropecuária vem buscando meios para se adequar a essa realidade. Nesse contexto, surgem as Boas Práticas Agropecuárias, das quais pode-se citar a Agricultura de Precisão, o pastejo rotacionado e o manejo ambiental, os quais se implementados em conjunto proporcionam um melhor gerenciamento da área de interesse. Assim, objetivou-se, aplicar conceitos de geoestatística e geoprocessamento para a obtenção de zonas de manejo de uma área de pastagem de capim Tanzânia, em São Carlos - SP, e delimitação de unidades de manejo para aplicação de calagem e adubação, com base no melhor método de interpolação. Com os resultados de análise de solo foram realizadas análises geoestatísticas para avaliação da dependência espacial dos atributos químicos, e a Validação Cruzada dos modelos adotados. Os mapas foram obtidos pelo método de interpolação por Krigagem Ordinária e a definição das zonas de manejo foi realizada por meio de lógica fuzzy. A partir dos mapas dos parâmetros químicos do solo gerou-se o mapa de zonas de manejo resultando em cinco zonas sendo: 0,02 ha (1,2% da área total) considerada como \"muito baixa\" fertilidade; 0,3 ha (18%) \"baixa\" fertilidade; 0,75 ha (44%) como \"média\" fertilidade; 0,55 ha (32%) como \"alta\" fertilidade e, 0,08 ha (4,8%) como \"muita alta\" fertilidade. A comparação dos métodos de interpolação demonstrou que a Krigagem Ordinária foi a melhor metodologia para o estudo. A geoestatística e o geoprocessamento demonstraram ser técnicas que auxiliam nas decisões estratégicas e complexas em relação ao gerenciamento do sistema de produção agrícola. / Movin by population growth, the vision of sustainable systems has attracted the attention of various sectors. Being one of the main areas economically active of the country, agriculture has been seeking ways to adapt to this reality. In this context, emerge the Good Farming Practices, which among them we can mention the Agriculture of Precision, the rotate pasture and environmental management, which if implemented together will provide a better management of the area of interest. The present study aimed to apply the concepts of geostatistics and gis to obtain areas of management of an area of pasture grass, Tanzania, São Carlos – SP, and delimitation of management units for the application of liming and fertilization, based on the best interpolation method. With the analysis results of the soil analyses were performed geo-statistical for evaluation of the dependence on the spatial attributes of chemicals. The maps were obtained by the method of interpolation by Kriging Ordinary and the definition of zones for the management was performed by fuzzy logic. From the maps of chemical parameters of the soil has resulted from the management zone map, resulting in five areas being: 0.02 ha (1.2% of total area) regarded as \"very low\" fertility; and 0.3 ha (18%) \"low\" fertility; 0.75 ha (44%) as \"average\" fertility; 0.55 ha (32%) as \"high\" fertility and, 0.08 ha (4.8%) as \"very high\" fertility. The comparison of the interpolation methods showed that Kriging Ordinary was the best methodology for the study. The geostatistics and gis have proved to be techniques that help with strategic and complex decisions in relation to the management of the agricultural production system.

Trata da problemática dos riscos socioambientais, relacionando-os às fragilidades do ambientes, à vulnerabilidade da sociedade e ao uso e ocupação da terra. Maior ênfase, no entanto, é dada às áreas urbanizadas, em especial na cidade de Fortaleza-CE. Referida cidade passou por um crescimento desordenado, que trouxe uma série de problemas socioambientais. O estudo da fragilidade ambiental tem bases teóricas, metodológicas e conceituais na análise ambiental integrada, que perpassa a funcionalidade dos ambientes, considerando, inclusive, os processos históricos de produção e construção do território. A vulnerabilidade social e os padrões de uso e ocupação da terra definem a exposição dos grupos sociais aos riscos. A associação dessas características possibilitou o estabelecimento de diferentes categorias de susceptibilidade aos riscos, considerando de um lado as fragilidades ambientais em face do desenvolvimento das atividades humanas, e, de outro lado, por meio do índice sintético da vulnerabilidade social à distribuição desigual da população e dos riscos no território. Deste modo, foram estabelecidas bases que possam conduzir a um adequado ordenamento do território, com vistas a minimizar a incidência dos riscos socioambientais. / This research is about the issue of socioenvironmental risks and its relations with environmental fragility, the societies vulnerability and land use and occupation. Its focused on urban areas, especially in Fortaleza (CE). The accelerated and disordered occupation in Fortaleza has bought several socioenvironmental problems. The environmental fragility issue has its theoretical, methodological and conceptual bases on integrated analysis that encompasses the environments functionality considering the historical production processes and the construction of territory. The social vulnerability and the land use and occupation patterns define the social groups exposure to risks. The association of such characteristics was used to establish different susceptibility categories to the risks, considering on one hand the environmental fragilities face to human activities development, and in the other, the population distribution and risks on the territory by the synthetic index of social vulnerability. In this sense, bases that lead to an adequate territorial ordering were established aiming to minimize the incidence of socioenvironmental risks.

A perspectiva de elaborar planejamentos em áreas de floresta a partir da concepção de serviços ecossistêmicos, principalmente serviços hídricos, expandiu-se em muito pouco tempo, principalmente porque essa estratégia evidencia, claramente, como a perda desse sistema natural por atividades do homem pode causar perdas irreparáveis ao seu próprio bem-estar. Trabalhar planejamento ambiental sob esse enfoque exige adoção de uma forte base teórica sobre serviços hídricos; um modelo que permita comparar paisagens em diferentes condições de uso e conservação de floresta; e clareza sobre o tipo de valoração empregado na identificação dos limites de perdas de floresta, de forma a não comprometer a oferta necessária desses serviços. Este estudo defende que em Mata Atlântica é possível reconhecer a dependência direta entre quantidades de floresta, de usos humanos e de serviços hídricos em bacias hidrográficas e, por ela, valorar a oferta desses serviços e comparar paisagens. Para fortalecer esse argumento foram selecionadas 27 unidades territoriais da região do Vale do Paraíba (São Paulo, Br) a partir da aplicação de um modelo espacial baseado na extração de bacias hidrográficas originadas da intersecção de hexágonos com percentuais de floresta, campo antrópico e silvicultura. Em cada unidade foram obtidos dados de 13 parâmetros físico-quimico-biológicos nas estações seca e chuvosa, que foram hierarquizados pelo Random Forest de forma a aferir suas relações com a quantidade de floresta e formular índices de sete serviços hídricos. Os parâmetros que se mostraram mais adequados para monitoramento dos serviços hídricos frente aos ganhos de floresta, com grande peso hierárquico na formulação dos índices, foram turbidez, condutividade e sólidos totais dissolvidos. Os índices obtidos permitiram apontar que para manter 50% do potencial total dos sete serviços hídricos em paisagens com campos antrópicos são necessárias mais de 40% de cobertura florestal, mas os melhores ganhos potenciais de serviços ocorreram a partir de 60%. Quando a unidade territorial é a combinação entre floresta e silvicultura há maior oferta de serviços hídricos com menor quantidade de floresta, porém o manejo da madeira e a presença de áreas degradadas mudaram completamente esse cenário favorável / The possibility of elaborate planning in forest areas from notion of ecosystem services, especially water services, expanded in a short time, mainly because this strategy shows how the loss of this natural system by human activities can cause losses irreparable to their own well-being. Working environmental planning under this approach requires the adoption of a strong theoretical basis for water services; a model for comparing landscapes under different conditions of use and conservation of forest; and insight about the type of valuation used in the identification of the limits of forest loss in order not to compromise the necessary supply of these services. This study argued that in the Atlantic Forest is possible to recognize the direct dependency between amounts of forest, human uses and water services in watersheds and, through it, assess the provision of these services and compare landscapes. In order to defend this argument were selected 27 territorial units of the Vale do Paraíba region (Sao Paulo, Brazil) from the application of a spatial model based on the extraction of river basins originating hexagons intersection with percentages of forest, anthropic field and forestry. In each unit were obtained data from 13 physical-chemical-biological parameters in two seasons, which were ranked by Random Forest in order to support its relations with the amount of forest as well as the index formulation for seven water services. The parameters more suitable for monitoring water in front of services to forest gains, and with large hierarchical influence the formulation of the indices, were turbidity, conductivity and total dissolved solids. The indices obtained allowed to point out that to keep 50% of the total potential of the seven water services in landscapes with anthropic fields (pasture) are required more than 40% forest cover, but the best servi4e potential gains occurred from 60%. When the territorial unit is a combination of forest and forestry there is more supply of water services with less forest, but the management of timber and the presence of degraded areas completely changed this favorable scenario

Este trabalho apresenta a percepção da água na paisagem, recuperando alguns momentos históricos em que a água assumiu papel importante na organização e estruturação do espaço. A percepção da água na paisagem conduz ao desenvolvimento da percepção ambiental, auxiliando na construção da consciência ecológica. No contexto desta pesquisa, a percepção da água na paisagem contemporânea é abordada, com foco na cidade de São Paulo, revendo a história do abastecimento da cidade e sua importância na transformação da paisagem natural, como também, na construção dos valores ambientais. A percepção da água na paisagem é apontada como um fator importante na identificação da paisagem natural de um território, algo essencial na formação da consciência ecológica de uma população. A percepção da água na paisagem urbana da cidade de São Paulo atualmente encontra-se muito prejudicada, posto que as principais vias de deslocamento da cidade estão localizadas sobre os principais fundos de vale do território. A fim de desenvolver as diretrizes de deslocamento, a cidade transformou radicalmente seu território com a retificação e canalização dos principais rios e córregos da cidade, além da drenagem e aterro de extensas áreas úmidas. A modernização da cidade transformou a paisagem natural e as conseqüências ambientais estão sendo sentidas, de forma que a possibilidade do ressurgimento das águas na paisagem paulistana é considerada como um dos fatores a contribuir no desenvolvimento de uma cidade sustentável. Neste cenário, as áreas das operações urbanas serão analisadas através de uma perspectiva ecológica e ecossistêmica, com o objetivo de contribuir para o desenvolvimento de diretrizes ambientais para o município de São Paulo. Através do planejamento ambiental, as áreas das operações urbanas do município de São Paulo, apresentam grande potencial na transformação da paisagem urbana, pois se localizam sobre muitos dos fundos de vale da cidade e reúnem condições físicas para o desenvolvimento de diretrizes ambientais, no sentido de formar o principal eixo de uma estrutura ecológica das áreas verdes do município, configurando um sistema de refrigeração e umidificação para a cidade. Resgatando, em grande medida, características da paisagem natural, da qualidade ambiental e melhorando a qualidade de vida do paulistano. / This work presents the water perception in the landscape, recuperating some historical moments in which water have assumed an important role in space organization and structuring. The water perception in the landscape leads to the environmental perception development, collaborating in the ecological conscience construction. In the research context, the water perception in the contemporary landscape is approached with a focus in São Paulo (SP), reviewing the city water supply history and its importance in the natural landscape transformation, as well as in the environmental values construction. The water perception is pointed as an important factor of the territory natural landscape identification, something essential to a population ecological conscience formation. In São Paulo, nowadays, the water perception is quite damaged, once the main avenues are located in the bottom of the valleys. As a consequence of the ways the road system was established, the city have radically transformed its territory, with the main rivers rectification and canalization, besides the land drainage and the embankment of huge humid areas. The city modernization have transformed the natural landscape and the environmental consequences are being felt. As a result, the possibility of the water reappearing in São Paulo landscape is considered as one of the contributing factors in the development of a sustainable city. In this scenario, the urban operation areas will be analyzed through an ecological and ecosystemic perspective, with the aim of contributing to the development of São Paulo environmental guidelines. Through environmental planning, the urban operation areas present great potential of urban landscape transformation once they are located on many valleys bottoms, gathering physical conditions to the development of environmental guidelines which, by their turn, head to the formation of the main axe of an ecological structure of the city green areas, configuring a refrigeration and humidification system. Besides, the natural characteristics of the landscape and the environmental quality would be in a great measure recuperated, improving the life standards of São Paulo in habitants.

This study aims to demonstrate the critical role of waste management in urban sustainability, promote planners' contribution to proactive and efficient waste management, and facilitate the integration of waste management into mainstream sustainability planning. With anticipated increases in population and associated waste generation, timely and effective waste management highlights one of the most critical challenges of sustainable development, which calls for meeting "the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (WCED, 1987). Waste management in urban areas plays a particularly important role, given that waste generated from urban areas are often exported out of the region for processing and treatment, and the impacts of waste disposal activities may pass on to the other jurisdictions, and even to the next generations. An urban system cannot be sustainable if it requires more resources than it can produce on its own and generates more wastes than the environment can assimilate. The current waste management practice, which focuses on short-term impacts and end-of-pipe solutions, is reactive in nature and inadequate to promote sustainability within urban systems, across jurisdictions, and across generations. Through material flows in and out of urban systems, many potential opportunities exist to reduce waste generation and to minimize the negative impacts on the environment, the economy, and the society. City planners' involvement in waste management, however, has been largely limited to siting waste management facilities. Linking waste management with three important lenses in planning-land use, economic development, and environmental planning, this study investigates the impacts of urban growth on waste management activities, the need of transforming the reactive nature of current waste management, and the challenges and opportunities that planners should address to promote urban systems' self-reliance of material and waste management needs. This study includes three empirical analyses to complement theoretical discussions. First, it connects waste statistics with demographic data, geographic characteristics, and policy instruments at the county level to examine whether waste volume can be decoupled from urban population growth. Second, it examines the life cycle costs of different waste management options and develops a simulation study to seek cost-effective strategies for long-term waste management. Third, it compiles evidence of geographic-specific characteristics related to waste management and demonstrates why waste management policies cannot be one-size-fit-all. This study finds that, with successful implementation of strategic policy design, waste generation and its associated impacts can be decoupled from population and urban growth. Good lessons about waste reduction programs can be learned from different communities. Meanwhile, this study also reveals various challenges facing communities with heterogeneous characteristics, such as housing density, building age, and income. Accordingly, this study discusses the potential opportunities for planners to contribute to community-specific waste management programs, the prospect of transforming waste management practice from a cost burden to a long-term economic development strategy, and the need to incorporate waste management into the sustainable urban planning agenda.

Die Dissertation befasst sich mit der integrierten Bewirtschaftungsplanung von Flusseinzugsgebieten. Die europäische Wasserrahmenrichtlinie (WRRL, 2000/60/EG) und die europäische Hochwasserrichtlinie (HWRL, 2007/60/EG) setzen dafür neue Maßstäbe, indem beide die Mitgliedsstaaten zur Aufstellung einzugsgebietsbezogener Planungsinstrumente verpflichten. In der Arbeit werden eingangs die wesentlichen Prozesse, theoretischen Modelle und Ansatzpunkte für ein integriertes Management von Flusseinzugsgebieten vorgestellt. Die Anforderungen an Bewirtschaftungspläne und Maßnahmenprogramme der WRRL werden den Vorgaben für die Erstellung der Hochwasserrisikomanagementpläne und ihren planerischen Grundlagen gemäß HWRL gegenübergestellt. Potenzielle Synergien und Konflikte zwischen den Zielen und Maßnahmen werden identifiziert. Der Vergleich der Planungsschritte und -methoden zeigt, dass Abstimmungsbedarf zwischen den Planungsinstrumenten des Flussgebiets- und Hochwasserrisikomanagements für sämtliche Planungsschritte besteht, von der Systemanalyse bis zur Maßnahmenumsetzung. Darauf aufbauend wird ein Konzept für eine integrierte Bewirtschaftungsplanung entwickelt. Das Konzept besteht aus einzelnen fachlich-methodischen Planungsmodulen für jeden Planungsschritt. Sie können im Zusammenhang oder für sich genommen zur Abstimmung zwischen den Plänen des Flussgebiets- und Hochwasserrisikomanagements dienen. Abschließend werden die fachlichen und organisatorischinstitutionellen Potenziale des Konzepts diskutiert und weitergehender Forschungsbedarf aufgezeigt. / The thesis addresses the integrated planning of river basins. For this, the European Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC) and the Floods Directive (FD, 2007/60/EC) are setting new benchmarks by committing its member states to set up river basin-wide management plans. At the beginning of the thesis, the most important processes, theoretical models and options of intervention for integrated river basin management are introduced. The requirements for the river basin management plans and the programmes of measures of the WFD will be contrasted with the specifications for the flood risk management plans according to the FD and their fundamental planning documents. Potential synergies and conflicts between the objectives and measures are identified. The comparison of the planning steps and methods show that all planning steps, from the systems analysis to the implementation of measures, require a coordination of the planning instruments of river basin management and flood risk management. Based on these findings, a concept of integrated river basin management planning is developed. The concept is composed of planning modules for each planning step. For the reconciliation between the plans of river basin management and flood risk management, those planning modules can be used in combination or separately. Finally, the technical and institutional potentials of the concept are discussed. Need for further research is identified.

In this dissertation, the concept of "problem bounding," argued by Bryan Norton and colleagues to be an important but understudied aspect of environmental problem solving, is operationalized and empirically investigated. The empirical part of the work involves participant observation and survey research on how diverse individuals – all of whom were invited by a state agency to advise the development of an institutional framework for statewide water planning – engaged in problem bounding both conceptually and in their choice of a spatial structure for ongoing water management. My particular focus is on the multiple ways in which the "place" an individual views the problem from shapes the way they engage in problem bounding. Although more research is needed and there are significant limitations to the data, my findings indicate that place – particularly in terms of location on an upstream/downstream continuum and rural/urban self-identification – does play a role in problem bounding. The dissertation concludes with a review and discussion of the major findings, and implications for the development of institutional frameworks that are both responsive to ecological dynamics and representative of the relevant public(s).

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (doctoral)--Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [339]-379) and index.